Generic placeholder image

Mini-Reviews in Organic Chemistry

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1570-193X
ISSN (Online): 1875-6298

Review Article

Ethnomedicinal Uses, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Carica papaya Plant: A Compendious Review

Author(s): Manpreet Kaur, Naveen Chandra Talniya, Seema Sahrawat, Arvind Kumar* and Elena E. Stashenko

Volume 16, Issue 5, 2019

Page: [463 - 480] Pages: 18

DOI: 10.2174/1570193X15666180816110733

Price: $65

Abstract

Medicinal properties of papaya (Carica papaya Linn.) fruit and other parts are wellknown in the traditional system of medicine. Papaya plant originated in Central America and now grown in tropical areas of worldwide, most particularly in Africa and Asia. Studies validate that, papaya has several pharmacological activities, such as antioxidant, antiulcer, antibacterial, woundhealing, anti-inflammatory and anti-sickling, just to name a few. The present review article provides the explicit and updated information on botanical aspects, ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of C. papaya plant in order to explore their therapeutic potential. This review conducted a systematic search on C. papaya through electronic database search (Google Scholar, PubMed, SciFinder, Scopus, Science Direct, and Web of Science) and a library search for articles published in peer-reviewed journals, until January of 2018. Constituents of papaya plant belongs to different chemical classes that include alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, steroids, tannin, vitamins, quinones, minerals and others. Experimental evidence confirmed that these classes of compounds cure the microbial infections, diabetes, inflammatory, cytotoxic and liver disorders. Conclusively, the present review aimed to summarize the information of ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities to prevent and treat the wide range of diseases and disorders. The future research draws the attention of the researcher for intensive investigations relating to phytochemicals, pharmacological activities and industrial applications.

Keywords: Carica papaya, caricaceae, ethnomedicinal uses, pharmacology, phytochemicals, medicinal plants.

Graphical Abstract

[1]
Cordell, J.A. Biodiversity and drug discovery-a symbiotic relationship. Phytochemistry, 2000, 55, 463-480.
[2]
Balick, M.J.; Cox, P.A. Plants, People and Culture. The Science of Ethnobotany; Scientific American Library: New York, 1996.
[3]
Barroso, P.T.W.; de Carvalho, P.P.; Rocha, T.B.; Pessoa, F.L.P.; Azevedo, D.A.; Mendes, M.F. Evaluation of the composition of Carica papaya L. seed oil extracted with supercritical CO2. Biotechnol. Rep., 2016, 11, 110-116.
[4]
da Silva, J.A.T.; Rashid, Z.; Nhut, D.T.; Sivakumar, D.; Gera, A.; Souza, M.T.; Tennant, P.F. Papaya (Carica papaya L.) biology and biotechnology. Tree For. Sci. Biotech., 2007, 1, 47-73.
[5]
Aruljothi, S.; Uma, C.; Sivagurunathan, P.; Bhuvaneswari, M. Investigation on antibacterial activity of Carica papaya leaf extracts against wound infection-causing bacteria. Int. J. Res. Stud. Biosci., 2014, 2(11), 8-12.
[6]
Elgadir, M.A.; Salama, M.; Adam, A. Carica papaya as a source of natural medicine and its utilization in selected pharmaceutical applications. Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci., 2014, 6(1), 880-884.
[7]
Jafari, S.; Goh, Y.M.; Rajion, M.A.; Jahromi, M.F.; Ebrahimi, M. Ruminal methanogenesis and biohydrogenation reduction potential of papaya (Carica papaya) leaf: An in vitro study. Ital. J. Anim. Sci., 2016, 15(1), 157-165.
[8]
de Oliveira, J.G.; Vitória, A.P. Papaya: Nutritional and pharmacological characterization, and quality loss due to physiological disorders. An overview. Food Res. Int., 2011, 44(5), 1306-1313.
[9]
Begum, M. Phytochemical and pharmacological investigation of Carica papaya leaf., PhD Thesis, Eastwest University, Aftabnagar, Dhaka, Bangladesh. 2014.
[10]
Jiménez, V.M.; Mora-Newcomer, E.; Gutiérrez-Soto, M.V. Biology of the papaya plant.Genetics and Genomics of Papaya; Springer: New York, 2014, pp. 17-33.
[11]
Evans, E.A.; Ballen, F.H. An overview of global papaya production, trade, and consumption; Gainesville University of Florida, 2012.
[12]
Yogiraj, V.; Goyal, P.K.; Chauhan, C.S.; Goyal, A.; Vyas, B. Carica papaya Linn: An overview. Int. J. Herb. Med., 2014, 2(5), 1-8.
[13]
Dinesh, M.R.; Vani, A.; Aswath, C.; Rawal, R.D. Biology of Carica papaya (Papaya). Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC). 2015, pp. 1-20.
[14]
Milind, P.; Gurditta, G. Basketful benefits of papaya. Int. Res. J. Pharm., 2011, 2(7), 6-12.
[15]
Rimberia, F.K.; Adaniya, S.; Ishimine, Y.; Etoh, T. Morphology of papaya plants derived via anther culture. Sci. Hortic. (Amsterdam), 2007, 111, 213-219.
[16]
Kayalvizhi, K.; Cathrine, L.; Banu, K.S. Phytochemical and antibacterial studies on the leaf extracts of female Carica papaya Linn. Int. J. Pharm. Tech. Res., 2015, 8(7), 166-170.
[17]
Anjum, V.; Ansari, S.H.; Naquvi, K.J.; Arora, P.; Ahmad, A. Development of quality standards of Carica papaya Linn. leaves. Sch. Res. Lib., 2013, 5(2), 370-376.
[18]
Varisha, A.; Husain, A.S.; Javed, N.K.; Poonam, A. Physico-chemical and phytochemical evaluation of Carica papaya Linn. unripe fruits. Int. Res. J. Pharm, 2013, 4(8), 101-106.
[19]
Saini, R.; Mittal, A.; Rathi, V. Phytochemical evaluation of Carica Papaya extracts. Eur. J. Pharm. Med. Res., 2016, 3(3), 346-350.
[20]
Saeed, F.; Arshad, M.U.; Pasha, I.; Naz, R.; Batool, R.; Khan, A.A.; Nasir, M.A.; Shafique, B. Nutritional and phyto-therapeutic potential of Papaya (Carica papaya Linn.): An Overview. Int. J. Food Prop., 2014, 17(7), 1637-1653.
[21]
Osato, J.A.; Santiago, L.A.; Remo, G.M.; Cuadra, M.S.; Mori, A. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of unripe papaya. Life Sci., 1993, 53(17), 1383-1389.
[22]
Krishna, K.L.; Paridhavi, M.; Patel, J.A. Review on nutritional, medicinal and pharmacological properties of Papaya (Carica papaya Linn.). Nat. Prod. Rad., 2008, 7(4), 363-373.
[23]
Ayoola, P.B.; Adeyeye, A. Phytochemical and nutrient evaluation of Carica papaya (pawpaw) leaves. Int. J. Res. Rev. Appl. Sci., 2010, 5(3), 325-328.
[24]
Nwofia, G.E.; Ojimelukwe, P.; Eji, C. Chemical composition of leaves, fruit pulp and seeds in some Carica papaya (L) morphotypes. Int. J. Med. Arom. Plant., 2012, 2(1), 200-206.
[25]
Boshra, V.; Tajul, A.Y. Papaya-an innovative raw material for food and pharmaceutical processing industry. Health Environ. J., 2013, 4, 68-75.
[26]
Malathi, P.; Vasugi, S.R. Evaluation of mosquito larvicidal effect of Carica papaya against Aedes aegypti. Int. J. Mosq. Res., 2015, 2(3), 21-24.
[27]
Ansari, R.M. Extract of Carica papaya L. leaves: Standardising its use in dengue fever. Indian J. Pharmacol., 2016, 48(3), 338-339.
[28]
Vij, T.; Prashar, Y. A review on medicinal properties of Carica papaya Linn. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Dis., 2015, 5(1), 1-6.
[29]
Kartikar, K.R.; Basu, B.D. Indian medicinal plants; Springer Science: New York, 1998, pp. 1097-1099.
[30]
Vidya, S.A. Carica papaya; In: Ramankutty C, editor. Indian medicinal plants: A compendium of 500 species. Orient Longman Pvt. Ltd.: Hyderabad. , 2005, p. pp. 383-384.
[31]
Rashed, K.; Luo, M.T.; Zhang, L.T.; Zheng, Y.T. Phytochemical screening of the polar extracts of Carica papaya Linn. and the evaluation of their anti-HIV-1 activity. J. Appl. Industrial. Sci., 2013, 1(3), 49-53.
[32]
Oloyede, O.I. Chemical profile of unripe pulp of Carica papaya. Pak. J. Nutr., 2005, 4(6), 379-381.
[33]
Ikeyi, A.P.; Ogbonna, A.O.; Eze, F.U. Phytochemical analysis of paw-paw (Carica papaya) leaves. Int. J. Life Sci. Bt. Pharm. Res., 2013, 2, 2250-3137.
[34]
Maciunas, R.J.; Onofrio, B.M. The long-term results of chymopapain. Ten-year follow-up of 268 patients after chemonucleolysis. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res., 1986, 2(6), 37-41.
[35]
Mamboya, E.A. Papain, a plant enzyme of biological importance: A review. Am. J. Biochem. Biotechnol., 2012, 8(2), 99-104.
[36]
Karunamoorthi, K.; Kim, H.M.; Jegajeevanram, K.; Xavier, J.; Vijayalakshmi, J. Papaya: A gifted nutraceutical plant-A critical review of recent human health research. TANG, 2014, 4(2), 1-17.
[37]
Zunjar, V.; Mammen, D.; Trivedi, B.M. Antioxidant activities and phenolics profiling of different parts of Carica papaya by LCMS-MS. Nat. Prod. Res., 2015, 29(22), 2097-2099.
[38]
Akhila, S.; Vijayalakshmi, N.G. Phytochemical studies on Carica papaya leaf juice. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res., 2015, 6(2), 880.
[39]
Julianti, T.; Mieri, M.D.; Zimmermann, S.; Ebrahimi, S.N.; Kaiser, M.; Neuburger, M.; Raith, M.; Brun, R.; Hamburger, M. HPLC-based activity profiling for antiplasmodial activity in the traditional Indonesian medicinal plant Carica papaya L. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2014, 155(1), 426-434.
[40]
Esti, M.; Benucci, I.; Lombardelli, C.; Liburdi, K.; Garzillo, A.M.V. Papain from papaya (Carica papaya L.) fruit and latex: Preliminary characterization in alcoholic-acidic buffer for wine application. Food Bioprod. Process., 2013, 91(4), 595-598.
[41]
Sancho, L.E.G.G.; Yahia, E.M.; González-Aguilar, G.A. Identification and quantification of phenols, carotenoids, and vitamin C from papaya (Carica papaya L., cv. Maradol) fruit determined by HPLC-DAD-MS/MS-ESI. Food Res. Int., 2011, 44, 1284-1291.
[42]
Burdick, E.M. Carpaine: An alkaloid of Carica papaya-its chemistry and pharmacology. Econ. Bot., 1971, 25(4), 363-365.
[43]
Oduola, T.; Idowu, T.O.; Bello, I.S.; Adeniyi, F.; Ogunyemi, E. Haematological response to intake of unripe Carica papaya fruit extract and the isolation and characterization of caricapinoside: A new anti-sickling agent from the extract. Asian J. Pharm. Clin. Res., 2012, 5, 3-9.
[44]
Imaga, N.O.; Gbenle, G.O.; Okochi, V.I.; Akanbi, S.O.; Edeoghon, S.O.; Oigbochie, V.; Kehinde, M.O.; Bamiro, S.B. Antisickling property of Carica papaya leaf extract. Afr. J. Biochem. Res., 2009, 3(4), 102-106.
[45]
Zunjar, V.; Dash, R.P.; Jivrajani, M.; Trivedi, B.; Nivsarkar, M. Antithrombocytopenic activity of carpaine and alkaloidal extract of Carica papaya Linn. leaves in busulfan induced thrombocytopenic Wistar rats. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2016, 181, 20-25.
[46]
Canini, A.; Alesiani, D.; D’Arcangelo, G.; Tagliatesta, P. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of phenolic compounds from Carica papaya L. leaf. J. Food Compos. Anal., 2007, 20(7), 584-590.
[47]
Vuong, Q.V.; Hirun, S.; Chuen, T.L.; Goldsmith, C.D.; Murchie, S.; Bowyer, M.C.; Phillips, P.A.; Scarlett, C.J. Antioxidant and anticancer capacity of saponin-enriched Carica papaya leaf extracts. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol., 2015, 50(1), 169-177.
[48]
Pino, J.A.; Almora, K.; Marbot, R. Volatile components of papaya (Carica papaya L., Maradol variety) fruit. Flavour Fragrance J., 2003, 18(6), 492-496.
[49]
Upgade, A.; Bhaskar, A. Characterization and medicinal importance of phytoconstituents of C. papaya from down south Indian region using gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy. Asian J. Pharm. Clin. Res, 2013, 6(4), 101-106.
[50]
He, X.; Ma, Y.; Yi, G.; Wu, J.; Zhou, L.; Guo, H. Chemical composition and antifungal activity of Carica papaya Linn. seed essential oil against Candida spp. Lett. Appl. Microbiol., 2017, 64(5), 350-354.
[51]
Nakamura, Y.; Yoshimoto, M.; Murata, Y.; Shimoishi, Y.; Asai, Y.; Park, E.Y.; Sato, K.; Nakamura, Y. Papaya seed represents a rich source of biologically active isothiocyanate. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2007, 55(11), 4407-4413.
[52]
Tang, C.S. Localization of benzyl glucosinolate and thioglucosidase in Carica papaya fruit. Phytochemistry, 1973, 12(4), 769-773.
[53]
Nirosha, N.; Mangalanayaki, R. Antibacterial activity of leaves and stem extract of Carica papaya L. Int. J. Adv. Pharm. Biol. Chem., 2013, 2(3), 473.
[54]
Alabi, O.A.; Haruna, M.T.; Anokwuru, C.P.; Jegede, T.; Abia, H.; Okegbe, V.U.; Esan, B.E. Comparative studies on antimicrobial properties of extracts of fresh and dried leaves of Carica papaya (L) on clinical bacterial and fungal isolates. Adv. Appl. Sci. Res., 2012, 3(5), 3107-3114.
[55]
Peter, J.K.; Kumar, Y.; Pandey, P.; Masih, H. Antibacterial activity of seed and leaf extract of Carica papaya var. Pusa dwarf Linn. J. Pharm. Biol. Sci., 2014, 9, 29-37.
[56]
Nidhi, S.; Bhagyawant, S.S.; Vinay, S. Phytochemical investigation and antimicrobial activity of the endocarp of unripe fruit of Carica papaya. J. Pharm. Res., 2010, 3(12), 3132-3134.
[57]
Pandey, P.; Garg, F.C.; Tripathi, L.K. Screening of antimicrobial activity of crude extracts of Carica papaya leaf against pathogenic bacteria. World J. Pharm. Res., 2016, 5(1), 1005-1014.
[58]
Eke, O.N.; Augustine, A.U.; Ibrahim, H.F. Qualitative analysis of phytochemicals and antibacterial screening of extracts of Carica papaya fruits and seeds. Int. J. Med. Chem., 2014, 6, 48-56.
[59]
Tiwari, P.; Kumar, K.; Panik, R.; Pandey, A.; Pandey, A.; Sahu, P.K.; Raipur, C.G. Antimicrobial activity evaluation of the root of Carica papaya Linn. Int. J. Pharm. Tech. Res., 2011, 3, 1641-1648.
[60]
Marshall, U.E.; Stephen, C.; Emmanuel, O.U.; Chizaram, A.E. Antimicrobial screening and phytochemical analysis of Carica papaya leaf extracts. Stand. Res. J. Microbiol. Sci., 2015, 2(1), 1-4.
[61]
Doughari, J.H.; Elmahmood, A.M.; Manzara, S. Studies on the antibacterial activity of root extracts of Carica papaya L. Afr. J. Microbiol. Res., 2007, 1(3), 37-41.
[62]
Orhue, P.O.; Momoh, A.R. Antibacterial activities of different solvent extracts of Carica papaya fruit parts on some gram positive and gram negative organisms. Int. J. Herb. Pharmacol. Res., 2013, 2(4), 42-47.
[63]
Kebebew, Z.; Shibeshi, W. Evaluation of anxiolytic and sedative effects of 80% ethanolic Carica papaya L. (Caricaceae) pulp extract in mice. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2013, 150(2), 665-671.
[64]
Baskaran, C.; Velu, S.; Kumaran, K. The efficacy of Carica papaya leaf extract on some bacterial and a fungal strain by well diffusion method. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Dis., 2012, 2, 658-662.
[65]
Chávez-Quintal, P.; González-Flores, T.; Rodríguez-Buenfil, I.; Gallegos-Tintoré, S. Antifungal activity in ethanolic extracts of Carica papaya L. cv. Maradol leaves and seeds. Indian J. Microbiol., 2011, 51(1), 54-60.
[66]
Sherwani, S.K.; Bokhari, T.Z.; Nazim, K.; Gilani, S.A.; Kazmi, S.U. Qualitative phytochemical screening and antifungal activity of Carica papaya leaf extract against human and plant pathogenic fungi. Int. Res. J. Pharm., 2013, 4(7), 83-86.
[67]
Singh, O.; Ali, M. Phytochemical and antifungal profiles of the seeds of Carica papaya L. Indian J. Pharm. Sci., 2011, 73(4), 447.
[68]
Karabin, M.; Hudcova, T.; Jelınek, L.; Dostalek, P. Biologically active compounds from hops and prospects for their use. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf., 2016, 15, 542-567.
[69]
Juárez-Rojop, I.E.; Díaz-Zagoya, J.C.; Ble-Castillo, J.L.; Miranda-Osorio, P.H.; Castell-Rodríguez, A.E.; Tovilla-Zárate, C.A.; Rodríguez-Hernández, A.; Aguilar-Mariscal, H.; Ramón-Frías, T.; Bermúdez-Ocaña, D.Y. Hypoglycemic effect of Carica papaya leaves in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 2012, 12(1), 236.
[70]
Sobia, K.; Javaid, M.A.; Ahmad, M.S.; Rehmatullah, Q.; Hina, G.; Iram, B.; Pervaiz, A.; Farhana, B.; Nyla, J.; Gulfraz, M. Assessments of phytochemicals and hypoglycemic activity of laves extracts of Carica papaya in diabetic mice. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res., 2016, 7(9), 3658.
[71]
Sanders, R.A.; Rauscher, F.M.; Watkins, J.B. Effects of quercetin on antioxidant defense in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol., 2001, 15, 143-149.
[72]
Gaikwad, S.B.; Mohan, G.K.; Rani, M.S. Phytochemicals for diabetes management. Pharm. Crop., 2014, 5, 11-28.
[73]
Rathy, M.C.; Sajith, U.; Harilal, C.C. Efficacy of phytochemicals as sustainable sources of larvicidal formulations for the control of Culex sitiens. Int. Res. J. Environ. Sci., 2015, 4(10), 16-21.
[74]
Nguyen, T.T.; Parat, M.O.; Hodson, M.P.; Pan, J.; Shaw, P.N.; Hewavitharana, A.K. Chemical characterization and in vitro cytotoxicity on squamous cell carcinoma cells of Carica papaya leaf extracts. Toxins., 2015, 8(1), E7.
[75]
Otsuki, N.; Dang, N.H.; Kumagai, E.; Kondo, A.; Iwata, S.; Morimoto, C. Aqueous extract of Carica papaya leaves exhibits anti-tumor activity and immunomodulatory effects. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2010, 127(3), 760-767.
[76]
Amazu, L.U.; Azikiwe, C.C.; Njoku, C.J.; Osuala, F.N.; Nwosu, P.J.; Ajugwo, A.O.; Enye, J.C. Antiinflammatory activity of the methanolic extract of the seeds of Carica papaya in experimental animals. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med., 2010, 3(11), 884-886.
[77]
Owoyele, B.V.; Adebukola, O.M.; Funmilayo, A.A.; Soladoye, A.O. Anti-inflammatory activities of ethanolic extract of Carica papaya leaves. Inflammopharmacology, 2008, 16(4), 168-173.
[78]
da Silveira e Sa. R.C.; Andrade, L.N.; de Sousa, D.P. A review on anti-Inflammatory activity of monoterpenes. Molecules, 2013, 18, 1227-1254.
[79]
Subenthiran, S.; Choon, T.C.; Cheong, K.C.; Thayan, R.; Teck, M.B.; Muniandy, P.K.; Afzan, A.; Abdullah, N.R.; Ismail, Z. Carica papaya leaves juice significantly accelerates the rate of increase in platelet count among patients with dengue fever and dengue haemorrhagic fever. In: Evid. Based Complementry Altern. Med; , 2013; 2013, p. Article ID 616737.
[80]
Adeniyi, F.A.; Ogunyemi, E.O. Toxicity studies on an unripe Carica papaya aqueous extract: Biochemical and haematological effects in wistar albino rats. J. Med. Plants Res., 2007, 1(1), 1-4.
[81]
Dharmarathna, S.L.; Wickramasinghe, S.; Waduge, R.N.; Rajapakse, R.P.; Kularatne, S.A. Does Carica papaya leaf-extract increase the platelet count? An experimental study in a murine model. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed., 2013, 3(9), 720-724.
[82]
Brasil, G.A.; Ronchi, S.N.; do Nascimento, A.M.; de Lima, E.M.; Romão, W.; da Costa, H.B.; Scherer, R.; Ventura, J.A.; Lenz, D.; Bissoli, N.S.; Endringer, D.C. Antihypertensive effect of Carica papaya via a reduction in ACE activity and improved baroreflex. Planta Med., 2014, 80(17), 1580-1587.
[83]
Kaushal, V.S.; Ayachi, A.; Verma, K.S. Presence of potent antioxidant phytochemicals in seeds of Carica papaya Linn. World J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci., 2016, 5(4), 1278-1287.
[84]
Salla, S.; Sunkara, R.; Ogutu, S.; Walker, L.T.; Verghese, M. Antioxidant activity of papaya seed extracts against H2O2 induced oxidative stress in HepG2 cells. LWT-Food Sci. Technol., 2016, 66, 293-297.
[85]
Sadek, K.M. Antioxidant and immunostimulant effect of Carica papaya Linn. aqueous extract in acrylamide intoxicated rats. Acta Inform. Med., 2012, 20(3), 180-185.
[86]
Irondi, A.E.; Anokam, K.K.; Ndidi, U.S. Effect of drying methods on the phytochemical composition and antioxidant activities of Carica papaya seed. Int. J. Biosci., 2013, 3, 154-163.
[87]
Dada, F.A.; Nzewuji, F.O.; Esan, A.M.; Oyeleye, S.I.; Adegbola, V.B. Phytochemical and antioxidant analysis of aqueous extracts of unripe Pawpaw (Carica papaya Linn.) Fruit’s peel and seed. Int. J. Res. Rev. Appl. Sci., 2016, 27(3), 68-71.
[88]
Mehdipour, S.; Yasa, N.; Dehghan, G.; Khorasani, R.; Mohammadirad, A.; Rahimi, R.; Abdollahi, M. Antioxidant potentials of Iranian Carica papaya juice in vitro and in vivo are comparable to α‐tocopherol. Phytother. Res., 2006, 20(7), 591-594.
[89]
Maisarah, A.M.; Nurul, A.B.; Asmah, R.; Fauziah, O. Antioxidant analysis of different parts of Carica papaya. Int. Food Res. J., 2013, 20(3), 1043-1048.
[90]
da Silva, C.R.; Oliveira, M.B.; Motta, E.S.; de Almeida, G.S.; Varanda, L.L.; de Pádula, M.; Leitão, A.C.; Caldeira-de-Araúio, A. Genotoxic and cytotoxic safety evaluation of papain (Carica papaya L.) using in vitro assays. J. Biomed. Biotechnol., 2010, 3, 1-8.
[91]
Joseph, B.; Sankarganesh, P.; Ichiyama, K.; Yamamoto, N. In vitro study on cytotoxic effect and anti-DENV2 activity of Carica papaya L. leaf. Front. Life Sci., 2015, 8(1), 18-22.
[92]
Yamthe, L.R.; David, K.; Ngadena, Y.M. Acute and chronic toxicity studies of the aqueous and ethanol leaf extracts of Carica papaya Linn. in wistar rats. J. Nat. Prod. Plant Resour., 2012, 2, 617-627.
[93]
Iyer, D.; Sharma, B.K.; Patil, U.K. Effect of ether-and water-soluble fractions of Carica papaya ethanol extract in experimentally induced hyperlipidemia in rats. Pharm. Biol., 2011, 49(12), 1306-1310.
[94]
Oduola, T.; Adeniyi, F.A.; Ogunyemi, E.O.; Bello, I.S.; Idowu, T.O. Antisickling agent in an extract of unripe pawpaw (Carica papaya): Is it real? Afr. J. Biotechnol., 2006, 5(20), 1947-1949.
[95]
Julaeha, E.; Permatasari, Y.; Mayanti, T.; Diantini, A. Antifertility compound from the seeds of Carica papaya. Procedia Chem., 2015, 17, 66-69.
[96]
Udoh, P.; Kehinde, A. Studies on antifertility effect of pawpaw seeds (Carica papaya) on the gonads of male albino rats. Phytother. Res., 1999, 13(3), 226-228.
[97]
Kanthal, L.K.; Mondal, P.R.; De, S.O.; Jana, S.O.; Aneela, S.; Satyavathi, K. Evaluation of anthelmintic activity of Carica papaya latex using Pheritima posthuma. Pharmacology, 2012, 50, 10.
[98]
Adeneye, A.A.; Olagunju, J.A.; Banjo, A.F.; Abdul, S.F.; Sanusi, O.A.; Sanni, O.O.; Osarodion, B.A.; Shonoiki, O.E. The aqueous seed extract of Carica papaya Linn. prevents carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Int. J. Appl. Res. Nat. Prod., 2009, 2(2), 19-32.
[99]
Minari, J.B.; Bamisaye, F.A. Studies on the effect of methanolic extract of Carica papaya stalk on hepatotoxicity induced in albino rat. J. Med. Plants Res., 2013, 7(45), 3314-3318.
[100]
Sucharitha, M.; Swapna, M. The biomolecules present in the papaya (Carica papaya) act as potential anti arthritic agents. Indo Am. J. Pharm., 2015, 1(1), 6-9.
[101]
Okeniyi, J.A.; Ogunlesi, T.A.; Oyelami, O.A.; Adeyemi, L.A. Effectiveness of dried Carica papaya seeds against human intestinal parasitosis: A pilot study. J. Med. Food, 2007, 10(1), 194-196.
[102]
Oloyede, H.; Adaja, M.C.; Ajiboye, T.O.; Salawu, M.O. Anti-ulcerogenic activity of aqueous extract of Carica papaya seed on indomethacin-induced peptic ulcer in male albino rats. J. Integr. Med., 2015, 13(2), 105-114.
[103]
Odo, C.E.; Odo, A.I. Ethanol extract of the leaves of Carica papaya affords protection against aspirin-induced gastric ulcer in rats. J. Pharm. Res., 2017, 11(8), 1025.
[104]
Ezike, A.C.; Akah, P.A.; Okoli, C.O.; Ezeuchenne, N.A.; Ezeugwu, S. Carica papaya (Paw-Paw) unripe fruit may be beneficial in ulcer. J. Med. Food, 2009, 12(6), 1268-1273.
[105]
Kavuri, N.S.S.; Yangalasetti, S.; Vutla, V.R. Anti-tubercular activity of leaf and seed extract of Carica papaya. Planta Activa, 2016, 1, 1-3.
[106]
Nayak, B.S.; Pereira, L.P.; Maharaj, D. Wound healing activity of Carica papaya L. in experimentally induced diabetic rats. Indian J. Exp. Biol., 2007, 45(8), 739-743.
[107]
Gurung, S.; Skalko-Basnet, N. Wound healing properties of Carica papaya latex: In vivo evaluation in mice burn model. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2009, 121(2), 338-341.
[108]
Olagunju, J.A.; Adeneye, A.A.; Fagbohunka, B.S.; Bisuga, N.A.; Ketiku, A.O.; Benebo, A.S.; Olufowobi, O.M.; Adeoye, A.G.; Alimi, M.A.; Adeleke, A.G. Nephroprotective activities of the aqueous seed extract of Carica papaya Linn. in carbon tetrachloride induced renal injured Wistar rats: A dose-and time-dependent study. Biol. Med., 2009, 1(1), 1-19.
[109]
Naggayi, M.; Mukiibi, N.; Iliya, E. The protective effects of aqueous extract of Carica papaya seeds in paracetamol induced nephrotoxicity in male Wistar rats. Afr. Health Sci., 2015, 15(2), 598-605.
[110]
Ismail, Z.; Halim, S.Z.; Abdullah, N.R.; Afzan, A.; Rashid, B.A.A.; Jantan, I. Safety evaluation of oral toxicity of Carica papaya Linn. leaves: A subchronic toxicity study in Sprague Dawley rats. Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med, 2014, 2014, Article ID 741470.
[111]
Morton, J.F. Carica papaya L.Fruits of Warm Climates; Creative Resources Inc.: Winterville, N.C., 1987, pp. 336-346.
[112]
Villegas, V.N. Carica papaya; L. In: EWM Verheij, R.E. Coronel, eds. Plant Resources of South-East Asia 2: Edible Fruits and Nuts. PROSEA Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. , 1997.
[113]
El Moussaoui, A.; Nijs, M.; Paul, C.; Wintjens, R.; Vincentelli, J.; Ajarken, M.; Looze, Y. Revisiting the enzymes stored in the laticifers of Carica papaya in the context of their possible participation in the plant defense mechanism. Cell. Mol. Life Sci., 2001, 58, 556-570.
[114]
Tyler, V.; Brady, L. Pharmacognosy, 8th ed; Lea & Febiger: Philadelphia, 1981, pp. 157-158.
[115]
Anibijuwon, I.; Udeze, A. Antimicrobial activity of Carica papaya (pawpaw leaf) on some pathogenic organisms of clinical origin from South-Western Nigeria. Ethnobot. Leaflets, 2009, 7, 1-4.

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
© 2025 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy
Request history8.2.27PHP Version315msRequest Duration28MBMemory UsageGET article/{article_id}/{param?}Route
  • warninglog[21:45:50] LOG.warning: Optional parameter $article_id declared before required parameter $request i...
  • warninglog[21:45:51] LOG.warning: trim(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated ...
  • warninglog[21:45:51] LOG.warning: Function strftime() is deprecated in /home/alphaeurekaselec/public_html/stor...
  • Booting (91.73ms)time
  • Application (224ms)time
  • 1 x Application (70.92%)
    224ms
    1 x Booting (29.08%)
    91.73ms
    14 templates were rendered
    • articlearticle.blade.php#?blade
    • includes.article_top_bannerarticle_top_banner.blade.php#?blade
    • includes.article_referencearticle_reference.blade.php#?blade
    • export_citation_formexport_citation_form.blade.php#?blade
    • includes.article_bottom_bannerarticle_bottom_banner.blade.php#?blade
    • includes.inc_related_journalsinc_related_journals.blade.php#?blade
    • includes.inc_related_ebooksinc_related_ebooks.blade.php#?blade
    • includes.journal_rightmenujournal_rightmenu.blade.php#?blade
    • includes.journal_right_bannerjournal_right_banner.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts.appapp.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts._login_access_login_access.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts._header_header.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts._main_menu_main_menu.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts._footer_menu_footer_menu.blade.php#?blade
    uri
    GET article/{article_id}/{param?}
    middleware
    web, check_user_access
    controller
    App\Http\Controllers\ArticleController@GetArticleDetails
    namespace
    App\Http\Controllers
    where
    as
    article
    file
    app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:1974-2510
    37 statements were executed, 4 of which were duplicates, 33 unique. Show only duplicated132ms
    • Connection Establishedalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccessCheck.php#24
      Backtrace
      • 9. middleware::check_user_access:24
      • 10. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 11. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
      • 12. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Middleware/VerifyCsrfToken.php:88
    • INSERT INTO visitor_ip_address (ip_address,visitor_agent,visitor_count, created_on,updated_on) VALUES ('309791667','',1,1740347150,1740347150) ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE visitor_count=visitor_count + 1, updated_on=1740347150
      1.02msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccessCheck.php#24
      Backtrace
      • 11. middleware::check_user_access:24
      • 12. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Middleware/VerifyCsrfToken.php:88
    • INSERT INTO visitor_ip_address_detail (ip_address,visitor_url,visitor_count, created_on,updated_on) VALUES ('309791667','/article/92418',1,1740347150,1740347150)
      160μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccessCheck.php#27
      Backtrace
      • 11. middleware::check_user_access:27
      • 12. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Middleware/VerifyCsrfToken.php:88
    • (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_journal_volume_trail WHERE to_ip >= 309791667 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 309791667) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_journal_volume_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 309791667 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 309791667) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_journal_volume_token WHERE to_ip >= 309791667 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 309791667) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_ebook_volume_trail WHERE to_ip >= 309791667 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 309791667) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_ebook_volume_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 309791667 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 309791667) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_ebook_volume_token WHERE to_ip >= 309791667 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 309791667) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_issue_trail WHERE to_ip >= 309791667 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 309791667) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_issue_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 309791667 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 309791667) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_issue_token WHERE to_ip >= 309791667 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 309791667) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_article_trail WHERE to_ip >= 309791667 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 309791667) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_article_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 309791667 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 309791667) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_article_token WHERE to_ip >= 309791667 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 309791667) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_chapter_trail WHERE to_ip >= 309791667 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 309791667) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_chapter_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 309791667 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 309791667) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_chapter_token WHERE to_ip >= 309791667 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 309791667) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_disease_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 309791667 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 309791667) limit 1
      18.34msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#784
      Bindings
      • 0: 309791667
      • 1: 309791667
      • 2: 309791667
      • 3: 309791667
      • 4: 309791667
      • 5: 309791667
      • 6: 309791667
      • 7: 309791667
      • 8: 309791667
      • 9: 309791667
      • 10: 309791667
      • 11: 309791667
      • 12: 309791667
      • 13: 309791667
      • 14: 309791667
      • 15: 309791667
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:784
      • 15. middleware::check_user_access:114
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
    • SELECT at.type_name, p.copyright, p.publisher_location,m.month,y.year, a.publish_on, a.nid article_nid,a.article_id, a.pmid, a.issue_id, a.title, a.abstract,a.podcast,a.altmetric_score,a.altmetric_url,a.kudos_url, a.page_count, a.first_page, a.elocator, a.last_page, i.publication_date, a.file_name, a.file_path, a.doi, a.is_epub,a.epub_type, a.volume_id, a.is_uploaded, a.editor_choice, a.is_epub, j.image_file_name, a.article_no, a.art_type AS article_type, a.supplementary_filename,a.html_filename,a.prc_filename,a.epub_filename, a.graph_abs_lg_filename, a.graph_abs_sm_filename, a.oa_image_lg_filename, a.oa_image_sm_filename, j.journal_banner,a.animated_abstract,a.erratum_in,a.erratum_for, (CASE WHEN a.issue_id =0 THEN j.epub_price ELSE j.price END) AS sell_price, j.epub_price, j.nid AS jour_nid, j.title AS journal_title, j.issn, j.eissn,j.journal_id, j.subtitle AS jour_subtitle, v.volume_id,v.volume_name AS volume, v.year_id, i.title AS issue, i.month_id ,i.type issue_type, j.subtitle,j.formerly_title, ac.subtitle AS epub_title,a.crossmark_enabled,a.text_mining_urls,a.license_urls,a.created, a.receivedate, a.revisedate, a.acceptdate,js.js_title FROM article a LEFT JOIN article_section ac ON a.is_epub = ac.art_sec_id LEFT JOIN journal_section js ON a.js_id = js.js_id LEFT JOIN article_type at ON a.art_type = at.art_type_id LEFT JOIN issue i ON a.issue_id = i.issue_id LEFT JOIN month m ON m.id = i.month_id LEFT JOIN volume v ON v.volume_id = a.volume_id INNER JOIN year y ON y.id = v.year_id INNER JOIN journal j ON j.journal_id = a.journal_id INNER JOIN publisher p ON p.publisher_id = j.publisher_id WHERE a.article_id=92418
      930μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Article.php#408
      Backtrace
      • 11. app/Models/Article.php:408
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2515
      • 13. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2035
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
    • select * from `journal` where `journal_id` = 45 limit 1
      930μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Journal.php#64
      Bindings
      • 0: 45
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/Journal.php:64
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2516
      • 16. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2035
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
    • select count(*) as aggregate from (select j.nid as journal_nid,j.flyer_link,j.title ,j.issn,j.eissn,j.keyword, j.journal_id as journal_id, j.subtitle, j.image_file_name,j.description,j.journal_insight_url,j.doi from `subject_journal` as `sj` inner join `journal` as `j` on `j`.`journal_id` = `sj`.`journal_id` where j.journal_status=1 and subject_id IN (SELECT subject_id FROM subject_journal WHERE journal_id=45) and sj.journal_id!=45 group by `j`.`nid`) as `aggregate_table`
      760μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Subject.php#200
      Backtrace
      • 16. app/Models/Subject.php:200
      • 17. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2517
      • 18. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2035
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
    • select j.nid as journal_nid,j.flyer_link,j.title ,j.issn,j.eissn,j.keyword, j.journal_id as journal_id, j.subtitle, j.image_file_name,j.description,j.journal_insight_url,j.doi from `subject_journal` as `sj` inner join `journal` as `j` on `j`.`journal_id` = `sj`.`journal_id` where j.journal_status=1 and subject_id IN (SELECT subject_id FROM subject_journal WHERE journal_id=45) and sj.journal_id!=45 group by `j`.`nid` order by `j`.`journal_id` asc limit 10 offset 0
      640μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Subject.php#200
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/Subject.php:200
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2517
      • 16. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2035
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
    • select count(*) as aggregate from (select v.nid as volume_id,e.nid,e.title,v.issn,v.eissn,v.isbn,v.eisbn,e.ebook_id, v.image_file_name,v.file_path,v.flyer_link,v.ebook_volume_id, v.volume_name,v.doi,v.year_id,v.introduction from `subject_ebook` as `se` inner join `ebook` as `e` on `e`.`ebook_id` = `se`.`ebook_id` inner join `ebook_volume` as `v` on `v`.`ebook_id` = `se`.`ebook_id` inner join `year` as `y` on `y`.`id` = `v`.`year_id` where subject_id IN (SELECT subject_id FROM subject_journal WHERE journal_id=45) and v.ebook_status='1' and y.year > 2020 group by `v`.`nid`) as `aggregate_table`
      1.07msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Subject.php#220
      Backtrace
      • 16. app/Models/Subject.php:220
      • 17. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2518
      • 18. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2035
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
    • select v.nid as volume_id,e.nid,e.title,v.issn,v.eissn,v.isbn,v.eisbn,e.ebook_id, v.image_file_name,v.file_path,v.flyer_link,v.ebook_volume_id, v.volume_name,v.doi,v.year_id,v.introduction from `subject_ebook` as `se` inner join `ebook` as `e` on `e`.`ebook_id` = `se`.`ebook_id` inner join `ebook_volume` as `v` on `v`.`ebook_id` = `se`.`ebook_id` inner join `year` as `y` on `y`.`id` = `v`.`year_id` where subject_id IN (SELECT subject_id FROM subject_journal WHERE journal_id=45) and v.ebook_status='1' and y.year > 2020 group by `v`.`nid` order by `v`.`ebook_volume_id` desc limit 10 offset 0
      1msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Subject.php#220
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/Subject.php:220
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2518
      • 16. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2035
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
    • select * from `keywords` where `article_id` = '92418'
      330μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Keywords.php#43
      Bindings
      • 0: 92418
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Keywords.php:43
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2519
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2035
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
    • select * from `article_citation` where `article_id` = '92418'
      3.2msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Article.php#1570
      Bindings
      • 0: 92418
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Article.php:1570
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2520
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2035
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
    • select CONCAT_WS(' ',au.first_name, ' ', ifnull(au.initials,''), ' ', au.last_name) as authors, CONCAT(au.last_name, IFNULL(CONCAT(' ', au.initials), ''), ' ', au.first_name) AS authorsRIS, CONCAT_WS(' ',au.last_name, ' ', ifnull(au.initials,''), ' ', au.first_name) as authorsCiteAs, CONCAT_WS(' ',au.first_name, IFNULL(CONCAT(' ', au.initials), ''), IFNULL(CONCAT(' ', au.last_name), '')) as authorsmodal , `au`.*, `af`.`ror_id`, `af`.`institution`, `af`.`department`, `af`.`country`, `af`.`city`, `af`.`address`, (GROUP_CONCAT(TRIM(BOTH ', ' FROM CONCAT(ifnull(concat(af.institution,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.department,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.address,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.city,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.country,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.postal_code,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.phone,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.fax,','),''))) SEPARATOR '|')) as `author_affiliation`, (GROUP_CONCAT(TRIM(BOTH ', ' FROM CONCAT(ifnull(concat(af.web_view,','),''))) SEPARATOR '|')) as `web_view` from `author` as `au` left join `author_affiliation` as `af` on `au`.`author_id` = `af`.`author_id` where `au`.`article_id` = '92418' group by `au`.`author_id` order by `au`.`article_id` asc, `au`.`sequence` asc
      1.27msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Author.php#86
      Bindings
      • 0: 92418
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Author.php:86
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2533
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2035
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
    • select `bo`.* from `bundle_offer` as `bo` where `bo`.`bundle_status` = 'A' order by `bo`.`bundle_id` desc
      250μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022BundleOffer.php#57
      Bindings
      • 0: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/BundleOffer.php:57
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2535
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2035
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
    • select `subtitle` from `journal` where `continues_publication_journal` = 1
      540μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Article.php#1960
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Article.php:1960
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2062
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • Select j.subtitle, v.volume_id as volume_id,v.year_id,y.year as year,v.volume_name, v.total_no_of_issues, i.issue_id as issue_id,i.title as issue, i.publication_date as issue_pub_date from journal j join volume v on j.journal_id = v.journal_id join issue i on v.volume_id = i.volume_id join article a on a.issue_id = i.issue_id join year y on v.year_id = y.id where j.journal_id = 45 and i.is_uploaded = 1 order by v.volume_name+0 desc, i.title+0 desc limit 1
      33.19msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Issue.php#298
      Backtrace
      • 11. app/Models/Issue.php:298
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2068
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select a.nid,a.publish_on, a.pmid,a.article_id,a.doi,j.journal_id,j.subtitle,v.volume_name,a.volume_id as volume_id, a.issue_id,a.title,first_page, last_page, page_count,abstract,ifnull(is_abstract,"y"),asec.title as article_section,at.type_name as article_type_name, a.article_id as ArticleID ,is_epub,epub_price,epub_type,a.created, y.year from `article` as `a` left join `article_section` as `asec` on `asec`.`art_sec_id` = `a`.`is_epub` left join `article_type` as `at` on `at`.`art_type_id` = `a`.`art_type` left join `journal` as `j` on `j`.`journal_id` = `a`.`journal_id` inner join `volume` as `v` on `a`.`volume_id` = `v`.`volume_id` inner join `year` as `y` on `v`.`year_id` = `y`.`id` where a.article_status != "W" and a.is_epub = 1 and a.journal_id = 45 and a.is_uploaded = 1 group by `a`.`article_id` order by `a`.`publish_on` desc
      9.28msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Article.php#528
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Article.php:528
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2070
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select a.nid,a.publish_on, a.pmid,a.article_id,a.doi,j.journal_id,j.subtitle,v.volume_name,a.volume_id as volume_id, a.issue_id,a.title,first_page, last_page, page_count,abstract,ifnull(is_abstract,"y"),asec.title as article_section,at.type_name as article_type_name, a.article_id as ArticleID ,is_epub,epub_price,epub_type,a.created, y.year from `article` as `a` left join `article_section` as `asec` on `asec`.`art_sec_id` = `a`.`is_epub` left join `article_type` as `at` on `at`.`art_type_id` = `a`.`art_type` left join `journal` as `j` on `j`.`journal_id` = `a`.`journal_id` inner join `volume` as `v` on `a`.`volume_id` = `v`.`volume_id` inner join `year` as `y` on `v`.`year_id` = `y`.`id` where a.article_status != "W" and a.is_epub = 4 and a.journal_id = 45 and a.is_uploaded = 1 group by `a`.`article_id` order by `a`.`publish_on` desc
      6.31msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Article.php#528
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Article.php:528
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2071
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select pdf, html, epub, prc from `article_metrics` where `article_id` = 92418 limit 1
      290μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Article.php#744
      Bindings
      • 0: 92418
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/Article.php:744
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2091
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select * from content_by_diseases where content_id = 92418 and content_type = 'article' order by status desc limit 1
      1.24msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Article.php#751
      Backtrace
      • 11. app/Models/Article.php:751
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2094
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select a.nid article_nid,a.title article_title,j.title journal_title from content_by_diseases cd inner join article a on a.article_id=cd.content_id inner join journal j on j.journal_id=a.journal_id where cd.pid = 16 and cd.sub_disease_id = 489 and content_id!=92418 and cd.content_type = 'article' order by rand() limit 20
      24.16msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Article.php#769
      Backtrace
      • 11. app/Models/Article.php:769
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2098
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select * from `node_meta` where `nid` = 164687 limit 1
      330μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Meta.php#30
      Bindings
      • 0: 164687
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/Meta.php:30
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2101
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select `bo`.* from `bundle_offer` as `bo` where `bo`.`bundle_status` = 'A' order by `bo`.`bundle_id` desc
      320μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022BundleOffer.php#57
      Bindings
      • 0: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/BundleOffer.php:57
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2108
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select * from `tbl_ht_submission` as `h` where `h`.`subtitle` = 'MROC' and (h.proposal_closing_date = 0 OR TO_DAYS(FROM_UNIXTIME(h.proposal_closing_date)) >= TO_DAYS(NOW())) order by `h`.`manuscript` asc
      340μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Article.php#2025
      Bindings
      • 0: MROC
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Article.php:2025
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2112
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select count(*) as total_count, content_type_access_id as access_type from journal_access where content_type_id = '92418' and content_type = 'a' and ( (from_date <= CURDATE() and to_date >= CURDATE() and perpetual= 0) or (from_date is null and to_date is null and perpetual= 1) )
      420μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ContentAccess.php#647
      Backtrace
      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2186
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select count(*) as total_count, content_type_access_id as access_type from journal_access where content_type_id = '9086' and content_type = 'i' and ( (from_date <= CURDATE() and to_date >= CURDATE() and perpetual= 0) or (from_date is null and to_date is null and perpetual= 1) )
      350μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ContentAccess.php#647
      Backtrace
      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2207
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select count(*) as total_count, content_type_access_id as access_type from journal_access where content_type_id = '2516' and content_type = 'v' and ( (from_date <= CURDATE() and to_date >= CURDATE() and perpetual= 0) or (from_date is null and to_date is null and perpetual= 1) )
      320μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ContentAccess.php#647
      Backtrace
      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2231
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"volume" as access_level,"" as issue_id,"" as article_id from `user_access_journal_volume_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 309791667 and j.to_ip >=309791667 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740347151 and j.to_date >= 1740347151 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.volume_id = 2516) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"volume" as access_level,"" as issue_id,"" as article_id from `user_access_journal_volume_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 309791667 and j.to_ip >=309791667 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740347151 and j.to_date >= 1740347151 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.volume_id = 2516) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"volume" as access_level,"" as issue_id,"" as article_id from `user_access_journal_volume_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 309791667 and j.to_ip >=309791667 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740347151 and j.to_date >= 1740347151 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.volume_id = 2516)
      17.33msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2272
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"issue" as access_level,j.issue_id,"" as article_id from `user_access_issue_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 309791667 and j.to_ip >=309791667 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740347151 and j.to_date >= 1740347151 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.issue_id = 9086) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"issue" as access_level,j.issue_id,"" as article_id from `user_access_issue_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 309791667 and j.to_ip >=309791667 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740347151 and j.to_date >= 1740347151 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.issue_id = 9086) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"issue" as access_level,j.issue_id,"" as article_id from `user_access_issue_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 309791667 and j.to_ip >=309791667 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740347151 and j.to_date >= 1740347151 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.issue_id = 9086)
      660μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2297
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"article" as access_level, j.issue_id, j.article_id from `user_access_article_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 309791667 and j.to_ip >=309791667 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740347151 and j.to_date >= 1740347151 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.article_id = 92418) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"article" as access_level, j.issue_id, j.article_id from `user_access_article_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 309791667 and j.to_ip >=309791667 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740347151 and j.to_date >= 1740347151 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.article_id = 92418) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"article" as access_level, j.issue_id, j.article_id from `user_access_article_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 309791667 and j.to_ip >=309791667 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740347151 and j.to_date >= 1740347151 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.article_id = 92418)
      610μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2329
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select * from `article` where `first_page` < '463' and is_uploaded = 1 and issue_id = 9086 order by cast(first_page as SIGNED) desc limit 1
      510μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Article.php#1819
      Bindings
      • 0: 463
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/Article.php:1819
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2470
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select * from `article` where `last_page` > '480' and is_uploaded = 1 and issue_id = 9086 order by cast(first_page as SIGNED) asc limit 1
      430μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Article.php#1831
      Bindings
      • 0: 480
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/Article.php:1831
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2472
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select `language_id` from `multilanguage` where `short_code` = 'en'
      200μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ArticleController.php#2497
      Bindings
      • 0: en
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2497
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:206
    • select `source_lang_label`, `target_lang_label` from `multilanguage_labels` where `target_lang_id` = 1
      230μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022MultiLanguage.php#23
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/MultiLanguage.php:23
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2498
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select `id` from `multilanguage_article` where `article_id` = 92418 limit 1
      2.44msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ArticleController.php#2506
      Bindings
      • 0: 92418
      Backtrace
      • 16. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2506
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:206
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` inner join `journal` as `j` on `j`.`journal_id` = `bd`.`content_id` where `b`.`banner_journal` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'J' and `bd`.`content_id` = 45 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740347151 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740347151 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.12msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: J
      • 2: 45
      • 3: 1740347151
      • 4: 1740347151
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` inner join `journal` as `j` on `j`.`journal_id` = `bd`.`content_id` where `b`.`banner_journal` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'J' and `bd`.`content_id` = 45 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740347151 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740347151 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.05msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: J
      • 2: 45
      • 3: 1740347151
      • 4: 1740347151
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='42d01a612781f517d790093e49177d9a'
      200μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\MultiLanguage
    1MultiLanguage.php#?
        _token
        lL5tvr8aD7v7oAqzTpupb7KTEHayXS6I1oZiBoWR
        uc_cart_id
        42d01a612781f517d790093e49177d9a
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/article/92418" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /article/92418
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6Inluc3dsRU1MTGxpeFl2QzlIYUo1SUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQy82bW5CUWhmV0wyVENubjRGU1RtbzhXcXVmUC9FRG93Uk04aVhNNHF3ST0iLCJtYWMiOiJmYzA3MDQxYTFjMjFlMzZiMmE3ZmE2NDBhYzViNzI3ZjYwNWNhOWU0MjgyYzQ0MjUxN2ExMmMxYTZlMzliYjI1IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6Inluc3dsRU1MTGxpeFl2QzlIYUo1SUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQy82bW5CUWhmV0wyVENubjRGU1RtbzhXcXVmUC9FRG93Uk04aVhNNHF3ST0iLCJtYWMiOiJmYzA3MDQxYTFjMjFl" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Sun, 23 Feb 2025 21:45:51 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImJlSFlOUjF6TnRNM2QxSzJGRWh5c3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYm81WFNKb1JZb2Jvd0NHWVU3bGNKRjRCUkora0RxMHByRVZLQTMxQXJJRXlreDR4YVArTmM1NTlieEVSOWdPVFE2WkxZVkp6ZXNVVzFPeEZZbUx5dzh1aVA3cFB5eXpoc1R2YW5UVXhpZmV4b1E3dFJkRTNJTzRrb1kwb0l4NGUiLCJtYWMiOiIwZjEwMzU4YmUxMDA0NWQ3ZGY3N2I1ZjRkNzBjZTI4NTk0Zjg0NzdjZTFjY2I4NTYzZWFkNGM3MmE4Mjg3MDY3IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Wed, 26 Feb 2025 09:45:51 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImJlSFlOUjF6TnRNM2QxSzJGRWh5c3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYm81WFNKb1JZb2Jvd0NHWVU3bGNKRjRCUkora0RxMHByRVZLQTMxQXJJRXlreDR4YVArTmM1NTlieEVSOWdPVFE2WkxZV" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IlRDaGR1endMR1l5WWM1Rnl1SnVvZ3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZVdDbUUwTHo2Z25zZHk3YjBKdVYrL05aQVF3TG8vNzhXbWpKVHBnUFlucklONGRGRi9sVDZidlFJMnhNSExNbkJFNXlEaGJHV0ZSQWVMalZDK1hnSU1JZ21mY21uR1Mycmt4MmZ4dGMzRGR1dzJ4bHRYbW4yOUxYUGlabzFGQmciLCJtYWMiOiJmODBhYTk5N2MxZDZmMGEzY2QzZmQxYzk0M2JhN2E3YWE5N2M4NDBjNTE3M2MxNDU4NmQ4ODYzMmNhYjdjMzgyIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IlRDaGR1endMR1l5WWM1Rnl1SnVvZ3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZVdDbUUwTHo2Z25zZHk3YjBKdVYrL05aQVF3TG8vNzhXbWpKVHBnUFlucklONGRGRi9sVDZidlF" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImJlSFlOUjF6TnRNM2QxSzJGRWh5c3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYm81WFNKb1JZb2Jvd0NHWVU3bGNKRjRCUkora0RxMHByRVZLQTMxQXJJRXlreDR4YVArTmM1NTlieEVSOWdPVFE2WkxZVkp6ZXNVVzFPeEZZbUx5dzh1aVA3cFB5eXpoc1R2YW5UVXhpZmV4b1E3dFJkRTNJTzRrb1kwb0l4NGUiLCJtYWMiOiIwZjEwMzU4YmUxMDA0NWQ3ZGY3N2I1ZjRkNzBjZTI4NTk0Zjg0NzdjZTFjY2I4NTYzZWFkNGM3MmE4Mjg3MDY3IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Wed, 26-Feb-2025 09:45:51 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImJlSFlOUjF6TnRNM2QxSzJGRWh5c3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYm81WFNKb1JZb2Jvd0NHWVU3bGNKRjRCUkora0RxMHByRVZLQTMxQXJJRXlreDR4YVArTmM1NTlieEVSOWdPVFE2WkxZV" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IlRDaGR1endMR1l5WWM1Rnl1SnVvZ3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZVdDbUUwTHo2Z25zZHk3YjBKdVYrL05aQVF3TG8vNzhXbWpKVHBnUFlucklONGRGRi9sVDZidlFJMnhNSExNbkJFNXlEaGJHV0ZSQWVMalZDK1hnSU1JZ21mY21uR1Mycmt4MmZ4dGMzRGR1dzJ4bHRYbW4yOUxYUGlabzFGQmciLCJtYWMiOiJmODBhYTk5N2MxZDZmMGEzY2QzZmQxYzk0M2JhN2E3YWE5N2M4NDBjNTE3M2MxNDU4NmQ4ODYzMmNhYjdjMzgyIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IlRDaGR1endMR1l5WWM1Rnl1SnVvZ3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZVdDbUUwTHo2Z25zZHk3YjBKdVYrL05aQVF3TG8vNzhXbWpKVHBnUFlucklONGRGRi9sVDZidlF" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "lL5tvr8aD7v7oAqzTpupb7KTEHayXS6I1oZiBoWR" "uc_cart_id" => "42d01a612781f517d790093e49177d9a" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/article/92418" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-23 21:45:51GET/article/92418314371