Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Traditional Medicine

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 2215-0838
ISSN (Online): 2215-0846

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Review Article

An Overview of Integrated Risk Factors with Prevention and Prevalence of Asthma at the Global Level

Author(s): Ruchika Garg*, Mona Piplani, Yogendra Singh, Pankaj Bhateja and Rajat Rana

Volume 10, Issue 4, 2024

Published on: 21 June, 2023

Article ID: e250523217358 Pages: 11

DOI: 10.2174/2215083810666230525153908

Price: $65

Abstract

Bronchial asthma is one of the most common chronic illnesses in childhood, adulthood and pregnancy with a current occurrence of 6-9 percent, but at an alarming rate of increase. Asthma is a complex genetic disorder that is heavily affected by the environment. In association with significant morbidity, quality of life, and healthcare costs, it is putting an increasing strain on our society. Some factors related to pregnancy, i.e., diet-related, antibiotic uses, and stress; childhood risk factors, i.e., lung function, exposure to smoking, animal etc. and adulthood risk factor, i.e., pollutionrelated etc., are responsible for trends in incidence and mortality due to asthma at a Global level and Indian population. Data were collected from PubMed, Web of Sciences, CINHAL, WHO Clinical trial register, Google Scholar, and official websites of various asthma societies and statistically analyzed using ANOVA tests. Data were analyzed for India and the specific population of the northern region of India during the last five years. Risk factors related to asthma at different stages, i.e., genetic, pregnancy, childhood, and adulthood, were reviewed, and the prevalence of asthma at the Global level, India and northern India, was analyzed and compared. The mean Global prevalence of asthma was found to be 281.3±14.7 (SD), whereas, for India, it was 22.78±8.605. After applying One Way ANOVA, a significant difference (t=48.44, df=4) was found between the Global and Indian prevalence of asthma, i.e., the mean difference of 259.7±11.99. The mean value was found highest in Delhi and Rajasthan, having values of 19.74±11.79 and 13.58±9.47, whereas Chandigarh and Uttar Pradesh recorded asthma’s prevalence as 11.87±7.83 and 4.32±2.32 respectively. Himachal and Haryana acquired almost equal values of asthma at 1.67±0.13 and 1.23±0.33.

Graphical Abstract

[1]
Global Asthma Report. The global asthma report 2014; 2014: 1-96.
[2]
Asher I, Pearce N. Global burden of asthma among children. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2014; 18(11): 1269-78.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.14.0170] [PMID: 25299857]
[3]
Baïz N, Annesi-Maesano I. Is the asthma epidemic still ascending? Clin Chest Med 2012; 33(3): 419-29.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccm.2012.06.001] [PMID: 22929092]
[4]
ALA. Trends in asthma morbidity and mortality 2012. Available from: http://www.lung.org/assets/documents/research/asthma-trend-report.pdf
[5]
Garg R, Piplani M, Singh Y, Joshi Y. Epidemiology, pathophysiology, and pharmacological status of asthma. Curr Respir Med Rev 2022; 18(4): 247-58.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573398X18666220526164329]
[6]
Moorman JE, Moorman J, Mannino DM. Increasing U.S. asthma mortality rates: Who is really dying? J Asthma 2001; 38(1): 65-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/JAS-100000023] [PMID: 11256556]
[7]
Moorman JE, Rudd RA, et al. National surveillance for asthma United States 1980–2004. MMWR Surveill Summ 2007; 56(SS08): 1-54.
[8]
Lemanske RF Jr, Jackson DJ, Gangnon RE, et al. Rhinovirus illnesses during infancy predict subsequent childhood wheezing. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 116(3): 571-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2005.06.024] [PMID: 16159626]
[9]
Joshi P, Shaw A, Kakakios A, Isaacs D. Interferon-gamma levels in nasopharyngeal secretions of infants with respiratory syncytial virus and other respiratory viral infections. Clin Exp Immunol 2003; 131(1): 143-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2249.2003.02039.x] [PMID: 12519398]
[10]
Celedón JC, Litonjua AA, Ryan L, Weiss ST, Gold DR. Day care attendance, respiratory tract illnesses, wheezing, asthma, and total serum IgE level in early childhood. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2002; 156(3): 241-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.156.3.241] [PMID: 11876667]
[11]
Kogevinas M, Zock JP, Jarvis D, et al. Exposure to substances in the workplace and new-onset asthma: An international prospective population-based study (ECRHS-II). Lancet 2007; 370(9584): 336-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61164-7] [PMID: 17662882]
[12]
Butsch Kovacic M, Biagini Myers JM, Lindsey M, et al. The greater cincinnati pediatric clinic repository: A novel framework for childhood asthma and allergy research. Pediatr Allergy Immunol Pulmonol 2012; 25(2): 104-13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ped.2011.0116] [PMID: 22768387]
[13]
Kay AB. Allergy and allergic diseases. First of two parts. N Engl J Med 2001; 344(1): 30-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200101043440106] [PMID: 11136958]
[14]
Wu CC, Hsu TY, Chang JC, et al. Paternal tobacco smoke correlated to offspring asthma and prenatal epigenetic programming. Front Genet 2019; 10: 471.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2019.00471] [PMID: 31214241]
[15]
Stress & Asthma. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/9573-stress--asthma
[16]
Murrison LB, Brandt EB, Myers JB, Hershey GKK. Environmental exposures and mechanisms in allergy and asthma development. J Clin Invest 2019; 129(4): 1504-15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI124612] [PMID: 30741719]
[17]
Morgan WJ, Crain EF, Gruchalla RS, et al. Results of a home-based environmental intervention among urban children with asthma. N Engl J Med 2004; 351(11): 1068-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa032097] [PMID: 15356304]
[18]
Dersarkission C. Asthma risk factors Available from: https://www.webmd.com/asthma/asthma-risk-factors
[19]
Hugg TT, Jaakkola MS, Ruotsalainen R, Pushkarev V, Jaakkola JJK. Exposure to animals and the risk of allergic asthma: A population-based cross-sectional study in Finnish and Russian children. Environ Health 2008; 7(1): 28.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1476-069X-7-28] [PMID: 18538018]
[20]
Azad MB, Vehling L, Lu Z, et al. Breastfeeding, maternal asthma and wheezing in the first year of life: A longitudinal birth cohort study. Eur Respir J 2017; 49(5): 1602019.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.02019-2016] [PMID: 28461293]
[21]
Klopp A, Vehling L, Becker AB, et al. Modes of infant feeding and the risk of childhood asthma: A prospective birth cohort study. J Pediatr 2017; 190: 192-199.e2.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.07.012] [PMID: 29144244]
[22]
Miliku K, Azad M. Breastfeeding and the developmental origins of asthma: Current evidence, possible mechanisms, and future research priorities. Nutrients 2018; 10(8): 995.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10080995] [PMID: 30061501]
[23]
Sears MR. Lung function decline in asthma. Eur Respir J 2007; 30(3): 411-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00080007] [PMID: 17766631]
[24]
Lung function in asthma. Paediatric pulmonary division. Available from: https://pulmonary.pediatrics.med.ufl.edu/centers-programs/asthma-program/lung-function-in-asthma/
[25]
Ostrom NK, Eid NS, Craig TJ, et al. Exercise-induced bronchospasm in children with asthma in the united states: Results from the exercise-induced bronchospasm landmark survey. Allergy Asthma Proc 2011; 32(6): 425-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/aap.2011.32.3502] [PMID: 22221436]
[26]
Cleaveland clinic. Exercise induced asthma Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4174-exercise-induced-asthma
[27]
Healthline. Asthma risk factors Available from: https://www.healthline.com/health/asthma-risk-factors#takeaway
[28]
Pavord ID, Beasley R, Agusti A, et al. After asthma: Redefining airways diseases. Lancet 2018; 391(10118): 350-400.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30879-6] [PMID: 28911920]
[29]
Soto-Campos JG, Plaza V, Soriano JB, et al. Causes of death in asthma, COPD and non-respiratory hospitalized patients: A multicentric study. BMC Pulm Med 2013; 13(1): 73.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2466-13-73] [PMID: 24321217]
[30]
Tarlo SM, Easty A, Eubanks K, et al. Outcomes of a natural rubber latex control program in an Ontario teaching hospital. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001; 108(4): 628-33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mai.2001.118792] [PMID: 11590392]
[31]
Du Toit G, Roberts G, Sayre PH, et al. Randomized trial of peanut consumption in infants at risk for peanut allergy. N Engl J Med 2015; 372(9): 803-13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1414850] [PMID: 25705822]
[32]
Webmed Asthma guide Available from: https://www.webmd.com/asthma/guide/asthma-prevention
[33]
Ong Kian Chung. Seven way to prevent asthma attack Available from: https://www.mountelizabeth.com.sg/healthplus/article/7-ways-to-prevent-asthma-attacks
[34]
Guide to controlling asthma at work.
[35]
Calderon MA, Demoly P, Casale T, et al. Allergy immunotherapy across the life cycle to promote active and healthy ageing: From research to policies. Clin Transl Allergy 2016; 6(1): 41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13601-016-0131-x] [PMID: 27895895]
[36]
Kimberly H, Goldman L. Asthma: Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention. Available from: https://www.healthline.com/health/asthma#prevention
[37]
Fiocchi A, Pawankar R, Cuello-Garcia C, et al. World allergy organization-McMaster university guidelines for allergic disease prevention (GLAD-P): Probiotics. World Allergy Organ J 2015; 8(1): 4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40413-015-0055-2] [PMID: 25628773]
[38]
Calderon MA, Demoly P, Gerth van Wijk R, et al. EAACI: A European declaration on immunotherapy. Designing the future of allergen specific immunotherapy. Clin Transl Allergy 2012; 2(1): 20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2045-7022-2-20] [PMID: 23110958]
[39]
Haahtela T, Herse F, Karjalainen J, et al. The Finnish experience to save asthma costs by improving care in 1987-2013. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 139(2): 408-414.e2.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2016.12.001] [PMID: 27979429]
[40]
Tanno LK, Haahtela T, Calderon MA, Cruz A, Demoly P. Implementation gaps for asthma prevention and control. Respir Med 2017; 130: 13-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2017.07.006]
[41]
Enilari O, Sinha S. The global impact of asthma in adult populations. Ann Glob Health 2019; 85(1): 2.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/aogh.2412] [PMID: 30741503]
[42]
Ferkol T, Schraufnagel D. The global burden of respiratory disease. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2014; 11(3): 404-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201311-405PS] [PMID: 24673696]
[43]
Wang D, Xiao W, Ma D, et al. Cross-sectional epidemiological survey of asthma in Jinan, China. Respirology 2013; 18(2): 313-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/resp.12005] [PMID: 23121025]
[44]
Postma DS, Rabe KF. The asthma-COPD overlap syndrome. N Engl J Med 2015; 373(13): 1241-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1411863] [PMID: 26398072]
[45]
Del-Río-Navarro BE, Berber A, Reyes-Noriega N, et al. Global asthma network phase I study in Mexico: Prevalence of asthma symptoms, risk factors and altitude associations—a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open Respir Res 2020; 7(1): e000658.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjresp-2020-000658] [PMID: 33268340]
[46]
Al-Thamiri D, Al-Kubaisy W, Ali SH. Asthma prevalence and severity among primary-school children in Baghdad. East Mediterr Health J 2005; 11(1-2): 79-86.
[PMID: 16532675]
[47]
Karunasekera K A W, Perera KPJ. Perera MTPR, Abeynarayana J. Prevalence of asthma and atopic symptoms in children aged 5-11years. Sri Lanka J Child Health 2009; 32(1): 11-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/sljch.v32i1.737]
[48]
Bateman ED, Hurd SS, Barnes PJ, et al. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention: GINA executive summary. Eur Respir J 2008; 31(1): 143-78.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00138707] [PMID: 18166595]
[49]
Masoli M, Fabian D, Holt S, Beasley R. The global burden of asthma: Executive summary of the GINA Dissemination Committee Report. Allergy 2004; 59(5): 469-78.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2004.00526.x] [PMID: 15080825]
[50]
Tarlo SM, Balmes J, Balkissoon R, et al. Diagnosis and management of work-related asthma. Chest 2008; 134(S3): 1S-41S.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.08-0201] [PMID: 18779187]
[51]
Urrutia I, Aguirre U, Sunyer J, et al. [Changes in the prevalence of asthma in the Spanish cohort of the European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS-II)]. Arch Bronconeumol 2007; 43(8): 425-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1579-2129(07)60098-6] [PMID: 17692242]
[52]
To T, Stanojevic S, Moores G, et al. Global asthma prevalence in adults: Findings from the cross-sectional world health survey. BMC Public Health 2012; 12(1): 204.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-204] [PMID: 22429515]
[53]
Flodin U, Ponsson P, Ziegler J, Axelson O. An epidemiologic study of bronchial asthma and smoking. Epidemiology 1995; 6(5): 503-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001648-199509000-00007] [PMID: 8562626]
[54]
Torén K, Hermansson BA. Incidence rate of adult-onset asthma in relation to age, sex, atopy and smoking: A Swedish population-based study of 15813 adults. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 1999; 3(3): 192-7.
[PMID: 10094318]
[55]
Plaschke PP, Janson C, Norrman E, Björnsson E, Ellbjär S, Järvholm B. Onset and remission of allergic rhinitis and asthma and the relationship with atopic sensitization and smoking. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 162(3): 920-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.162.3.9912030] [PMID: 10988106]
[56]
Harris JR, Magnus P, Samuelsen SO, Tambs K. No evidence for effects of family environment on asthma. A retrospective study of Norwegian twins. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 156(1): 43-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.156.1.9609094] [PMID: 9230724]
[57]
Koppleman GH, Los H, Postma DS. Genetic and environment in asthma: The answer of twin studies. Eur Respir J 1999; 13(1): 2-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.99.13100299] [PMID: 10836314]
[58]
Nieminen MM, Kaprio J, Koskenvuo M. A population-based study of bronchial asthma in adult twin pairs. Chest 1991; 100(1): 70-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.100.1.70] [PMID: 2060393]
[59]
Pachter LM, Weller SC, Baer RD, et al. Variation in asthma beliefs and practices among mainland Puerto Ricans, Mexican-Americans, Mexicans, and Guatemalans. J Asthma 2002; 39(2): 119-34.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/JAS-120002193] [PMID: 11995676]
[60]
Morris JM. What-is-the-worldwide-prevalence-of-asthma 2020 Web sites. 2020. Available from: https://www.medscape.com/answers/296301-7945/
[61]
World Health Organization 2017 Bronchial Asthma Web sites 2017. Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs206/en
[62]
Salvi S, Kumar GA, Dhaliwal RS, et al. The burden of chronic respiratory diseases and their heterogeneity across the states of India: The Global Burden of Disease Study 1990–2016. Lancet Glob Health 2018; 6(12): e1363-74.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30409-1]
[63]
Ellwood P, Asher MI, Billo NE, et al. The Global Asthma Network rationale and methods for Phase I global surveillance: Prevalence, severity, management and risk factors. Eur Respir J 2017; 49(1): 1601605.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01605-2016] [PMID: 28077477]
[64]
Global Asthma Network. The global asthma report 2018 Web sites 2018. Available from: http://www.globalasthmareport.org/resources/global_asthma_report_2018.pdf
[65]
Chinratanapisit S, Suratannon N, Pacharn P, Sritipsukho P, Vichyanond P. Prevalence and severity of asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis and eczema in children from the Bangkok area: The Global Asthma Network (GAN) Phase I. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol 2019; 37(4): 226-31.
[PMID: 30447651]
[66]
Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. Web sites Global Initiative for Asthma 2019. Available from: https://ginasthma.org/gina-reports/
[67]
Vos T, Lim SS, Abbafati C, et al. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet 2020; 396(10258): 1204-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30925-9] [PMID: 33069326]
[68]
Mattiuzzi C, Lippi G. Worldwide asthma epidemiology: Insights from the Global Health Data Exchange database. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2020; 10(1): 75-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/alr.22464] [PMID: 31645084]
[69]
Krishna MT, Mahesh PA, Vedanthan PK, Mehta V, Moitra S, Christopher DJ. The burden of allergic diseases in the Indian subcontinent: Barriers and challenges. Lancet Glob Health 2020; 8(4): e478-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30061-9] [PMID: 32199115]
[70]
Singh S, Sharma BB, Sharma SK, Sabir M, Singh V. Prevalence and severity of asthma among Indian school children aged between 6 and 14 years: Associations with parental smoking and traffic pollution. J Asthma 2016; 53(3): 238-44.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/02770903.2015.1087558] [PMID: 26365004]
[71]
Kumar P, Ram U. Patterns, factors associated and morbidity burden of asthma in India. PLoS One 2017; 12(10): e0185938.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0185938] [PMID: 29073132]
[72]
Balakrishnan K, Dey S, Gupta T, et al. The impact of air pollution on deaths, disease burden, and life expectancy across the states of India: The Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet Planet Health 2019; 3(1): e26-39.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(18)30261-4] [PMID: 30528905]
[73]
Serrano N, Diem G, Grabauskas V, et al. Building the capacity – examining the impact of evidence-based public health trainings in Europe: A mixed methods approach. Glob Health Promot 2020; 27(2): 45-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1757975918811102] [PMID: 30943109]
[74]
Li J, Ogorodova LM, Mahesh PA, et al. Comparative study of food allergies in children from China, India, and Russia: The EuroPrevall-INCO surveys. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2020; 8(4): 1349-1358.e16.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2019.11.042] [PMID: 31857266]
[75]
Singh SK, Gupta J, Sharma H, Pedgaonkar SP, Gupta N. Socio-economic correlates and spatial heterogeneity in the prevalence of asthma among young women in India. BMC Pulm Med 2020; 20(1): 190.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12890-020-1124-z]
[76]
Asthma. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute 2020 2020. Available from: https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/asthma
[77]
Global asthma Report 2018. Available from: http://globalasthmareport.org/management/india
[78]
Wu AC, Kiley JP, Noel PJ, et al. Current status and future opportunities in lung precision medicine research with a focus on biomarkers. an american thoracic society/national heart, lung, and blood institute research statement. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2018; 198(12): e116-36.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201810-1895ST] [PMID: 30640517]
[79]
Khurana S, Jarjour NN. Systematic approach to asthma of varying severity. Clin Chest Med 2019; 40(1): 59-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccm.2018.10.004] [PMID: 30691717]
[80]
Nehra D, Bhalla K, Nanda S, Verma R, Gupta A, Mehra S. Prevalence of bronchial asthma and its associated risk factors in school-going adolescents in Tier-III North Indian City. J Family Med Prim Care 2018; 7(6): 1452-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_117_18] [PMID: 30613541]
[81]
India: Health of the Nation’s States Web sites. Available from: https://www.healthdata.org/sites/default/files/files/policy_report/2017/India_Health_of_the_Nation%27s_States_Report_2017
[82]
Centre of diseases control and prevention 2021. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/asthma/most_recent_national_asthma_data.htm
[83]
Asthma cases among Chandigarh children double in 10 years Web sites Available from: https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/asthma-cases-among-chandigarh-children-double-in-10-years-5353606/
[84]
Jindal SK, Aggarwal AN, Gupta D, et al. Indian study on epidemiology of asthma, respiratory symptoms and chronic bronchitis in adults (INSEARCH). Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2012; 16(9): 1270-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.12.0005] [PMID: 22871327]
[85]
Gupta D, Aggarwal AN, Kumar R, Jindal SK. Prevalence of bronchial asthma and association with environmental tobacco smoke exposure in adolescent school children in Chandigarh, north India. J Asthma 2001; 38(6): 501-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/JAS-100105871] [PMID: 11642417]
[86]
Iips I. National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4), 2015–16 International Institute for Population Sciences. Mumbai, India: IIPS 2017; pp. 791-846.
[87]
Katariya P, Diwakar GV. Assessment of bronchial asthma patients visited at district Hospital. Int J Med Res Prof 2017; 3(6): 436-9.
[88]
Rajasthan tops in chronic lung diseases among elderly: survey 2021. Available from: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/raj-tops-in-chronic-lung-diseases-among-elderly-survey/articleshow/80160004.cms
[89]
Kaushal R, Bhardwaj P, Goel AD, Shekhar S, Kumar P, Goyal JP. Prevalence of asthma and sleep-related breathing disorder in school-going children. Indian J Community Med 2020; 45(4): 539-42.
[PMID: 33623218]
[90]
Dehli pollution. Hospital see a rise in respiratory cases 2018. Available from: https://www.firstpost.com/india/delhi-pollution-hospitals-see-a-rise-in-respiratory-cases-doctors-advise-joggers-asthma-patients-to-stay-indoors-5483791.html
[91]
Kumar M, Gupta RK, Spalgais S, Kumar R. Sensitivity to common aeroallergens in asthma patients in delhi-national capital region. Indian J Allergy Asthma Immunol 2020; 34(2): 68-73.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0972-6691.140770]
[92]
Salvi , Santosh SK, Puri A, et al. Association between air pollution, body mass index, respiratory symptoms, and asthma among adolescent school children living in Delhi, India. Lung India 2021; 38(5): 408-15.
[93]
Sharma P, Singh R, Kumar R. Prevalence and prevention method of asthma cases in Amroha District, Uttar Pradesh, India. Int J Sci Res 2020; 9(7): 1-5.
[94]
Sharma CM, Bhatia SS, Sharma D, Agrawal RP, Meghwani MK, Kumar B. Prevalence of asthma in school children of rural areas of Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh. J Evol Med Dent Sci 2013; 2: 5298-301.
[95]
Number of acute respiratory infection cases in Himachal Pradesh India. Available from: https://www.statista.com/statistics/866365/india-number-of-acute-respiratory-infection-cases-across-himachal-pradesh/
[96]
Number of acute respiratory infection cases across Haryana in India from 2010 to 2020. 2020. Available from: https://www.statista.com/statistics/866362/india-number-of-acute-respiratory-infection-cases-across-haryana/
[97]
Krishnan A, Amarchand R, Gupta V, et al. Epidemiology of acute respiratory infections in children - preliminary results of a cohort in a rural north Indian community. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15(1): 462.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12879-015-1188-1] [PMID: 26502931]
[98]
Hasan MM, Saha KK, Yunus RM, Alam K. Prevalence of acute respiratory infections among children in India: Regional inequalities and risk factors. Matern Child Health J 2022; 26(7): 1594-602.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10995-022-03424-3] [PMID: 35435580]
[99]
Reddaiah VP, Kapoor SK. Epidemiology of pneumonia in rural underfives. Indian J Pediatr 1990; 57(5): 701-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02728717] [PMID: 2094671]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy