More Food: Road to Survival

Genetic Variability as a Means to Improve Seedling Emergence and Early Developmental Phases in Crop Plants

Author(s): Martina Persico and Gabriella Consonni

Pp: 168-184 (17)

DOI: 10.2174/9781681084671117010010

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Embryogenesis, germination and the early phases of seedling growth represent critical phases in the plant life cycle and are probably the most important events in determining the success of an annual plant. In the perspective of a more sustainable agriculture, we aim to achieve a robust seedling phase with improved resistance to abiotic as well as biotic environmental stress. Genetic improvement has forced the developmental pathway of crop plants toward the realization of highly productive species in which resource allocation processes are optimized at the expense of defense processes. In this context the discovery of key factors underlying the developmental process and at the same time playing an important role in the interplay between the young individuals and the environment is crucial for designing future gene manipulation approaches. Among the different aspects affecting seedling development, the two that will be analyzed in this chapter also play an important role in the interplay with the environment. Hormones are endogenous signals governing seedling growth and architecture establishment but at the same time are able to induce plant responses to environmental stress. Wax deposition is required for determining correct embryo and seedling development, and provides, besides that, a protective barrier that plants produce in their early developmental phases to defend themselves from pathogens as well as from variation in environmental abiotic components, such as temperature and water availability. We will explore the genetic, biochemical and physiological factors implicated and highlight the most significant aspects that might be taken into consideration in future breeding programs.


Keywords: Abiotic stress, Biotic stress, Cuticle, Cuticular wax, Embryogenesis, Germination, Heterosis, Phytohormones, Seedling growth, Transgenic plants.

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      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51359721 and j.to_ip >=51359721 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740496214 and j.to_date >= 1740496214 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 10498) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51359721 and j.to_ip >=51359721 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740496214 and j.to_date >= 1740496214 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 10498) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51359721 and j.to_ip >=51359721 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740496214 and j.to_date >= 1740496214 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 10498)
      580μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 2235 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740496214 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740496214 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.38msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 2235
      • 3: 1740496214
      • 4: 1740496214
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='af336adb24e551e60d4c46d932ff1848'
      260μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    10Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        yNYeS4UFGN587LwbeNlZldTiL2E3YcnFi31JVH4X
        uc_cart_id
        af336adb24e551e60d4c46d932ff1848
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/10498" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/10498
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6Iit5Vm9tbzU3WlVnRWVtalpKMWZ4eVE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiOWZ4UDg5Q3hlTVljd20xeFFnVHIxOGErQm91L1NXZnFXTVBtK0xBTUJzdz0iLCJtYWMiOiI3ZGRjNmQ3MjMwMTY5N2JkNzA5NGQyZWM5NjI4ZTBlNzYxYmQ0OTlmMWNlMmVlZjJlMDE0MzQxYWVmMWViNDdjIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6Iit5Vm9tbzU3WlVnRWVtalpKMWZ4eVE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiOWZ4UDg5Q3hlTVljd20xeFFnVHIxOGErQm91L1NXZnFXTVBtK0xBTUJzdz0iLCJtYWMiOiI3ZGRjNmQ3MjMwMTY5" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Tue, 25 Feb 2025 15:10:14 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjRBVkxBWnZZbXIyRE5NTlBETFRha2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQ3BvbkpIc0xEVDkxazlkUzhNcEJKRTU5T2lRNzZoM2FJaU1yUUU1Sm5pYmg4a1dkNDYvTmtBVW9IVVRQWGVZRjVlaHNYS3lXUW4rK0dudzNzMEM1bE1iUGFIWTE1cVdPa0QzY2t3RXJzandPNFl4ZEVuSExPTlVidXpVbTArUFYiLCJtYWMiOiIxOTg3ZTZkNDI1ZjgwMmQ2MzkzMWQyMzI0NTNkOWE5YWU5MWRhYmUyZmFiYjRlOTQ2OWRhYWZjOGE0Nzc3YTdjIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Fri, 28 Feb 2025 03:10:14 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjRBVkxBWnZZbXIyRE5NTlBETFRha2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQ3BvbkpIc0xEVDkxazlkUzhNcEJKRTU5T2lRNzZoM2FJaU1yUUU1Sm5pYmg4a1dkNDYvTmtBVW9IVVRQWGVZRjVlaHNYS" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IlN3RmVEUUxNdUFrdkxNdFdqQW1WZ3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiT3RWRm1FRHVMMVRxb3I2UC9tRFd6Uy9Ob0x2a001Y2k4YTU0ZmFnYVNRUFMxTEFxLzFOQ2tka28zclJqM29nejVPbGM0UjE2VGp5VVVnSU1XL1hKOGxGR3kwQUVOQnJjc1lGSTQxM3NlR25lQXVGRUJDS0hLdHZPbWgzOXlhSjgiLCJtYWMiOiI4MWZjNmE0YjY5NWZiMmVmODQ2ZGIzMjVmNjVhODFmMDVlYzc1ZjA3NjczMzY5OTQyODJiMDNhNWMwZGIxYzhiIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IlN3RmVEUUxNdUFrdkxNdFdqQW1WZ3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiT3RWRm1FRHVMMVRxb3I2UC9tRFd6Uy9Ob0x2a001Y2k4YTU0ZmFnYVNRUFMxTEFxLzFOQ2tka28" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjRBVkxBWnZZbXIyRE5NTlBETFRha2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQ3BvbkpIc0xEVDkxazlkUzhNcEJKRTU5T2lRNzZoM2FJaU1yUUU1Sm5pYmg4a1dkNDYvTmtBVW9IVVRQWGVZRjVlaHNYS3lXUW4rK0dudzNzMEM1bE1iUGFIWTE1cVdPa0QzY2t3RXJzandPNFl4ZEVuSExPTlVidXpVbTArUFYiLCJtYWMiOiIxOTg3ZTZkNDI1ZjgwMmQ2MzkzMWQyMzI0NTNkOWE5YWU5MWRhYmUyZmFiYjRlOTQ2OWRhYWZjOGE0Nzc3YTdjIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Fri, 28-Feb-2025 03:10:14 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjRBVkxBWnZZbXIyRE5NTlBETFRha2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQ3BvbkpIc0xEVDkxazlkUzhNcEJKRTU5T2lRNzZoM2FJaU1yUUU1Sm5pYmg4a1dkNDYvTmtBVW9IVVRQWGVZRjVlaHNYS" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IlN3RmVEUUxNdUFrdkxNdFdqQW1WZ3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiT3RWRm1FRHVMMVRxb3I2UC9tRFd6Uy9Ob0x2a001Y2k4YTU0ZmFnYVNRUFMxTEFxLzFOQ2tka28zclJqM29nejVPbGM0UjE2VGp5VVVnSU1XL1hKOGxGR3kwQUVOQnJjc1lGSTQxM3NlR25lQXVGRUJDS0hLdHZPbWgzOXlhSjgiLCJtYWMiOiI4MWZjNmE0YjY5NWZiMmVmODQ2ZGIzMjVmNjVhODFmMDVlYzc1ZjA3NjczMzY5OTQyODJiMDNhNWMwZGIxYzhiIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IlN3RmVEUUxNdUFrdkxNdFdqQW1WZ3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiT3RWRm1FRHVMMVRxb3I2UC9tRFd6Uy9Ob0x2a001Y2k4YTU0ZmFnYVNRUFMxTEFxLzFOQ2tka28" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "yNYeS4UFGN587LwbeNlZldTiL2E3YcnFi31JVH4X" "uc_cart_id" => "af336adb24e551e60d4c46d932ff1848" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/10498" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-25 15:10:14GET/chapter/104981121912