Abstract
Nanocarriers have emerged as a promising class of nanoscale materials in the fields of drug delivery and biomedical applications. Their unique properties, such as high surface area- tovolume ratios and enhanced permeability and retention effects, enable targeted delivery of therapeutic agents to specific tissues or cells. However, the inherent instability of nanocarriers poses significant challenges to their successful application. This review highlights the importance of nanocarrier stability in biomedical applications and its impact on biocompatibility, targeted drug delivery, long shelf life, drug delivery performance, therapeutic efficacy, reduced side effects, prolonged circulation time, and targeted delivery. Enhancing nanocarrier stability requires careful design, engineering, and optimization of physical and chemical parameters. Various strategies and cutting-edge techniques employed to improve nanocarrier stability are explored, with a focus on their applications in drug delivery. By understanding the advances and challenges in nanocarrier stability, this review aims to contribute to the development and implementation of nanocarrier- based therapies in clinical settings, advancing the field of nanomedicine.
Graphical Abstract
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12951-018-0392-8] [PMID: 30231877]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13030574] [PMID: 36770535]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7150/thno.21254] [PMID: 29556336]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt.3330] [PMID: 26348965]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41573-020-0090-8] [PMID: 33277608]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12090837] [PMID: 32882875]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40089-017-0208-0]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2021.102433] [PMID: 34171467]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.12.007] [PMID: 38081328]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115992] [PMID: 38070247]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.08.006]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/D3BM01275A] [PMID: 37877418]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12244494] [PMID: 36558344]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c01592] [PMID: 32548442]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14040883] [PMID: 35456717]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s43094-022-00400-0] [PMID: 35071609]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40580-019-0193-2] [PMID: 31304563]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21691401.2016.1178134] [PMID: 27247194]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11071154] [PMID: 29986436]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200504-613PP] [PMID: 16151040]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2011.02.001] [PMID: 21315781]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2020.10.2.0018]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15071596] [PMID: 37050210]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma3031928]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.v26.i6.10] [PMID: 20402623]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9040638] [PMID: 31010180]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2019.00872] [PMID: 31998680]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14040836] [PMID: 35456669]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612821666150531164540] [PMID: 26027572]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12461-8_3]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14173545] [PMID: 36080620]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10071403] [PMID: 32707641]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smaim.2020.05.002]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/advs.201600134] [PMID: 27980988]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C4CC03118K] [PMID: 24955443]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smll.201601129] [PMID: 27482950]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13081291] [PMID: 34452251]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma7054057] [PMID: 28788665]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22137055] [PMID: 34209023]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms12063888] [PMID: 21747714]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2019.07.010] [PMID: 31400350]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics10020057] [PMID: 29783687]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v12i2.20]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/D2RA06888E] [PMID: 36605676]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adhm.201801002] [PMID: 30450761]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2017.05.011]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-815799-2.00014-9]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2009.0462] [PMID: 21284288]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.122] [PMID: 30384298]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1208/s12249-022-02282-0] [PMID: 35596043]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S47186] [PMID: 23990720]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612826666200526145706] [PMID: 32452322]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201602233] [PMID: 27303916]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9101496] [PMID: 34680613]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1208/s12248-021-00630-9] [PMID: 34505951]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13020366] [PMID: 31941006]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2009-1082] [PMID: 20016026]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-5173(98)00404-9] [PMID: 10089289]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10717544.2018.1501119] [PMID: 30394120]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C4NR04249B] [PMID: 25251024]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2010.08.008]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.04.013] [PMID: 27108267]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11051-023-05690-w]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/58672]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v12i2.19]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2020.102166] [PMID: 32387755]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222312789] [PMID: 34884592]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-020-04970-3]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00726] [PMID: 32510218]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C8NR02278J] [PMID: 29926865]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00589] [PMID: 29883544]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102426]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21691401.2018.1561457] [PMID: 30784319]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08674] [PMID: 35028457]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.05.008] [PMID: 21596122]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.07.068] [PMID: 30075252]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/nnm.13.194]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C4TB01934B] [PMID: 32262371]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12951-020-00704-4] [PMID: 33225973]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1061186X.2020.1722137]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13740] [PMID: 36852040]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.12.084] [PMID: 25817662]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/nnm-2016-0371] [PMID: 28181464]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27031041] [PMID: 35164305]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.02.036] [PMID: 24681045]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111203] [PMID: 32585538]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12951-020-00744-w] [PMID: 33287831]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.201097] [PMID: 33204468]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la2037845] [PMID: 22172203]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.05.008] [PMID: 29775813]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C4TB01781A] [PMID: 32262424]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2020.111094] [PMID: 32600698]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131403]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14193888] [PMID: 36235540]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.07.139] [PMID: 30036624]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/nnm-2018-0196] [PMID: 30338705]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C8NA00010G] [PMID: 36132237]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116075]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2020.108742] [PMID: 32394995]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.07.033] [PMID: 26253533]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00035] [PMID: 33660999]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13346-020-00816-2] [PMID: 32613550]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jps.20357] [PMID: 15858853]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127622]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/D2NJ00716A]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.111] [PMID: 34688680]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C4TB00876F] [PMID: 32261793]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2017.12.110]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.06049-11] [PMID: 22354311]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4165(96)00088-8] [PMID: 9101710]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/092050609X12457418779185] [PMID: 19622277]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106508] [PMID: 37379779]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2017.04.010] [PMID: 28434930]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b08125] [PMID: 29963859]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/21691401.2014.978980] [PMID: 25406734]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0250-474X.27822]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.03.041] [PMID: 24906721]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10717540802481307] [PMID: 19555304]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2018.06.004]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2019.02.002]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.06.071] [PMID: 28821064]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.08.048] [PMID: 26344365]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C6RA21207G]
[PMID: 26604662]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/686108] [PMID: 22187654]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40580-016-0061-2] [PMID: 28191413]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867325666180601101859]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2007.01.007] [PMID: 17316863]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2023.104719]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2020.00004] [PMID: 32039190]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.02.028] [PMID: 23499480]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pat.1306]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12010038] [PMID: 31906511]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.212746] [PMID: 35929218]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2014.09.047] [PMID: 25288518]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2018.08.016]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2020.11.012] [PMID: 33424274]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.08.063] [PMID: 30241817]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2008.08.020] [PMID: 18817821]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2015.09.013] [PMID: 26397912]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10856-010-4178-2] [PMID: 21052793]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1211/jpp.61.12.0004] [PMID: 19958582]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00449-007-0112-5] [PMID: 17278045]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15593258211025353] [PMID: 34377107]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2018.06.019]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.105989]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2020.0496]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7150/thno.38069]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja510147n]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2016.08.061] [PMID: 27592131]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b914071a]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.12.024] [PMID: 24394948]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14010129]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.10.098] [PMID: 29279124]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.05.072] [PMID: 33991556]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2020.101751]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10717544.2014.903534]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10717544.2021.2000676] [PMID: 34766544]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102607]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smll.201500937] [PMID: 26193431]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S132984]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.5b03048]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.04.048] [PMID: 25979151]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2011.04.006] [PMID: 21549390]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C4TB01110D] [PMID: 25544886]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.10.059] [PMID: 25477177]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.09.043] [PMID: 24184534]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.01.066] [PMID: 26806647]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12951-015-0103-7] [PMID: 26084491]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121077] [PMID: 34890974]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s11671-018-2445-1]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/am.2017.150]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12102350]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.01.001] [PMID: 30640136]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.08.036] [PMID: 33024895]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.xphs.2017.10.026] [PMID: 29107044]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics10030131]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2006.09.017]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.05.024] [PMID: 34052428]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11242-006-9019-x]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0973-8398.160319]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2007.02.011]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.07.016] [PMID: 21802462]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2018.03.062] [PMID: 29587194]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2005.09.043]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.05.045] [PMID: 27242199]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1208/s12249-018-1278-7]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2008.04.026]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2017.09.026] [PMID: 28931488]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109308] [PMID: 32527475]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S90849]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11095-012-0897-z]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.10.010] [PMID: 19840823]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-13092-6] [PMID: 35705561]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.08.014]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S47681]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2005.02.028]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119647]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.onano.2022.100064]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/187221111795471391]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.09.031] [PMID: 28951319]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dth.13905] [PMID: 32588940]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sstr.202000097]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2022.840395] [PMID: 35223799]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.08.032] [PMID: 32853730]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fddev.2023.1232012]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11095-020-02857-1]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2016.10.025] [PMID: 27777066]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102442]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.03.059] [PMID: 25889081]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.01.007] [PMID: 19331864]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adhm.201800623]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2017.08.013]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2022.106169] [PMID: 35318130]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jphp.12118]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15010224]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12203570]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2022.111363]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2016.08.018] [PMID: 27544812]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S256925]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11120651]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102489]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02652048.2017.1345996]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118919]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03639045.2019.1590392]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1567201817666200122161433] [PMID: 31969101]