[1]
Chehade, J.M.; Gladysz, M.; Mooradian, A.D. Dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetes: prevalence, pathophysiology, and management. Drugs, 2013, 73, 327-339.
[2]
Chigurupati, S.; Dhanaraj, S.A.; Balakumar, P. A step ahead of PPARγ full agonists to PPARγ partial agonists: therapeutic perspectives in the management of diabetic insulin resistance. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 2015, 755, 50-57.
[3]
Ferré, P. The biology of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors: relationship with lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Diabetes, 2004, 53, S43-S50.
[4]
Balakumar, P.; Jagadeesh, G. PPAR ligands and cardiovascular disorders: friend or foe. Curr. Mol. Pharmacol., 2012, 5, 219-223.
[5]
Balakumar, P.; Rose, M.; Ganti, S.S.; Krishan, P.; Singh, M. PPAR dual agonists: are they opening Pandora’s Box? Pharmacol. Res., 2007, 56, 91-98.
[6]
Balakumar, P.; Rohilla, A.; Mahadevan, N. Pleiotropic actions of fenofibrate on the heart. Pharmacol. Res., 2011, 63, 8-12.
[7]
Balakumar, P.; Kathuria, S. Submaximal PPARγ activation and endothelial dysfunction: new perspectives for the management of cardiovascular disorders. Br. J. Pharmacol., 2012, 166, 1981-1992.
[8]
Balakumar, P.; Maung-U, K.; Jagadeesh, G. Prevalence and prevention of cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus. Pharmacol. Res., 2016, 113, 600-609.
[9]
Nissen, S.E.; Wolski, K.; Topol, E.J. Effect of muraglitazar on death and major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. JAMA, 2005, 294, 2581-2586.
[10]
Conlon, D. Goodbye glitazars? Br. J. Diabetes Vasc. Dis., 2006, 6, 135-137.
[11]
Ratner, R.E.; Parikh, S.; Tou, C. GALLANT 9 Study Group. Efficacy, safety and tolerability of tesaglitazar when added to the therapeutic regimen of poorly controlled insulin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes. Diab. Vasc. Dis. Res., 2007, 4, 214-221.
[12]
Tseng, C.H.; Tseng, F.H. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists and bladder cancer: lessons from animal studies. J. Environ. Sci. Health C Environ. Carcinog. Ecotoxicol. Rev, 2012, 30, 368-402.
[13]
Erdmann, E.; Califf, R.; Gerstein, H.C.; Malmberg, K.; Ruilope, L.; Schwartz, G.G.; Wedel, H.; Volz, D.; Ditmarsch, M.; Svensson, A.; Bengus, M. Effects of the dual peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor activator aleglitazar in patients with Type 2 Diabetes mellitus or prediabetes. Am. Heart J., 2015, 170, 117-122.
[14]
Joshi, S.R. Saroglitazar for the treatment of dyslipidemia in diabetic patients. Expert Opin. Pharmacother., 2015, 16, 597-606.
[15]
Cox, S.L. Muraglitazar: An agent for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and associated dyslipidemia. Drugs Today (Barc), 2005, 41, 579-587.
[16]
Buse, J.B.; Rubin, C.J.; Frederich, R.; Viraswami-Appanna, K.; Lin, K.C.; Montoro, R.; Shockey, G.; Davidson, J.A. Muraglitazar, a dual (alpha/gamma) PPAR activator: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 24-week monotherapy trial in adult patients with type 2 diabetes. Clin. Ther., 2005, 27, 1181-1195.
[17]
Doggrell, S.A. Muraglitazar: beneficial or detrimental in the treatment of Type 2 diabetes? Expert Opin. Pharmacother., 2006, 7, 1229-1233.
[18]
Rubin, C.J.; Viraswami-Appanna, K.; Fiedorek, F.T. Efficacy and safety of muraglitazar: a double-blind, 24-week, dose-ranging study in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diab. Vasc. Dis. Res., 2009, 6, 205-215.
[19]
Long, G.G.; Reynolds, V.L.; Lopez-Martinez, A.; Ryan, T.E.; White, S.L.; Eldridge, S.R. Urothelial carcinogenesis in the urinary bladder of rats treated with naveglitazar, a gamma-dominant PPAR alpha/gamma agonist: lack of evidence for urolithiasis as an inciting event. Toxicol. Pathol., 2008, 36, 218-231.
[20]
Fagerberg, B.; Edwards, S.; Halmos, T.; Lopatynski, J.; Schuster, H.; Stender, S.; Stoa-Birketvedt, G.; Tonstad, S.; Halldórsdóttir, S.; Gause-Nilsson, I. Tesaglitazar, a novel dual peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha/gamma agonist, dose-dependently improves the metabolic abnormalities associated with insulin resistance in a non-diabetic population. Diabetologia, 2005, 48, 1716-1725.
[21]
Ratner, R.E.; Parikh, S.; Tou, C. GALLANT 9 Study Group. Efficacy, safety and tolerability of tesaglitazar when added to the therapeutic regimen of poorly controlled insulin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes. Diab. Vasc. Dis. Res., 2007, 4, 214-221.
[22]
Bays, H.; McElhattan, J.; Bryzinski, B.S. GALLANT 6 Study Group. A double-blind, randomised trial of tesaglitazar versus pioglitazone in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diab. Vasc. Dis. Res., 2007, 4, 181-193.
[23]
Hamrén, B.; Ohman, K.P.; Svensson, M.K.; Karlsson, M.O. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic assessment of the interrelationships between tesaglitazar exposure and renal function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 2012, 52, 1317-1327.
[24]
Oleksiewicz, M.B.; Thorup, I.; Nielsen, H.S.; Andersen, H.V.; Hegelund, A.C.; Iversen, L.; Guldberg, T.S.; Brinck, P.R.; Sjogren, I.; Thinggaard, U.K.; Jørgensen, L.; Jensen, M.B. Generalized cellular hypertrophy is induced by a dual-acting PPAR agonist in rat urinary bladder urothelium in vivo. Toxicol. Pathol., 2005, 33, 552-560.
[25]
Bénardeau, A.; Benz, J.; Binggeli, A.; Blum, D.; Boehringer, M.; Grether, U.; Hilpert, H.; Kuhn, B.; Märki, H.P.; Meyer, M.; Püntener, K.; Raab, S.; Ruf, A.; Schlatter, D.; Mohr, P. Aleglitazar, a new, potent, and balanced dual PPARalpha/gamma agonist for the treatment of type II diabetes. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 2009, 19, 2468-2473.
[26]
Sanwald-Ducray, P.; Liogier D’ardhuy, X.; Jamois, C.; Banken, L. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and tolerability of aleglitazar in patients with type 2 diabetes: results from a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical study. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 2010, 88, 197-203.
[27]
Lincoff, A.M.; Tardif, J.C.; Schwartz, G.G.; Nicholls, S.J.; Rydén, L.; Neal, B.; Malmberg, K.; Wedel, H.; Buse, J.B.; Henry, R.R.; Weichert, A.; Cannata, R.; Svensson, A.; Volz, D.; Grobbee, D.E. AleCardio Investigators. Effect of aleglitazar on cardiovascular outcomes after acute coronary syndrome in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: the AleCardio randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 2014, 311, 1515-1525.
[28]
Jani, R.H.; Kansagra, K.; Jain, M.R.; Patel, H. Pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of saroglitazar (ZYH1), a predominantly PPARα agonist with moderate PPARγ agonist activity in healthy human subjects. Clin. Drug Investig., 2013, 33, 809-816.
[29]
Agrawal, R. The first approved agent in the Glitazar’s Class: Saroglitazar. Curr. Drug Targets, 2014, 15, 151-155.
[30]
Pai, V.; Paneerselvam, A.; Mukhopadhyay, S.; Bhansali, A.; Kamath, D.; Shankar, V.; Gambhire, D.; Jani, R.H.; Joshi, S.; Patel, P.A. Multicenter, Prospective, Randomized, Double-blind Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Saroglitazar 2 and 4 mg Compared to Pioglitazone 45 mg in Diabetic Dyslipidemia (PRESS V). J. Diabetes Sci. Technol., 2014, 8, 132-141.
[31]
Jani, R.H.; Pai, V.; Jha, P.; Jariwala, G.; Mukhopadhyay, S.; Bhansali, A.; Joshi, S. A multicenter, prospective, randomized, double-blind study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of Saroglitazar 2 and 4 mg compared with placebo in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients having hypertriglyceridemia not controlled with atorvastatin therapy (PRESS VI). Diabetes Technol. Ther., 2014, 16, 63-71.
[32]
Shetty, S.R.; Kumar, S.; Mathur, R.P.; Sharma, K.H.; Jaiswal, A.D. Observational study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of saroglitazar in Indian diabetic dyslipidemia patients. Indian Heart J., 2015, 67, 23-26.
[33]
Ghosh, A.; Sahana, P.K.; Das, C.; Mandal, A.; Sengupta, N. Comparison of effectiveness and safety of add-on therapy of saroglitazar and fenofibrate with metformin in Indian patients with diabetic dyslipidaemia. J. Clin. Diagn. Res., 2016, 10, FC01-FC04.
[34]
Gilardi, F.; Giudici, M.; Mitro, N.; Maschi, O.; Guerrini, U.; Rando, G.; Maggi, A.; Cermenati, G.; Laghezza, A.; Loiodice, F.; Pochetti, G.; Lavecchia, A.; Caruso, D.; De Fabiani, E.; Bamberg, K.; Crestani, M. LT175 is a novel PPARα/γ ligand with potent insulin-sensitizing effects and reduced adipogenic properties. J. Biol. Chem., 2014, 289, 6908-6920.
[35]
Jeong, H.W.; Lee, J.W.; Kim, W.S.; Choe, S.S.; Kim, K.H.; Park, H.S.; Shin, H.J.; Lee, G.Y.; Shin, D.; Lee, H.; Lee, J.H.; Choi, E.B.; Lee, H.K.; Chung, H.; Park, S.B.; Park, K.S.; Kim, H.S.; Ro, S.; Kim, J.B. A newly identified CG301269 improves lipid and glucose metabolism without body weight gain through activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha and gamma. Diabetes, 2011, 60, 496-506.
[36]
Jung, H.Y.; Kim, B.; Ryu, H.G.; Ji, Y.; Park, S.; Choi, S.H.; Lee, D.; Lee, I.K.; Kim, M.; Lee, Y.J.; Song, W.; Lee, Y.H.; Choi, H.J.; Hyun, C.K.; Holzapfel, W.H.; Kim, K.T. Amodiaquine improves insulin resistance and lipid metabolism in diabetic model mice. Diabetes Obes. Metab., 2018, 20, 1688-1701.
[37]
Ren, T.; Yang, W.S.; Lin, Y.; Liu, J.F.; Li, Y.; Yang, L.C.; Zeng, K.Y.; Peng, L.; Liu, Y.J.; Ye, Z.H.; Luo, X.M. Ke. Y.J.; Diao, Y.; Jin, X. A novel PPARα/γ agonist, propane-2-sulfonic acid octadec-9-enyl-amide, ameliorates insulin resistance and gluconeogenesis in vivo and vitro. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 2018, 826, 1-8.
[38]
Jung, Y.; Cao, Y.; Paudel, S.; Yoon, G.; Cheon, S.H.; Bae, G.U.; Jin, L.T.; Kim, Y.K.; Kim, S.N. Antidiabetic effect of SN158 through PPARα/γ dual activation in ob/ob mice. Chem. Biol. Interact., 2017, 268, 24-30.
[39]
Ge, J.; Miao, J.J.; Sun, X.Y.; Yu, J.Y. Huangkui capsule, an extract from Abelmoschus manihot (L.) medic, improves diabetic nephropathy via activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α/γ and attenuating endoplasmic reticulum stress in rats. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2016, 189, 238-249.
[40]
Park, M.H.; Kim, D.H.; Kim, M.J.; Lee, E.K.; An, H.J.; Jeong, J.W.; Kim, H.R.; Kim, S.J.; Yu, B.P.; Moon, H.R.; Chung, H.Y. Effects of MHY908, a new synthetic PPARα/γ dual agonist, on inflammatory responses and insulin resistance in aged rats. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., 2016, 71, 300-309.
[41]
Lee, W.; Ham, J.; Kwon, H.C.; Kim, Y.K.; Kim, S.N. Anti-diabetic effect of amorphastilbol through PPARα/γ dual activation in db/db mice. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2013, 432, 73-79.
[42]
Silva, J.C.; de Oliveira, E.M.; Turato, W.M.; Trossini, G.H.G.; Maltarollo, V.G.; Pitta, M.G.R.; Pitta, I.R.; de Las Heras, B.; Boscá, L.; Rudnicki, M.; Abdalla, D.S.P. GQ-11: A new PPAR agonist improves obesity-induced metabolic alterations in LDLr-/- mice. Int. J. Obes. (Lond)., 2018, 42, 1062-1072.
[43]
Sæther, T.; Paulsen, S.M.; Tungen, J.E.; Vik, A.; Aursnes, M.; Holen, T.; Hansen, T.V.; Nebb, H.I. Synthesis and biological evaluations of marine oxohexadecenoic acids: PPARα/γ dual agonism and anti-diabetic target gene effects. Eur. J. Med. Chem., 2018, 155, 736-753.