Abstract
Background: Heart failure is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. With improved longevity, the incidence and prevalence of heart failure continue to rise with an estimated prevalence of around 26 million worldwide. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) constitutes around 50% of the total heart failure cases and is the most common cause of heart failure in the elderly population. The cost of heart failure care continues to rise with care for heart failure hospitalization taking the major bulk. The cost was around 30 billion in the US in 2012 and is projected to reach 70 billion by 2030.
Objective: This study aims to provide updated pharmacotherapy of heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF).
Methods: We performed a comprehensive literature review to examine the available pharmacotherapeutics in the management of heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction using online databases (PubMed and Embase).
Results: We reviewed multiple studies examining pharmacotherapeutics in the management of HFpEF and reducing heart failure hospitalizations in this cohort. Until recently, our management mainly focused on aggressively managing diabetes, hypertension, atrial fibrillation, and coronary artery disease anticipating improving the outcome. Beta-blockers, Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, sildenafil, digoxin, vericiguat, praliciguat, and Ivabradine did not improve heart failure hospitalization in this cohort.
Conclusion: EMPEROR-PRESERVED (Empagliflozin) and PRESERVED-HF (Dapagliflozin) results in the management of HFpEF look promising irrespective of diabetes status. Sacubitrilvalsartan and Empagliflozon are the only medications approved for its management as per the PARAGON-HF and EMPEROR-PRESERVED studies, respectively.
Keywords: Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), diastolic heart failure, diuretics, angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI), SGLT-2 inhibitors, pharmacotherapy.
Graphical Abstract
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