More Food: Road to Survival

Genetic Tools for Crop Improvement: Past, Present, and Future

Author(s): Mario Motto

Pp: 39-81 (43)

DOI: 10.2174/9781681084671117010006

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

To respond to the contemporary increasing demand for food, feed, and feedstocks for bioenergy and bio-factory applications, there is an urgent need to improve agricultural plant production and quality-related features. Genetics and plant breeding are powerful strategies for increasing crop productivity. The objectives of this chapter are devoted to summarize i) historical developments of applied plant genetics or plant breeding, ii) fundamental principles affecting the current methods of molecular plant breeding, and iii) key factors that will affect the use of molecular breeding in crop improvement procedures. Additionally, the chapter takes a close look at the current exploitation of molecular plant breeding for the discovery of genes and their functions. These topics would disclose new perspectives for crucial plant biology research that will be beneficial to ensure food security to the rapidly growing world population and to sustainable agricultural systems. Moreover, they would open new doors to improve feedstocks to sustain non-food applications for the synthesis of high-added value products.


Keywords: Applied plant genetics, Biotech crops, Crop improvement, Genetic and genomic tools, Genetic engineering, Green revolution, Plant breeding.

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
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      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59772390 and j.to_ip >=59772390 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740496699 and j.to_date >= 1740496699 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 10489) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59772390 and j.to_ip >=59772390 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740496699 and j.to_date >= 1740496699 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 10489) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59772390 and j.to_ip >=59772390 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740496699 and j.to_date >= 1740496699 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 10489)
      710μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 2235 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740496699 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740496699 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.1msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 2235
      • 3: 1740496699
      • 4: 1740496699
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='1ca89e3b62e7f1d490cdffea2f92ffb9'
      230μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    7Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        r2PAJGJoUawcBvChJaUYsSnPIuSXom9xmJBo6Y6b
        uc_cart_id
        1ca89e3b62e7f1d490cdffea2f92ffb9
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/10489" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/10489
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6Ims2MkkwZG5qMlordElEUTB4L3V2SHc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNms2MTZrcW1DS21ERjBIam12dEtvbjRULzZEOXdIVm5MREdlSDRuNHEvVT0iLCJtYWMiOiI0YzFjZDEzNTNlOWIxNmRlOTlhMmEyZWUyNTliZWFhYTJlZWQ3ZjBlNDM2ZTFhMTkwYTU4NTE1MGMxMGVkYWNkIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6Ims2MkkwZG5qMlordElEUTB4L3V2SHc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNms2MTZrcW1DS21ERjBIam12dEtvbjRULzZEOXdIVm5MREdlSDRuNHEvVT0iLCJtYWMiOiI0YzFjZDEzNTNlOWIx" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Tue, 25 Feb 2025 15:18:19 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkNCRk5tT3BjNzdyY2Z4cHppaTM3OEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUWtPUXZTd0x1ZVlUdTB3M1lPMW5yWTcvRXFxSWNXWXdFQk1mZ0NPa0U2TG8zcExaRERIblQ4MUg0cyt5VkhRVmFWaVpzUitLVFJkVW9tRGtqdDdONWVHR09QdStlQ2NSVkl2eUFHY0cwWkZENk8vOEtqOVBodGNHdnFISkUrNm8iLCJtYWMiOiI1MjgwZWVmNTJiZjNjN2U1M2E0NDA0NDk4YTk1NzRlMDM1MjMzNWI1MjUyMDllNDgyNjAwMmIzODU0MTA2NDljIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Fri, 28 Feb 2025 03:18:19 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkNCRk5tT3BjNzdyY2Z4cHppaTM3OEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUWtPUXZTd0x1ZVlUdTB3M1lPMW5yWTcvRXFxSWNXWXdFQk1mZ0NPa0U2TG8zcExaRERIblQ4MUg0cyt5VkhRVmFWaVpzU" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IlFyVkI5cWU2d1pNS3VIQUUrWU9oQUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNlBIemd2MkRpUGlZcU5TMmFXS0doNXhiNFFOclYxemJ2V0lDWjBncjlNa25OT1NUU2lVWU5wYUtucTVGNG9JeEh5cW1uc05KTzBWVklqQnp6S0JkOGIvc2UyMDZvdjd6STV5R0VRVFhYazB6a2lnSzhLdDdVQUV4NktOWlV0eU4iLCJtYWMiOiJjZDRlNzkxYjk1NThiYjkxZGNlZWQ4YTI5NzU1NGM3ZmVhMjUwZmJmM2UzMmJiYTczMmExOTRjYmZjMzZkZjk3IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IlFyVkI5cWU2d1pNS3VIQUUrWU9oQUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNlBIemd2MkRpUGlZcU5TMmFXS0doNXhiNFFOclYxemJ2V0lDWjBncjlNa25OT1NUU2lVWU5wYUt" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkNCRk5tT3BjNzdyY2Z4cHppaTM3OEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUWtPUXZTd0x1ZVlUdTB3M1lPMW5yWTcvRXFxSWNXWXdFQk1mZ0NPa0U2TG8zcExaRERIblQ4MUg0cyt5VkhRVmFWaVpzUitLVFJkVW9tRGtqdDdONWVHR09QdStlQ2NSVkl2eUFHY0cwWkZENk8vOEtqOVBodGNHdnFISkUrNm8iLCJtYWMiOiI1MjgwZWVmNTJiZjNjN2U1M2E0NDA0NDk4YTk1NzRlMDM1MjMzNWI1MjUyMDllNDgyNjAwMmIzODU0MTA2NDljIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Fri, 28-Feb-2025 03:18:19 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkNCRk5tT3BjNzdyY2Z4cHppaTM3OEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUWtPUXZTd0x1ZVlUdTB3M1lPMW5yWTcvRXFxSWNXWXdFQk1mZ0NPa0U2TG8zcExaRERIblQ4MUg0cyt5VkhRVmFWaVpzU" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IlFyVkI5cWU2d1pNS3VIQUUrWU9oQUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNlBIemd2MkRpUGlZcU5TMmFXS0doNXhiNFFOclYxemJ2V0lDWjBncjlNa25OT1NUU2lVWU5wYUtucTVGNG9JeEh5cW1uc05KTzBWVklqQnp6S0JkOGIvc2UyMDZvdjd6STV5R0VRVFhYazB6a2lnSzhLdDdVQUV4NktOWlV0eU4iLCJtYWMiOiJjZDRlNzkxYjk1NThiYjkxZGNlZWQ4YTI5NzU1NGM3ZmVhMjUwZmJmM2UzMmJiYTczMmExOTRjYmZjMzZkZjk3IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IlFyVkI5cWU2d1pNS3VIQUUrWU9oQUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNlBIemd2MkRpUGlZcU5TMmFXS0doNXhiNFFOclYxemJ2V0lDWjBncjlNa25OT1NUU2lVWU5wYUt" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "r2PAJGJoUawcBvChJaUYsSnPIuSXom9xmJBo6Y6b" "uc_cart_id" => "1ca89e3b62e7f1d490cdffea2f92ffb9" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/10489" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-25 15:18:19GET/chapter/10489112199