Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Neuropharmacology

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1570-159X
ISSN (Online): 1875-6190

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Review Article

The Seeking Proxies for Internal States (SPIS) Model of OCD – A Comprehensive Review of Current Findings and Implications for Future Directions

Author(s): Amit Lazarov*, Nira Liberman and Reuven Dar

Volume 22, Issue 11, 2024

Published on: 21 September, 2023

Page: [1807 - 1825] Pages: 19

DOI: 10.2174/1570159X21666230920165403

Price: $65

Abstract

The Seeking Proxies for Internal States (SPIS) model of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) explains symptoms of OCD as stemming from attenuated access to internal states, which is compensated for by using proxies, which are indices of these states that are more discernible or less ambiguous. Internal states in the SPIS model are subjective states that are not accessible to others, encompassing physiological states, motivations, preferences, memories, and emotions. Compensatory proxies in OCD include fixed rules and rituals as well as seeking and relying on external information. In the present review, we outline the SPIS model and describe its basic tenets. We then use the SPIS conceptualization to explain two pivotal OCD-related phenomena - obsessive doubt and compulsive rituals. Next, we provide a detailed overview of current empirical evidence supporting the SPIS in several domains, including physiological states, emotions, sense of understanding, decision-making, and sense of agency. We conclude by discussing possible neural correlates of the difficulty in accessing internal states, focusing on the anterior insular cortex (AIC) and highlighting potential clinical implications of the model to the treatment of OCD.

« Previous Next »
Graphical Abstract

[1]
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th ed; American Psychiatric Publishing: Washington, 2013.
[2]
Olatunji, B.O.; Cole, D.; McGuire, J.F.; Schneider, S.C.; Small, B.J.; Murphy, T.K.; Wilhelm, S.; Geller, D.A.; Storch, E.A. Decoupling of obsessions and compulsions during cognitive behavioral therapy for youths with obsessive compulsive disorder. Clin. Psychol. Sci., 2022, 10(1), 175-185.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21677026211013771]
[3]
Abramowitz, J.S.; Jacoby, R.J. Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders: A critical review of the new diagnostic class. Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol., 2015, 11, 165-186.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153713]
[4]
Ouimet, A.J.; Ashbaugh, A.R.; Radomsky, A.S. Hoping for more: How cognitive science has and hasn’t been helpful to the OCD clinician. Clin. Psychol. Rev., 2019, 69, 14-29.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2018.04.003] [PMID: 29673581]
[5]
Dar, R.; Lazarov, A.; Liberman, N. Seeking proxies for internal states (SPIS): Towards a novel model of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behav. Res. Ther., 2021, 147, 103987.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2021.103987] [PMID: 34688103]
[6]
Lazarov, A.; Liberman, N.; Hermesh, H.; Dar, R. Seeking proxies for internal states in obsessive–compulsive disorder. J. Abnorm. Psychol., 2014, 123(4), 695-704.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/abn0000004] [PMID: 25133987]
[7]
Lazarov, A.; Oren, E.; Liberman, N.; Gur, S.; Hermesh, H.; Dar, R. Attenuated access to emotions in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behav. Ther., 2022, 53(1), 1-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2021.04.002] [PMID: 35027151]
[8]
Liberman, N.; Lazarov, A.; Dar, R. Obsessive-compulsive disorder: The underlying role of diminished access to internal states. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci., 2023, 32(2), 118-124.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09637214221128560]
[9]
Dar, R.; Lazarov, A.; Liberman, N. How can I know what I’m feeling? Obsessive-compulsive tendencies and induced doubt are related to reduced access to emotional states. J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry, 2016, 52, 128-137.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2016.04.004] [PMID: 27107171]
[10]
Doron, G.; Derby, D.S.; Szepsenwol, O. Relationship obsessive compulsive disorder (ROCD): A conceptual framework. J. Obsessive Compuls. Relat. Disord., 2014, 3(2), 169-180.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jocrd.2013.12.005]
[11]
Doron, G.; Szepsenwol, O.; Karp, E.; Gal, N. Obsessing about intimate-relationships: Testing the double relationship-vulnerability hypothesis. J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry, 2013, 44(4), 433-440.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2013.05.003] [PMID: 23792752]
[12]
Szechtman, H.; Woody, E. Obsessive-compulsive disorder as a disturbance of security motivation. Psychol. Rev., 2004, 111(1), 111-127.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.111.1.111] [PMID: 14756589]
[13]
Shapiro, D. Neurotic styles; Basic Books: Oxford, England, 1965.
[14]
Dar, R. Elucidating the mechanism of uncertainty and doubt in obsessive-compulsive checkers. J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry, 2004, 35(2), 153-163.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2004.04.006] [PMID: 15210376]
[15]
Janet, P. Les Obessions et la Psychasthénie; Alcan: Paris, 1903.
[16]
Rapoport, J.L. The boy who couldn’t stop washing: The experience & treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder, 1st ed; Dutton: New York, 1989.
[17]
Reed, G.F. Obsessional experience and compulsive behaviour: A cognitive structural approach; Academic Press: Florida, 1985.
[18]
Boyer, P. Liénard, P. Why ritualized behavior? Precaution systems and action parsing in developmental, pathological and cultural rituals. Behav. Brain Sci., 2006, 29(6), 595-613.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X06009332] [PMID: 17918647]
[19]
Samuels, J.; Bienvenu, O.J.; Krasnow, J.; Wang, Y.; Grados, M.A.; Cullen, B.; Goes, F.S.; Maher, B.; Greenberg, B.D.; McLaughlin, N.C.; Rasmussen, S.A.; Fyer, A.J.; Knowles, J.A.; Nestadt, P.; McCracken, J.T.; Piacentini, J.; Geller, D.; Pauls, D.L.; Stewart, S.E.; Murphy, D.L.; Shugart, Y.Y.; Kamath, V.; Bakker, A.; Riddle, M.A.; Nestadt, G. An investigation of doubt in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Compr. Psychiatry, 2017, 75, 117-124.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2017.03.004] [PMID: 28359017]
[20]
Dar, R.; Sarna, N.; Yardeni, G.; Lazarov, A. Are people with obsessive-compulsive disorder under-confident in their memory and perception? A review and meta-analysis. Psychol. Med., 2022, 52(13), 2404-2412.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291722001908] [PMID: 35848286]
[21]
Nedeljkovic, M.; Kyrios, M. Confidence in memory and other cognitive processes in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Behav. Res. Ther., 2007, 45(12), 2899-2914.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2007.08.001] [PMID: 17868642]
[22]
Nedeljkovic, M.; Moulding, R.; Kyrios, M.; Doron, G. The relationship of cognitive confidence to OCD symptoms. J. Anxiety Disord., 2009, 23(4), 463-468.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.10.001] [PMID: 19022617]
[23]
Summerfeldt, L.J. Understanding and treating incompleteness in obsessive-compulsive disorder. J. Clin. Psychol., 2004, 60(11), 1155-1168.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20080] [PMID: 15389620]
[24]
Summerfeldt, L.J. Treating Incompleteness, Ordering, and Arranging Concerns. Psychological treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: Fundamentals and beyond; Antony, M.M.; Purdon, C; Summerfeldt, L.J., Ed.; American Psychological Association: Washington, DC, 2007, pp. 187-207.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/11543-008]
[25]
Aardema, F.; O’Connor, K. The menace within: Obsessions and the self. J. Cogn. Psychother., 2007, 21(3), 182-197.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/088983907781494573]
[26]
Doron, G.; Kyrios, M.; Moulding, R. Sensitive domains of self-concept in obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD): Further evidence for a multidimensional model of OCD. J. Anxiety Disord., 2007, 21(3), 433-444.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.05.008] [PMID: 16815668]
[27]
Liberman, N.; Dar, R. Normal and pathological consequences of encountering difficulties in monitoring progress toward goals. In: The psychology of goals; Guilford Press: New York, 2009; pp. 277-303.
[28]
van den Hout, M.; Kindt, M. Repeated checking causes memory distrust. Behav. Res. Ther., 2003, 41(3), 301-316.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(02)00012-8] [PMID: 12600401]
[29]
van den Hout, M.; Kindt, M. Phenomenological validity of an OCD-memory model and the remember/know distinction. Behav. Res. Ther., 2003, 41(3), 369-378.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(02)00097-9] [PMID: 12600406]
[30]
van den Hout, M.A.; Engelhard, I.M.; de Boer, C.; du Bois, A.; Dek, E. Perseverative and compulsive-like staring causes uncertainty about perception. Behav. Res. Ther., 2008, 46(12), 1300-1304.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2008.09.002] [PMID: 18951122]
[31]
den Hout, M.A.; Engelhard, I.M.; Smeets, M.; Dek, E.C.P.; Turksma, K.; Saric, R. Uncertainty about perception and dissociation after compulsive-like staring: Time course of effects. Behav. Res. Ther., 2009, 47(6), 535-539.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2009.03.001] [PMID: 19342006]
[32]
Lazarov, A.; Cohen, T.; Liberman, N.; Dar, R. Can doubt attenuate access to internal states? Implications for obsessive-compulsive disorder. J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry, 2015, 49(Pt B), 150-156.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2014.11.003] [PMID: 25435333]
[33]
Lazarov, A.; Dar, R.; Liberman, N.; Oded, Y. Obsessive-compulsive tendencies and undermined confidence are related to reliance on proxies for internal states in a false feedback paradigm. J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry, 2012, 43(1), 556-564.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.07.007] [PMID: 21835134]
[34]
Zhang, Z.; Wang, M.; Miao, X.; Li, Y.; Hitchman, G.; Yuan, Z. Individuals with high obsessive-compulsive tendencies or undermined confidence rely more on external proxies to access their internal states. J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry, 2017, 54, 263-269.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2016.09.003] [PMID: 27710870]
[35]
Martin, L.L.; Ward, D.W.; Achee, J.W.; Wyer, R.S. Mood as input: People have to interpret the motivational implications of their moods. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol., 1993, 64(3), 317-326.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.64.3.317]
[36]
Martin, L.L.; Shrira, I.; Startup, H.M. Rumination as a function of goal progress, stop rules, and cerebral lateralization. Depressive Rumination: Nature, Theory and Treatment; Papageorgiou, C; Wells, A., Ed.; John Wiley & Sons: New York, 2008.
[37]
O’Connor, K.; Aardema, F.; Pelissier, M-C. Beyond reasonable doubt: Reasoning processes in obsessive-compulsive disorder and related disorders; John Wiley & Sons Ltd: New York, 2005.
[38]
Tolin, D.F.; Abramowitz, J.S.; Brigidi, B.D.; Foa, E.B. Intolerance of uncertainty in obsessive-compulsive disorder. J. Anxiety Disord., 2003, 17(2), 233-242.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0887-6185(02)00182-2] [PMID: 12614665]
[39]
Coles, M.E.; Frost, R.O.; Heimberg, R.G. Rhéaume, J. “Not just right experiences”: Perfectionism, obsessive–compulsive features and general psychopathology. Behav. Res. Ther., 2003, 41(6), 681-700.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(02)00044-X] [PMID: 12732376]
[40]
Coles, M.E.; Heimberg, R.G.; Frost, R.O.; Steketee, G. Not just right experiences and obsessive-compulsive features: Experimental and self-monitoring perspectives. Behav. Res. Ther., 2005, 43(2), 153-167.
[41]
Wahl, K.; Salkovskis, P.M.; Cotter, I. ‘I wash until it feels right’. J. Anxiety Disord., 2008, 22(2), 143-161.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.02.009] [PMID: 17403596]
[42]
Lazarov, A.; Dar, R.; Liberman, N.; Oded, Y. Obsessive–compulsive tendencies may be associated with attenuated access to internal states: Evidence from a biofeedback-aided muscle tensing task. Conscious. Cogn., 2012, 21(3), 1401-1409.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2012.07.002] [PMID: 22841959]
[43]
Lazarov, A.; Dar, R.; Oded, Y.; Liberman, N. Are obsessive–compulsive tendencies related to reliance on external proxies for internal states? Evidence from biofeedback-aided relaxation studies. Behav. Res. Ther., 2010, 48(6), 516-523.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2010.02.007] [PMID: 20303473]
[44]
Overbeek, T.; Schruers, K.; Vermetten, E.; Griez, E. Comorbidity of obsessive-compulsive disorder and depression: prevalence, symptom severity, and treatment effect. J. Clin. Psychiatry, 2002, 63(12), 1106-1112.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/JCP.v63n1204] [PMID: 12523869]
[45]
Bem, D.J. An experimental analysis of self-persuasion. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol., 1965, 1(3), 199-218.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1031(65)90026-0]
[46]
Valins, S. Cognitive effects of false heart-rate feedback. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol., 1966, 4(4), 400-408.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0023791] [PMID: 5969996]
[47]
Fazio, R.H. Self-perception theory: A current perspective. Social influence: The Ontario symposium; Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: Hillsdale, NJ, 1987, Vol. 5, pp. 129-150.
[48]
Olson, J.M.; Hafer, C.L. Self-inference processes: Looking back and ahead. Self-inference processes: The Ontario symposium; Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: Hillsdale, NJ, 1990, Vol. 6, pp. 293-320.
[49]
Mayer, J.D.; Salovey, P. What is emotional intelligence? Emotional development and emotional intelligence: Educational implications; Basic Books: New York, 1997, pp. 3-34.
[50]
Mayer, J.D.; Salovey, P.; Caruso, D.R. Mayer-salovey-caruso emotional intelligence test (MSCEIT) user’s manual; Multi-Health Systems: Toronto, 2002.
[51]
Mayer, J.D.; Salovey, P.; Caruso, D.R. Emotional intelligence: Theory, findings, and implications. Psychol. Inq., 2004, 15(3), 197-215.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli1503_02]
[52]
Itkes, O.; Kron, A. Affective and semantic representations of valence: A conceptual framework. Emot. Rev., 2019, 11(4), 283-293.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1754073919868759]
[53]
Foa, E.B.; Huppert, J.D.; Leiberg, S.; Langner, R.; Kichic, R.; Hajcak, G.; Salkovskis, P.M. The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory: Development and validation of a short version. Psychol. Assess., 2002, 14(4), 485-496.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.14.4.485] [PMID: 12501574]
[54]
Lovibond, S.H.; Lovibond, P.F. Manual for the depression anxiety stress scales; Psychology Foundation Monograph: Sydney, 1995.
[55]
Lazarov, A.; Friedman, A.; Comay, O.; Liberman, N.; Dar, R. Obsessive-compulsive symptoms are related to reduced awareness of emotional valence. J. Affect. Disord., 2020, 272, 28-37.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.03.129] [PMID: 32379617]
[56]
Lang, P.J.; Bradley, M.M.; Cuthbert, B.N. International affective picture system (IAPS): Affective ratings of pictures and instruction manual; University of Florida: Gainesville, FL, 2008.
[57]
Riegel, M.; Żurawski, Ł.; Wierzba, M.; Moslehi, A.; Klocek, Ł.; Horvat, M.; Grabowska, A.; Michałowski, J.; Jednoróg, K.; Marchewka, A. Characterization of the Nencki Affective Picture System by discrete emotional categories (NAPS BE). Behav. Res. Methods, 2016, 48(2), 600-612.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13428-015-0620-1] [PMID: 26205422]
[58]
Shapira, O.; Gundar-Goshen, A.; Liberman, N.; Dar, R. An ironic effect of monitoring closeness. Cogn. Emotion, 2013, 27(8), 1495-1503.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2013.794771] [PMID: 23746001]
[59]
Aron, A.; Melinat, E.; Aron, E.N.; Vallone, R.D.; Bator, R.J. The experimental generation of interpersonal closeness: A procedure and some preliminary findings. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull., 1997, 23(4), 363-377.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167297234003]
[60]
Grayson, J. Freedom from obsessive compulsive disorder: A personalized recovery program for living with uncertainty; Berkley Books: New York, 2004.
[61]
Lucy. Tolstoy Therapy. Reading OCD. A confession of why I am not reading. 2013. Available From: https://www.tolstoytherapy.com/2013/11/reading-ocd-confession-of-why-im-not.html/
[62]
Dar, R.; Eden, T.; van Dongen, M.; Hauschildt, M.; Liberman, N. Obsessive-compulsive tendencies predict seeking proxies for understanding. J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry, 2019, 64, 87-91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2019.03.004] [PMID: 30877850]
[63]
Sarig, S.; Dar, R.; Liberman, N. Obsessive-compulsive tendencies are related to indecisiveness and reliance on feedback in a neutral color judgment task. J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry, 2012, 43(1), 692-697.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.09.012] [PMID: 21983353]
[64]
Schwartz, B.; Ward, A.; Monterosso, J.; Lyubomirsky, S.; White, K.; Lehman, D.R. Maximizing versus satisficing: Happiness is a matter of choice. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol., 2002, 83(5), 1178-1197.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.83.5.1178] [PMID: 12416921]
[65]
Schwartz, B. Self-determination: The tyranny of freedom. Am. Psychol., 2000, 55(1), 79-88.
[66]
Oren, E.; Dar, R.; Liberman, N. Obsessive–compulsive tendencies are related to a maximization strategy in making decisions. Front. Psychol., 2018, 9, 778.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00778] [PMID: 29872414]
[67]
Nenkov, G.Y.; Morrin, M.; Ward, A.; Schwartz, B.; Hulland, J. A short form of the maximization scale: Factor structure, reliability and validity studies. Judgm. Decis. Mak., 2008, 3(5), 371-388.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1930297500000395]
[68]
Frost, R.O.; Shows, D.L. The nature and measurement of compulsive indecisiveness. Behav. Res. Ther., 1993, 31(7), 683-IN2.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(93)90121-A] [PMID: 8216169]
[69]
Lovibond, P.F.; Lovibond, S.H. The structure of negative emotional states - comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (Dass) with the Beck depression and anxiety inventories. Behav. Res. Ther., 1995, 33(3), 335-343.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-U] [PMID: 7726811]
[70]
Liberman, N.; Dar, R. Obsessive-compulsive tendencies are related to seeking proxies for internal states in everyday life. J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry, 2018, 61, 164-171.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2018.08.002] [PMID: 30098479]
[71]
Synofzik, M.; Vosgerau, G.; Voss, M. The experience of agency: An interplay between prediction and postdiction. Front. Psychol., 2013, 4, 127.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00127] [PMID: 23508565]
[72]
Synofzik, M.; Vosgerau, G.; Lindner, A. Me or not me – An optimal integration of agency cues? Conscious. Cogn., 2009, 18(4), 1065-1068.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2009.07.007] [PMID: 19683460]
[73]
Synofzik, M.; Vosgerau, G.; Newen, A. Beyond the comparator model: A multifactorial two-step account of agency. Conscious. Cogn., 2008, 17(1), 219-239.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2007.03.010] [PMID: 17482480]
[74]
Gentsch, A.; Synofzik, M. Affective coding: The emotional dimension of agency. Front. Hum. Neurosci., 2014, 8, 608.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00608] [PMID: 25161616]
[75]
Ezrati, O.; Sherman, E.; Dar, R. High obsessive-compulsive individuals may have attenuated access to internal cues associated with active movement: Evidence from a head repositioning study. J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry, 2018, 60, 1-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2018.02.004] [PMID: 29476949]
[76]
Ebert, J.P.; Wegner, D.M. Time warp: Authorship shapes the perceived timing of actions and events. Conscious. Cogn., 2010, 19(1), 481-489.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2009.10.002] [PMID: 19896868]
[77]
Haggard, P.; Clark, S.; Kalogeras, J. Voluntary action and conscious awareness. Nat. Neurosci., 2002, 5(4), 382-385.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn827] [PMID: 11896397]
[78]
Buehner, M.J.; Humphreys, G.R. Causal binding of actions to their effects. Psychol. Sci., 2009, 20(10), 1221-1228.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02435.x] [PMID: 19732384]
[79]
Oren, E.; Eitam, B.; Dar, R. Intentional binding and obsessive-compulsive tendencies: A dissociation between indirect and direct measures of the sense of agency. J. Obsessive Compuls. Relat. Disord., 2019, 20, 59-65.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jocrd.2017.11.002]
[80]
Sullivan, H.S. The interpersonal theory of psychiatry; The collected works of Harry Stack Sullivan; Norton: New York, 1953, p. p.1.
[81]
Higgins, E.T. Shared-reality development in childhood. Perspect. Psychol. Sci., 2016, 11(4), 466-495.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1745691616635595] [PMID: 27474136]
[82]
Tomasello, M. A natural history of human thinking; Harvard University Press: Cambridge, MA, 2018.
[83]
Fonagy, P.; Gergely, G.; Jurist, E.L.; Target, M. Affect regulation, mentalization, and the development of the self; Other Press: New York, 2002.
[84]
Fonagy, P.; Steele, M.; Steele, H.; Moran, G.S.; Higgitt, A.C. The capacity for understanding mental states: The reflective self in parent and child and its significance for security of attachment. Infant Ment. Health J., 1991, 12(3), 201-218.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-0355(199123)12:3<201::AID-IMHJ2280120307>3.0.CO;2-7]
[85]
Slade, A. Parental reflective functioning: An introduction. Attach. Hum. Dev., 2005, 7(3), 269-281.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14616730500245906] [PMID: 16210239]
[86]
Dar, R.; Kahn, D.T.; Carmeli, R. The relationship between sensory processing, childhood rituals and obsessive–compulsive symptoms. J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry, 2012, 43(1), 679-684.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.09.008] [PMID: 21963890]
[87]
Bart, O.; Bar-Shalita, T.; Mansour, H.; Dar, R. Relationships among sensory responsiveness, anxiety, and ritual behaviors in children with and without atypical sensory responsiveness. Phys. Occup. Ther. Pediatr., 2017, 37(3), 322-331.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01942638.2016.1185504] [PMID: 27366925]
[88]
O’Keeffe, C.; McNally, S. A systematic review of play-based interventions targeting the social communication skills of children with autism spectrum disorder in educational contexts. Rev. J. Autism Dev. Disord., 2023, 10(1), 51-81.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40489-021-00286-3]
[89]
Cervin, M. Sensory processing difficulties in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive and anxiety disorders. Res. Child Adolesc. Psychopathol., 2023, 51(2), 223-232.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10802-022-00962-w] [PMID: 36149521]
[90]
Matson, J.L.; Dempsey, T. The nature and treatment of compulsions, obsessions, and rituals in people with developmental disabilities. Res. Dev. Disabil., 2009, 30(3), 603-611.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2008.10.001] [PMID: 19013755]
[91]
McDougle, C.J.; Kresch, L.E.; Goodman, W.K.; Naylor, S.T.; Volkmar, F.R.; Cohen, D.J.; Price, L.H. A case-controlled study of repetitive thoughts and behavior in adults with autistic disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry, 1995, 152(5), 772-777.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.152.5.772] [PMID: 7726318]
[92]
Russell, A.J.; Mataix-Cols, D.; Anson, M.; Murphy, D.G.M. Obsessions and compulsions in Asperger syndrome and high-functioning autism. Br. J. Psychiatry, 2005, 186(6), 525-528.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.186.6.525] [PMID: 15928364]
[93]
Zandt, F.; Prior, M.; Kyrios, M. Repetitive behaviour in children with high functioning autism and obsessive compulsive disorder. J. Autism Dev. Disord., 2007, 37(2), 251-259.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-006-0158-2] [PMID: 16865546]
[94]
Ivarsson, T.; Melin, K. Autism spectrum traits in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). J. Anxiety Disord., 2008, 22(6), 969-978.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.10.003] [PMID: 18053683]
[95]
LaSalle, V.H.; Cromer, K.R.; Nelson, K.N.; Kazuba, D.; Justement, L.; Murphy, D.L. Diagnostic interview assessed neuropsychiatric disorder comorbidity in 334 individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Depress. Anxiety, 2004, 19(3), 163-173.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/da.20009] [PMID: 15129418]
[96]
Leyfer, O.T.; Folstein, S.E.; Bacalman, S.; Davis, N.O.; Dinh, E.; Morgan, J.; Tager-Flusberg, H.; Lainhart, J.E. Comorbid psychiatric disorders in children with autism: Interview development and rates of disorders. J. Autism Dev. Disord., 2006, 36(7), 849-861.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-006-0123-0] [PMID: 16845581]
[97]
Meier, S.M.; Petersen, L.; Schendel, D.E.; Mattheisen, M.; Mortensen, P.B.; Mors, O. Obsessive-compulsive disorder and autism spectrum disorders: Longitudinal and offspring risk. PLoS One, 2015, 10(11), e0141703.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0141703] [PMID: 26558765]
[98]
Carpenter, L.; Chung, M.C. Childhood trauma in obsessive compulsive disorder: The roles of alexithymia and attachment. Psychol. Psychother., 2011, 84(4), 367-388.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8341.2010.02003.x] [PMID: 22903881]
[99]
Hezel, D.M.; McNally, R.J. A theoretical review of cognitive biases and deficits in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Biol. Psychol., 2016, 121(Pt B), 221-232.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.10.012] [PMID: 26594019]
[100]
Salkovskis, P.M. Obsessional-compulsive problems: A cognitive-behavioural analysis. Behav. Res. Ther., 1985, 23(5), 571-583.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(85)90105-6] [PMID: 4051930]
[101]
Moritz, S.; Jelinek, L. Inversion of the “unrealistic optimism” bias contributes to overestimation of threat in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behav. Cogn. Psychother., 2009, 37(2), 179-193.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1352465808005043] [PMID: 19364418]
[102]
Obsessive Compulsive Cognitions Working Group. Cognitive assessment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behav. Res. Ther., 1997, 35(7), 667-681.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(97)00017-X] [PMID: 9193129]
[103]
Tolin, D.F.; Abramowitz, J.S.; Brigidi, B.D.; Amir, N.; Street, G.P.; Foa, E.B. Memory and memory confidence in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Behav. Res. Ther., 2001, 39(8), 913-927.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(00)00064-4] [PMID: 11480832]
[104]
Basel, D.; Hallel, H.; Dar, R.; Lazarov, A.; Pascual-Leone, A. Attention allocation in OCD: A systematic review and meta-analysis of eye-tracking-based research. J. Affect. Disord., 2023, 324, 539-550.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.12.141] [PMID: 36610593]
[105]
Abramowitz, J.S.; Jacoby, R.J. Scrupulosity: A cognitive–behavioral analysis and implications for treatment. J. Obsessive Compuls. Relat. Disord., 2014, 3(2), 140-149.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jocrd.2013.12.007]
[106]
Siev, J.; Baer, L.; Minichiello, W.E. Obsessive-compulsive disorder with predominantly scrupulous symptoms: Clinical and religious characteristics. J. Clin. Psychol., 2011, 67(12), 1188-1196.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20843] [PMID: 22042580]
[107]
Stephani, C.; Fernandez-Baca Vaca, G.; Maciunas, R.; Koubeissi, M. Lüders, H.O. Functional neuroanatomy of the insular lobe. Brain Struct. Funct., 2011, 216(2), 137-149.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00429-010-0296-3] [PMID: 21153903]
[108]
Eng, G.K.; Collins, K.A.; Brown, C.; Ludlow, M.; Tobe, R.H.; Iosifescu, D.V.; Stern, E.R. Relationships between interoceptive sensibility and resting-state functional connectivity of the insula in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Cereb. Cortex, 2022, 32(23), 5285-5300.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhac014] [PMID: 35257146]
[109]
Craig, A.D. How do you feel--now? The anterior insula and human awareness. Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 2009, 10(1), 59-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn2555] [PMID: 19096369]
[110]
Singer, T.; Critchley, H.D.; Preuschoff, K. A common role of insula in feelings, empathy and uncertainty. Trends Cogn. Sci., 2009, 13(8), 334-340.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2009.05.001] [PMID: 19643659]
[111]
Friston, K. The free-energy principle: A unified brain theory? Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 2010, 11(2), 127-138.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn2787] [PMID: 20068583]
[112]
Clark, J.E.; Watson, S.; Friston, K.J. What is mood? A computational perspective. Psychol. Med., 2018, 48(14), 2277-2284.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291718000430] [PMID: 29478431]
[113]
Seth, A.K.; Suzuki, K.; Critchley, H.D. An interoceptive predictive coding model of conscious presence. Front. Psychol., 2012, 2, 395.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00395] [PMID: 22291673]
[114]
Craig, A.D. How do you feel? Interoception: The sense of the physiological condition of the body. Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 2002, 3(8), 655-666.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn894] [PMID: 12154366]
[115]
Harrison, N.A.; Gray, M.A.; Gianaros, P.J.; Critchley, H.D. The embodiment of emotional feelings in the brain. J. Neurosci., 2010, 30(38), 12878-12884.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1725-10.2010] [PMID: 20861391]
[116]
Damasio, A.R. Descartes’ error and the future of human life. Sci. Am., 1994, 271(4), 144.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican1094-144] [PMID: 7939563]
[117]
Ploghaus, A.; Tracey, I.; Gati, J.S.; Clare, S.; Menon, R.S.; Matthews, P.M.; Rawlins, J.N.P. Dissociating pain from its anticipation in the human brain. Science, 1999, 284(5422), 1979-1981.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.284.5422.1979] [PMID: 10373114]
[118]
Craig, A.D. Interoception: The sense of the physiological condition of the body. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol., 2003, 13(4), 500-505.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0959-4388(03)00090-4] [PMID: 12965300]
[119]
Critchley, H.D.; Wiens, S.; Rotshtein, P. Öhman, A.; Dolan, R.J. Neural systems supporting interoceptive awareness. Nat. Neurosci., 2004, 7(2), 189-195.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1176] [PMID: 14730305]
[120]
Huettel, S.A.; Stowe, C.J.; Gordon, E.M.; Warner, B.T.; Platt, M.L. Neural signatures of economic preferences for risk and ambiguity. Neuron, 2006, 49(5), 765-775.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.01.024] [PMID: 16504951]
[121]
Kuhnen, C.M.; Knutson, B. The neural basis of financial risk taking. Neuron, 2005, 47(5), 763-770.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2005.08.008] [PMID: 16129404]
[122]
Paulus, M.P.; Rogalsky, C.; Simmons, A.; Feinstein, J.S.; Stein, M.B. Increased activation in the right insula during risk-taking decision making is related to harm avoidance and neuroticism. Neuroimage, 2003, 19(4), 1439-1448.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1053-8119(03)00251-9] [PMID: 12948701]
[123]
Preuschoff, K.; Quartz, S.R.; Bossaerts, P. Human insula activation reflects risk prediction errors as well as risk. J. Neurosci., 2008, 28(11), 2745-2752.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4286-07.2008] [PMID: 18337404]
[124]
Smith, A.R.; Steinberg, L.; Chein, J. The role of the anterior insula in adolescent decision making. Dev. Neurosci., 2014, 36(3-4), 196-209.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000358918] [PMID: 24853135]
[125]
Wicker, B.; Keysers, C.; Plailly, J.; Royet, J.P.; Gallese, V.; Rizzolatti, G. Both of us disgusted in My insula: The common neural basis of seeing and feeling disgust. Neuron, 2003, 40(3), 655-664.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0896-6273(03)00679-2] [PMID: 14642287]
[126]
Kober, H.; Barrett, L.F.; Joseph, J.; Bliss-Moreau, E.; Lindquist, K.; Wager, T.D. Functional grouping and cortical–subcortical interactions in emotion: A meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies. Neuroimage, 2008, 42(2), 998-1031.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.03.059] [PMID: 18579414]
[127]
Lindquist, K.A.; Wager, T.D.; Kober, H.; Bliss-Moreau, E.; Barrett, L.F. The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review. Behav. Brain Sci., 2012, 35(3), 121-143.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X11000446] [PMID: 22617651]
[128]
Singer, T.; Seymour, B.; O’Doherty, J.; Kaube, H.; Dolan, R.J.; Frith, C.D. Empathy for pain involves the affective but not sensory components of pain. Science, 2004, 303(5661), 1157-1162.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1093535] [PMID: 14976305]
[129]
Terasawa, Y.; Kurosaki, Y.; Ibata, Y.; Moriguchi, Y.; Umeda, S. Attenuated sensitivity to the emotions of others by insular lesion. Front. Psychol., 2015, 6, 1314.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01314] [PMID: 26388817]
[130]
Jabbi, M.; Swart, M.; Keysers, C. Empathy for positive and negative emotions in the gustatory cortex. Neuroimage, 2007, 34(4), 1744-1753.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.10.032] [PMID: 17175173]
[131]
Saarela, M.V.; Hlushchuk, Y.; Williams, A.C.C. Schürmann, M.; Kalso, E.; Hari, R. The compassionate brain: Humans detect intensity of pain from another’s face. Cereb. Cortex, 2006, 17(1), 230-237.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhj141] [PMID: 16495434]
[132]
Singer, T.; Leiberg, S. Sharing the emotions of others: The neural bases of empathy. The cognitive neurosciences, 4th ed; Massachusetts Institute of Technology: Cambridge, MA, 2009, pp. 973-986.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/8029.003.0085]
[133]
Gu, X.; Hof, P.R.; Friston, K.J.; Fan, J. Anterior insular cortex and emotional awareness. J. Comp. Neurol., 2013, 521(15), 3371-3388.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.23368] [PMID: 23749500]
[134]
Taylor, G.J.; Bagby, R.M.; Parker, J.D.A. The 20-item toronto alexithymia scale. IV. Reliability and factorial validity in different languages and cultures. J. Psychosom. Res., 2003, 55(3), 277-283.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3999(02)00601-3] [PMID: 12932803]
[135]
van den Heuvel, O.A.; Remijnse, P.L.; Mataix-Cols, D.; Vrenken, H.; Groenewegen, H.J.; Uylings, H.B.M.; van Balkom, A.J.; Veltman, D.J. The major symptom dimensions of obsessive-compulsive disorder are mediated by partially distinct neural systems. Brain, 2009, 132(Pt 4), 853-868.
[PMID: 18952675]
[136]
Kwon, J.S.; Jang, J.H.; Choi, J.S.; Kang, D.H. Neuroimaging in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Expert Rev. Neurother., 2009, 9(2), 255-269.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/14737175.9.2.255] [PMID: 19210199]
[137]
Pauls, D.L.; Abramovitch, A.; Rauch, S.L.; Geller, D.A. Obsessive–compulsive disorder: An integrative genetic and neurobiological perspective. Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 2014, 15(6), 410-424.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3746] [PMID: 24840803]
[138]
Rotge, J.Y.; Langbour, N.; Guehl, D.; Bioulac, B.; Jaafari, N.; Allard, M.; Aouizerate, B.; Burbaud, P. Gray matter alterations in obsessive-compulsive disorder: An anatomic likelihood estimation meta-analysis. Neuropsychopharmacology, 2010, 35(3), 686-691.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/npp.2009.175] [PMID: 19890260]
[139]
Saxena, S.; Rauch, S.L. Functional neuroimaging and the neuroanatomy of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatr. Clin. North Am., 2000, 23(3), 563-586.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0193-953X(05)70181-7] [PMID: 10986728]
[140]
Colzato, L.S.; Hommel, B.; Zhang, W.; Roessner, V.; Beste, C. The metacontrol hypothesis as diagnostic framework of OCD and ADHD: A dimensional approach based on shared neurobiological vulnerability. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 2022, 137104677.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104677] [PMID: 35461986]
[141]
Kim, J.J.; Lee, M.C.; Kim, J.; Kim, I.Y.; Kim, S.I.; Han, M.H.; Chang, K.H.; Kwon, J.S. Grey matter abnormalities in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Br. J. Psychiatry, 2001, 179(4), 330-334.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.179.4.330] [PMID: 11581113]
[142]
Valente, A.A., Jr; Miguel, E.C.; Castro, C.C.; Amaro, E., Jr; Duran, F.L.S.; Buchpiguel, C.A.; Chitnis, X.; McGuire, P.K.; Busatto, G.F. Regional gray matter abnormalities in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A voxel-based morphometry study. Biol. Psychiatry, 2005, 58(6), 479-487.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.04.021] [PMID: 15978549]
[143]
Nishida, S.; Narumoto, J.; Sakai, Y.; Matsuoka, T.; Nakamae, T.; Yamada, K.; Nishimura, T.; Fukui, K. Anterior insular volume is larger in patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry, 2011, 35(4), 997-1001.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2011.01.022] [PMID: 21303681]
[144]
Song, A.; Jung, W.H.; Jang, J.H.; Kim, E.; Shim, G.; Park, H.Y.; Choi, C.H.; Kwon, J.S. Disproportionate alterations in the anterior and posterior insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder. PLoS One, 2011, 6(7), e22361.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0022361] [PMID: 21811591]
[145]
Pujol, J.; Soriano-Mas, C.; Alonso, P.; Cardoner, N. Menchón, J.M.; Deus, J.; Vallejo, J. Mapping structural brain alterations in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 2004, 61(7), 720-730.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.61.7.720] [PMID: 15237084]
[146]
Remijnse, P.L.; Nielen, M.M.A.; van Balkom, A.J.L.M.; Cath, D.C.; van Oppen, P.; Uylings, H.B.M.; Veltman, D.J. Reduced orbitofrontal-striatal activity on a reversal learning task in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 2006, 63(11), 1225-1236.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.63.11.1225] [PMID: 17088503]
[147]
Jung, W.H.; Gu, B.M.; Kang, D.H.; Park, J.Y.; Yoo, S.Y.; Choi, C.H.; Lee, J.M.; Kwon, J.S. BOLD response during visual perception of biological motion in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci., 2009, 259(1), 46-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00406-008-0833-8] [PMID: 18587523]
[148]
Mataix-Cols, D.; Wooderson, S.; Lawrence, N.; Brammer, M.J.; Speckens, A.; Phillips, M.L. Distinct neural correlates of washing, checking, and hoarding symptom dimensions in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 2004, 61(6), 564-576.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.61.6.564] [PMID: 15184236]
[149]
Shapira, N.A.; Liu, Y.; He, A.G.; Bradley, M.M.; Lessig, M.C.; James, G.A.; Stein, D.J.; Lang, P.J.; Goodman, W.K. Brain activation by disgust-inducing pictures in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol. Psychiatry, 2003, 54(7), 751-756.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(03)00003-9] [PMID: 14512216]
[150]
Phillips, M.L.; Marks, I.M.; Senior, C.; Lythgoe, D.; O’Dwyer, A.M.; Meehan, O.; Williams, S.C.R.; Brammer, M.J.; Bullmore, E.T.; McGuire, P.K. A differential neural re-sponse in obsessive–compulsive disorder patients with wash-ing compared with checking symptoms to disgust. Psychol. Med., 2000, 30(5), 1037-1050.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291799002652] [PMID: 12027041]
[151]
Stern, E.R.; Fitzgerald, K.D.; Welsh, R.C.; Abelson, J.L.; Tay-lor, S.F. Resting-state functional connectivity between fronto-parietal and default mode networks in obsessive-compulsive disorder. PLoS One, 2012, 7(5), e36356.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0036356] [PMID: 22570705]
[152]
Ping, L.; Su-Fang, L.; Hai-Ying, H.; Zhang-Ye, D.; Jia, L.; Zhi-Hua, G.; Hong-Fang, X.; Yu-Feng, Z.; Zhan-Jiang, L. Abnor-mal spontaneous neural activity in obsessive-compulsive dis-order: A resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study. PLoS One, 2013, 8(6), e67262.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0067262] [PMID: 23826251]
[153]
Stern, E.R.; Brown, C.; Ludlow, M.; Shahab, R.; Collins, K.; Lieval, A.; Tobe, R.H.; Iosifescu, D.V.; Burdick, K.E.; Fleysher, L. The buildup of an urge in obsessive–compulsive disorder: Behavioral and neuroimaging correlates. Hum. Brain Mapp., 2020, 41(6), 1611-1625.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hbm.24898] [PMID: 31916668]
[154]
Berlin, H.A.; Stern, E.R.; Ng, J.; Zhang, S.; Rosenthal, D.; Turetzky, R.; Tang, C.; Goodman, W. Altered olfactory pro-cessing and increased insula activity in patients with obses-sive-compulsive disorder: An fMRI study. Psychiatry Res. Neuroimaging, 2017, 262, 15-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2017.01.012] [PMID: 28208068]
[155]
Beucke, J.C.; Sepulcre, J.; Eldaief, M.C.; Sebold, M.; Kath-mann, N.; Kaufmann, C. Default mode network subsystem al-terations in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Br. J. Psychiatry, 2014, 205(5), 376-382.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.113.137380] [PMID: 25257066]
[156]
Peng, Z.W.; Xu, T.; He, Q.H.; Shi, C.Z.; Wei, Z.; Miao, G.D.; Jing, J.; Lim, K.O.; Zuo, X.N.; Chan, R.C.K. Default network connectivity as a vulnerability marker for obsessive compul-sive disorder. Psychol. Med., 2014, 44(7), 1475-1484.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291713002250] [PMID: 24001350]
[157]
Fan, J.; Zhong, M.; Zhu, X.; Gan, J.; Liu, W.; Niu, C.; Liao, H.; Zhang, H.; Yi, J.; Tan, C. Resting-state functional connec-tivity between right anterior insula and right orbital frontal cortex correlate with insight level in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neuroimage Clin., 2017, 15, 1-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2017.04.002] [PMID: 28458998]
[158]
Posner, J.; Song, I.; Lee, S.; Rodriguez, C.I.; Moore, H.; Marsh, R.; Blair, S.H. Increased functional connectivity be-tween the default mode and salience networks in unmedicated adults with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Hum. Brain Mapp., 2017, 38(2), 678-687.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hbm.23408] [PMID: 27659299]
[159]
Biswal, B.; Zerrin Yetkin, F.; Haughton, V.M.; Hyde, J.S. Functional connectivity in the motor cortex of resting human brain using echo-planar mri. Magn. Reson. Med., 1995, 34(4), 537-541.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrm.1910340409] [PMID: 8524021]
[160]
Fox, M.D.; Raichle, M.E. Spontaneous fluctuations in brain activity observed with functional magnetic resonance imaging. Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 2007, 8(9), 700-711.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn2201] [PMID: 17704812]
[161]
Zhu, Y.; Fan, Q.; Zhang, H.; Qiu, J.; Tan, L.; Xiao, Z.; Tong, S.; Chen, J.; Li, Y. Altered intrinsic insular activity predicts symptom severity in unmedicated obsessive-compulsive dis-order patients: A resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging study. BMC Psychiatry, 2016, 16(1), 104.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12888-016-0806-9] [PMID: 27084762]
[162]
Jung, W.H.; Kang, D.H.; Kim, E.; Shin, K.S.; Jang, J.H.; Kwon, J.S. Abnormal corticostriatal-limbic functional connec-tivity in obsessive–compulsive disorder during reward pro-cessing and resting-state. Neuroimage Clin., 2013, 3, 27-38.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2013.06.013] [PMID: 24179846]
[163]
Harrison, B.J.; Pujol, J.; Cardoner, N.; Deus, J.; Alonso, P. López-Solà, M.; Contreras-Rodríguez, O.; Real, E.; Segalàs, C.; Blanco-Hinojo, L.; Menchon, J.M.; Soriano-Mas, C. Brain corticostriatal systems and the major clinical symptom dimensions of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol. Psychiatry, 2013, 73(4), 321-328.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.10.006] [PMID: 23200527]
[164]
Dar, R.; Greist, J.H. Behavior therapy for obsessive compul-sive disorder. Psychiatr. Clin. North Am., 1992, 15(4), 885-894.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0193-953X(18)30216-8] [PMID: 1461803]
[165]
Abramowitz, J.S. Variants of exposure and response preven-tion in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: A me-ta-analysis. Behav. Ther., 1996, 27(4), 583-600.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(96)80045-1]
[166]
Meyer, V. Modification of expectations in cases with obses-sional rituals. Behav. Res. Ther., 1966, 4(4), 273-280.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(66)90023-4] [PMID: 5978682]
[167]
Foa, E.B.; Goldstein, A. Continuous exposure and complete response prevention in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive neurosis. Behav. Ther., 1978, 9(5), 821-829.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(78)80013-6]
[168]
Aardema, F.; O’Connor, K. Dissolving the tenacity of obses-sional doubt: Implications for treatment outcome. J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry, 2012, 43(2), 855-861.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.12.006] [PMID: 22217423]
[169]
Aardema, F.; Wu, K.D.; Careau, Y.; O’Connor, K.; Julien, D.; Dennie, S. The expanded version of the inferential confusion Questionnaire: Further development and aalidation in clinical and non-clinical aamples. J. Psychopathol. Behav. Assess., 2010, 32(3), 448-462.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10862-009-9157-x]
[170]
Hayes, S.C.; Strosahl, K.D.; Wilson, K.G. Acceptance and commitment therapy: An experiential approach to behavior change; Guilford Press: New York, 1999.
[171]
Twohig, M.P.; Hayes, S.C.; Masuda, A. Increasing willingness to experience obsessions: Acceptance and commitment thera-py as a treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behav. Ther., 2006, 37(1), 3-13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2005.02.001] [PMID: 16942956]
[172]
Twohig, M.P.; Hayes, S.C.; Plumb, J.C.; Pruitt, L.D.; Collins, A.B.; Hazlett-Stevens, H.; Woidneck, M.R. A randomized clinical trial of acceptance and commitment therapy versus progressive relaxation training for obsessive-compulsive dis-order. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol., 2010, 78(5), 705-716.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0020508] [PMID: 20873905]
[173]
Rachman, S.; de Silva, P. Abnormal and normal obsessions. Behav. Res. Ther., 1978, 16(4), 233-248.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(78)90022-0] [PMID: 718588]
[174]
Rachman, S. A cognitive theory of obsessions. Behav. Res. Ther., 1997, 35(9), 793-802.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(97)00040-5] [PMID: 9299799]
[175]
Deacon, B.; Maack, D.J. The effects of safety behaviors on the fear of contamination: An experimental investigation. Behav. Res. Ther., 2008, 46(4), 537-547.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2008.01.010] [PMID: 18313031]
[176]
Helbig-Lang, S.; Petermann, F. Tolerate or eliminate? A sys-tematic review on the effects of safety behavior across anxie-ty disorders. Clin. Psychol. Sci. Pract., 2010, 17(3), 218-233.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2850.2010.01213.x]
[177]
Fonagy, P. Thinking about thinking: Some clinical and theo-retical considerations in the treatment of a borderline patient. Int. J. Psychoanal., 1991, 72(Pt 4), 639-656.
[PMID: 1797718]
[178]
Fonagy, P.; Target, M.; Bateman, A. The mentalization based approach to psychotherapy for borderline personality disor-der.The psychoanalytic therapy of severe disturbance; Karnac Books: London, England, 2010, pp. 35-80.
[179]
Bateman, A.W.; Fonagy, P. Mentalization-based treatment of BPD. J. Pers. Disord., 2004, 18(1), 36-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/pedi.18.1.36.32772] [PMID: 15061343]
[180]
Choi-Kain, L.W.; Gunderson, J.G. Mentalization: ontogeny, assessment, and application in the treatment of borderline personality disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry, 2008, 165(9), 1127-1135.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07081360] [PMID: 18676591]
[181]
Riquelme-Marín, A.; Rosa-Alcázar, A.I.; Ortigosa-Quiles, J.M. Mindfulness-based psychotherapy in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: A meta-analytical study. Int. J. Clin. Health Psychol., 2022, 22(3), 100321.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2022.100321] [PMID: 35892041]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy