Oxygen, the Breath of Life: Boon and Bane in Human Health, Disease, and Therapy

Oxygen: Essential Role in Life

Author(s): Olen R. Brown

Pp: 25-53 (29)

DOI: 10.2174/9781681084251117010005

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Oxygen is especially suited to serve as the terminal acceptor of electrons in the biological process within mitochondria of electron transfer. This process is linked via coupled reactions to oxidative phosphorylation that creates adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the universal storage and transfer form of energy for all aerobic life on earth. However, the unique arrangement of oxygen’s electrons is conducive to one-electron transfer reactions that can produce oxygen free radicals and cause biological oxidant stress. Hans Krebs was the genius who uncovered the complex, biological cycle that we know as the Krebs cycle which revealed the long-hidden secrets of how the energy of consumed food is made available for cellular functions. Oxygen is the only element with the special combination of unique attributes required for cellular bioenergetics, the process of “cold” burning of food molecules to power the cell’s energy needs. A special example of oxygen’s role in “cold burning” is the firefly’s luminescence.


Keywords: Apollo 13, ATP synthesis, Cellular respiration, Citric acid cycle, Coupled reactions, Cytochromes, Essential oxygen, Final electron-acceptor, Free radicals, Futile cycles, Hydrogen peroxide, Hydrosphere, Hydroxyl radical, Krebs cycle, Luciferase, Luciferin, Mitochondrial membranes, Oxidative metabolism, Ozone, Photosynthesis, Two-electron transfer, Valence electron.

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      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59072082 and j.to_ip >=59072082 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740345053 and j.to_date >= 1740345053 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 10064) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59072082 and j.to_ip >=59072082 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740345053 and j.to_date >= 1740345053 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 10064) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59072082 and j.to_ip >=59072082 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740345053 and j.to_date >= 1740345053 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 10064)
      840μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 2207 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740345053 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740345053 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.21msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 2207
      • 3: 1740345053
      • 4: 1740345053
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='66b27b65c757d00c2d3edd7c81940e2d'
      220μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    22Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        sC95HWi2gNqRsSjX9ZNmpcyYxVSrzzoLrJ9Zw4Vq
        uc_cart_id
        66b27b65c757d00c2d3edd7c81940e2d
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/10064" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/10064
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6InJQMFV4WlMwT1dLeHdqMWw0ZndQWVE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoieWNXcGlBSzdYR2dWTUJQSVhDd0xuUnl1dUFQOG1XRjhIS1BIUUUyRSswTT0iLCJtYWMiOiIzMjhmZmJhZWQ0YzI2NTk1ODEzN2M3YWVkOTkwMGY3ZmQ5MGRmNmU2MzM3MjNmM2UzZGQ1MDNlZWI2OGVjMzNhIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6InJQMFV4WlMwT1dLeHdqMWw0ZndQWVE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoieWNXcGlBSzdYR2dWTUJQSVhDd0xuUnl1dUFQOG1XRjhIS1BIUUUyRSswTT0iLCJtYWMiOiIzMjhmZmJhZWQ0YzI2" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Sun, 23 Feb 2025 21:10:53 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjF3ZlZMTlZmbjVidC85b2ZuQ1ZGOHc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNUl4OHl0NFhvNmlxeEpDMEg0OFpJRzdhM3FvSGJpSUJxbWlLSnhMUHlBWENlU20vUFIwTXpSUXlldXBlS2JGVXE0WExDWFNScWhQRWpmM1A3OVNWTnFLRG5FdFZCeG00eUVNRmVaL25UMDVjamV3aEErWGFuTW5FRm5lZVB4bnciLCJtYWMiOiJiNmExOWEzYWQwMTg0MGRiMzhjNjY4ZDY0ZmE0ZDVjNjMxMzJjMGY5MTJiYjE5NTI1OTEwNGI5Yjg5ZDg2YTM0IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Wed, 26 Feb 2025 09:10:53 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjF3ZlZMTlZmbjVidC85b2ZuQ1ZGOHc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNUl4OHl0NFhvNmlxeEpDMEg0OFpJRzdhM3FvSGJpSUJxbWlLSnhMUHlBWENlU20vUFIwTXpSUXlldXBlS2JGVXE0WExDW" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IllsZVlyWmt2V1pQN2hjNS80YlEyRmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoidXlPWGRUSFhuM2x3ZktobmVnSzJqeDN1aEo4Q3NBcjd3U0JuUDNUSUd5a1NVODFBaEhvcG9DRWhjb1ZIdHpjeWlpSEhvMFp6dFNUUVprVnpGclR4cGhRREZuVEtROHh1MnN4MGhuRmM1ZW1CZVFaeFk2YWZ4cHBzOTFiWU4zNXgiLCJtYWMiOiI5M2I2NjMyOTVlNTEyYjYxNDE4NGRiMjg2ZWNjZmNkOTBlNWUyZDIwZjg3ZDRiOGI2MDc5Yjc3YjYwZGY3ZDA0IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IllsZVlyWmt2V1pQN2hjNS80YlEyRmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoidXlPWGRUSFhuM2x3ZktobmVnSzJqeDN1aEo4Q3NBcjd3U0JuUDNUSUd5a1NVODFBaEhvcG9DRWh" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjF3ZlZMTlZmbjVidC85b2ZuQ1ZGOHc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNUl4OHl0NFhvNmlxeEpDMEg0OFpJRzdhM3FvSGJpSUJxbWlLSnhMUHlBWENlU20vUFIwTXpSUXlldXBlS2JGVXE0WExDWFNScWhQRWpmM1A3OVNWTnFLRG5FdFZCeG00eUVNRmVaL25UMDVjamV3aEErWGFuTW5FRm5lZVB4bnciLCJtYWMiOiJiNmExOWEzYWQwMTg0MGRiMzhjNjY4ZDY0ZmE0ZDVjNjMxMzJjMGY5MTJiYjE5NTI1OTEwNGI5Yjg5ZDg2YTM0IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Wed, 26-Feb-2025 09:10:53 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjF3ZlZMTlZmbjVidC85b2ZuQ1ZGOHc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNUl4OHl0NFhvNmlxeEpDMEg0OFpJRzdhM3FvSGJpSUJxbWlLSnhMUHlBWENlU20vUFIwTXpSUXlldXBlS2JGVXE0WExDW" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IllsZVlyWmt2V1pQN2hjNS80YlEyRmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoidXlPWGRUSFhuM2x3ZktobmVnSzJqeDN1aEo4Q3NBcjd3U0JuUDNUSUd5a1NVODFBaEhvcG9DRWhjb1ZIdHpjeWlpSEhvMFp6dFNUUVprVnpGclR4cGhRREZuVEtROHh1MnN4MGhuRmM1ZW1CZVFaeFk2YWZ4cHBzOTFiWU4zNXgiLCJtYWMiOiI5M2I2NjMyOTVlNTEyYjYxNDE4NGRiMjg2ZWNjZmNkOTBlNWUyZDIwZjg3ZDRiOGI2MDc5Yjc3YjYwZGY3ZDA0IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IllsZVlyWmt2V1pQN2hjNS80YlEyRmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoidXlPWGRUSFhuM2x3ZktobmVnSzJqeDN1aEo4Q3NBcjd3U0JuUDNUSUd5a1NVODFBaEhvcG9DRWh" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "sC95HWi2gNqRsSjX9ZNmpcyYxVSrzzoLrJ9Zw4Vq" "uc_cart_id" => "66b27b65c757d00c2d3edd7c81940e2d" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/10064" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-23 21:10:53GET/chapter/100641121924