More Food: Road to Survival

Enhancing Photosynthesis: Different Strategies to Improve the Process at the Basis of Life on Earth

Author(s): Monica Colombo and Paolo Pesaresi

Pp: 102-141 (40)

DOI: 10.2174/9781681084671117010008

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Doubling agricultural production will be essential by 2050 to satisfy the demand of food of a constantly growing population, but climate change brings a lot of uncertainty and complexity to this challenge for agriculture. One of the most important changes that must be addressed is the increase in atmospheric [CO2], which has increased from approximately 280 ppm in pre-industrial times to about 400 ppm nowadays and will further increase to values of 470–570 ppm by 2050 depending on the climate scenario (IPCC Synthesis report, Climate Change 2007). Although this increase in [CO2] is expected to have a positive and significant effect on C3 crops production, it is counteracted by the rise in temperature and the higher evaporative demand, with the increased risks for drought and heat likely to be progressive in all regions of our planet. As a matter of fact, the average stimulation of C3 leaf photosynthesis under field conditions at elevated [CO2] has been reported to be only 14% on average across FACE (550–600 ppm in Free Air CO2 Enrichment) experiments, much lower than the expected increase of 38%. Down-regulation of photosynthesis can be ascribe to multiple factors. These include the limited sink strength of the plants and the consequent accumulation of inhibitory photo-assimilates, the “hysterical” behavior of photosynthetic organisms to excess illumination, by either triggering EED (Excess Energy Dissipation) beyond the level effective for photo-protection or retaining a relevant fraction of quenching for extended periods after return to limiting light conditions, and the complex and multi-factorial network that controls CO2 fixation and carbon allocation. Here we describe the genetic constraints that limit yield potential and prevent it from being realized on the farm, in order to improve the understanding of plant responses under elevated [CO2], and provide tentative biotechnological solutions to overcome the crop yield limitations. It is worth noting that the huge improvements in agricultural production gained during the ‘Green Revolution’ were not directly related to manipulation of photosynthesis, therefore its modification remains an unexplored target for crop improvement.


Keywords: Dark phase efficiency, Improvement strategies, Light phase efficiency, Photosynthesis, Yield potential.

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
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      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59780576 and j.to_ip >=59780576 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740496500 and j.to_date >= 1740496500 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 10493) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59780576 and j.to_ip >=59780576 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740496500 and j.to_date >= 1740496500 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 10493) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59780576 and j.to_ip >=59780576 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740496500 and j.to_date >= 1740496500 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 10493)
      570μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 2235 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740496500 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740496500 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.06msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 2235
      • 3: 1740496500
      • 4: 1740496500
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='371a4f22c8844b72a2c78a72ead5c7cd'
      200μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    5Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        PL6Qbh6uQvprktfbqPMP4bDRh4NHcvSGmBgVwAUh
        uc_cart_id
        371a4f22c8844b72a2c78a72ead5c7cd
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/10493" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/10493
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:16 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        []
        
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Tue, 25 Feb 2025 15:15:00 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjR4eEF1TnQwVXNLcEwwa1VTKzFWOVE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiMTYxUTJqdzgwa0pJQU95c1grK3RwUnBCK3UwSXYwMkFyQU1NMUZvajZRU29tMXNVMU9BZVRSVmg4c2Q4Vm1aZFk1RzVNSGh6bDltRCtwNTVsS2syUmxkemw4R2JhL3dHV3V5aUdNRnFWcUs2ZlVRYXBGa3JHSHlnb2RjUUhoRXYiLCJtYWMiOiIxNGY0YTcxYTliM2MxNGIzZTMzNGIxMDNhZGVhYmIyMDZjYjRiMmU2M2FlNzE3ZDZkOGI4NTcwZDA1MTMxNWJhIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Fri, 28 Feb 2025 03:15:00 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjR4eEF1TnQwVXNLcEwwa1VTKzFWOVE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiMTYxUTJqdzgwa0pJQU95c1grK3RwUnBCK3UwSXYwMkFyQU1NMUZvajZRU29tMXNVMU9BZVRSVmg4c2Q4Vm1aZFk1RzVNS" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InlXWWg0QjRmaDVIaGoyK1dHU1VzeGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiN1BuOW55dmU1TUhMSWpiRGtSL1JZNzNiWU9iclZ1MGZGajBBcmxGVmx3Z2o3dEQzQnRyc3dZVEdkOFVScENBK0NnYnBSU2JUQS9WSHk3dndTTWFMcmpOZWFtWDhBU01wN2JIOVc5NDZMcWhKZFFsOXhFeFRNZ2VsQk1VOU5CLzYiLCJtYWMiOiJhMWI2NjRmYzY2YTczNDQwODExNTNiNGUzNjMyZGM1YmM5OTA2YWQ3YmViY2JhMzFjYWVjOWE0OGY4MDFmZDg2IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InlXWWg0QjRmaDVIaGoyK1dHU1VzeGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiN1BuOW55dmU1TUhMSWpiRGtSL1JZNzNiWU9iclZ1MGZGajBBcmxGVmx3Z2o3dEQzQnRyc3dZVEd" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjR4eEF1TnQwVXNLcEwwa1VTKzFWOVE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiMTYxUTJqdzgwa0pJQU95c1grK3RwUnBCK3UwSXYwMkFyQU1NMUZvajZRU29tMXNVMU9BZVRSVmg4c2Q4Vm1aZFk1RzVNSGh6bDltRCtwNTVsS2syUmxkemw4R2JhL3dHV3V5aUdNRnFWcUs2ZlVRYXBGa3JHSHlnb2RjUUhoRXYiLCJtYWMiOiIxNGY0YTcxYTliM2MxNGIzZTMzNGIxMDNhZGVhYmIyMDZjYjRiMmU2M2FlNzE3ZDZkOGI4NTcwZDA1MTMxNWJhIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Fri, 28-Feb-2025 03:15:00 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjR4eEF1TnQwVXNLcEwwa1VTKzFWOVE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiMTYxUTJqdzgwa0pJQU95c1grK3RwUnBCK3UwSXYwMkFyQU1NMUZvajZRU29tMXNVMU9BZVRSVmg4c2Q4Vm1aZFk1RzVNS" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InlXWWg0QjRmaDVIaGoyK1dHU1VzeGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiN1BuOW55dmU1TUhMSWpiRGtSL1JZNzNiWU9iclZ1MGZGajBBcmxGVmx3Z2o3dEQzQnRyc3dZVEdkOFVScENBK0NnYnBSU2JUQS9WSHk3dndTTWFMcmpOZWFtWDhBU01wN2JIOVc5NDZMcWhKZFFsOXhFeFRNZ2VsQk1VOU5CLzYiLCJtYWMiOiJhMWI2NjRmYzY2YTczNDQwODExNTNiNGUzNjMyZGM1YmM5OTA2YWQ3YmViY2JhMzFjYWVjOWE0OGY4MDFmZDg2IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InlXWWg0QjRmaDVIaGoyK1dHU1VzeGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiN1BuOW55dmU1TUhMSWpiRGtSL1JZNzNiWU9iclZ1MGZGajBBcmxGVmx3Z2o3dEQzQnRyc3dZVEd" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "PL6Qbh6uQvprktfbqPMP4bDRh4NHcvSGmBgVwAUh" "uc_cart_id" => "371a4f22c8844b72a2c78a72ead5c7cd" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/10493" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-25 15:15:00GET/chapter/10493112197