Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Drug Discovery Technologies

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1570-1638
ISSN (Online): 1875-6220

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Review Article

Plants from Genus Dracocephalum in Iran: Pharmacology and Phytochemistry Overview

Author(s): Hajar Hesami Moghaddam, Fatemeh Emadi*, Elham Esmaeil-jamaat, Mohammad Kamalinejad and Fatemeh Alijaniha

Volume 19, Issue 5, 2022

Published on: 30 June, 2022

Article ID: e280422204213 Pages: 26

DOI: 10.2174/1570163819666220428123059

Price: $65

Abstract

Background: Genus Dracocephalum belongs to the Lamiaceae family, representing 11 species in Iran, containing D. ghahremanii Jamzad, D. lindbergii Rech. F, D. oligadenium Bornm. & Gauba, D. kotschyi Boiss., D.multicaule, D.Aucheri, D.Subcapitatum, D.Thymifolium, D.Moldavica, D. polychaetum Borm, and D. surmandinum Rech.f. The current study aimed to investigate the morphological and phytochemical properties of Dracocephalum species in Iran and their pharmacological effects.

Methods: The search was restricted to scientific articles from PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, SpringerLink, and Scopus. The search was limited to scientific journals, books, and book chapters focusing on the medicinal properties of Dracocephalum in Iran for the era from 1993 to 2020.

Results: Findings show that Dracocephalum species were utilized to treat various disorders in traditional medicine. Phytochemical studies show that the main constituents isolated from the plant consist of lignans, phytosterol, flavonoids, phenols, alkaloids, Sesquiterpenes, and oxygenated and hydro carbonated monoterpenes. These main components are responsible for antihyperlipidemic, antimicrobial, anticancer, antispasmodic, antioxidant, and cardiovascular effects of the plant.

Conclusion: This plant has a good potential for drug discovery and curing different diseases. Therefore, more research will be done on the Iranian species of Dracocephalum based on clinical and animal studies to develop an effective drug formulation.

Keywords: Dracocephalum, Lamiaceae family, Iranian Dracocephalum species, traditional medicine, drug discovery, pharmacology, phytochemistry.

Graphical Abstract

[1]
Keikhaie KR, Jahantigh HR, Bagheri R, Kehkhaie AR. The effects of the ethanol extract of Dracocephalum moldavica (Badrashbu) against strains of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia. International Journal of Infection 2018; 5(1): e65295.
[2]
Dastmalchi K, Damien Dorman HJ, Laakso I, Hiltunen R. Chemical composition and antioxidative activity of Moldavian balm (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) extracts. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2007; 40(9): 1655-63.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2006.11.013]
[3]
Heydari P, Yavari M, Adibi P, et al. Medicinal Properties and Active Constituents of Dracocephalum kotschyi and Its Significance in Iran: A Systematic Review. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2019; 2019: 9465309.
[PMID: 31198431]
[4]
Asadi-Samani M, Rafieian-Kopaei M, Azimi N. Gundelia: a systematic review of medicinal and molecular perspective. Pak J Biol Sci 2013; 16(21): 1238-47.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2013.1238.1247] [PMID: 24511731]
[5]
Naderifar M, Sonboli A, Gholipour A. Pollen morphology of Iranian Dracocephalum L. (Lamiaceae) and its taxonomic significance. Bangladesh J Plant Taxon 2015; 22(2): 99-110.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v22i2.26071]
[6]
Rezazadeh R, Firoznia A. halimi m. A comparative study of chemical compounds and antibacterial activity of medicinal plants of Dracocephalum Lindbergii Rech.f and Dracocephalum subcapitatum (kuntze) Lipsky growing in North Khorasan province, Iran. J Kerman Univ Med Sci 2019; 26(2): 126-35.
[7]
Ashrafi B, Ramak P, Ezatpour B, Talei GR. Investigation on chemical composition, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic properties of essential oil from Dracocephalum Kotschyi boiss. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med 2017; 14(3): 209-17.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.21010/ajtcam.v14i3.23] [PMID: 28480433]
[8]
Salehi M, Hesamzadeh M, Tabaei R. Genetic Differentiation of two Dracocephalum (Lamiaceae) species and populations in Iran by Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis. 2015.
[9]
Jamzad Z. Flora of Iran. Lamiaceae 2012; 76.
[10]
Available from: https://www.plantarium.ru/lang/en/page/image/id/559038.html
[11]
Available from: http://www.biopix.com/dracocephalum-dracocephalum-thymiflorum_photo-30890.aspx
[12]
Available from: https://www.kerneliv.dk/en/other/806-dracocephalum-moldavica-dragonhead.html
[13]
Sonboli A. Molecular characterization of Iranian Dracocephalum (Lamiaceae) species based on RAPD data. Acta Biol Szeged 2011; 55(2): 227-30.
[14]
Ahmadi L, Mirza M. Volatile Constituents of Dracocephalum aucheri Boiss. J Essent Oil Res 2001; 13(3): 202-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2001.9699664]
[15]
Mehrabani M, Roholahi S, Foruomadi A. Phytochemical studies of Dracocephalum polychaetum Bornm. Faslnamah-i Giyahan-i Daruyi 2005; 4(16): 36-42.
[16]
Pouraboli I, Nazari S, Sabet N, Sharififar F, Jafari M. Antidiabetic, antioxidant, and antilipid peroxidative activities of Dracocephalum polychaetum shoot extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: In vivo and in vitro studies. Pharm Biol 2016; 54(2): 272-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/13880209.2015.1033561] [PMID: 25901731]
[17]
Sonboli A, Gholipour A, Yousefzadi M. Antibacterial activity of the essential oil and main components of two Dracocephalum species from Iran. Nat Prod Res 2012; 26(22): 2121-5.
[PMID: 22007732]
[18]
Nezhadali A, Khazaeifar A, Akbarpour M, Masrournia M. Chemical composition of essential oil and antibacterial activity of Dracocephalum subcapitatum. J Essent Oil-Bear Plants 2010; 13(1): 112-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2010.10643798]
[19]
Saeidnia S, Gohari A, Ito M, Honda G, Hadjiakhoondi A. Phylogenetic analysis of Badrashbu species using DNA polymorphism. Faslnamah-i Giyahan-i Daruyi 2005; 3(15): 66-72.
[20]
Sonboli A, Esmaeili MA, Gholipour A, Kanani MR. Composition, cytotoxicity and antioxidant activity of the essential oil of Dracocephalum surmandinum from Iran. Nat Prod Commun 2010; 5(2): 341-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578X1000500234] [PMID: 20334155]
[21]
Sheidai M. Population genetic structure and genetic diversity in Dracocephalum thymiflorum L. (Lamiaceae) populations in Iran. Mol Plant Breed 2015.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5376/mpb.2015.06.0019]
[22]
Sheidai M, Koohdar F. Statistical evaluations of morphological and anatomical characteristics of Dracocephalum thymiflorum (Lamiaceae) populations in Iran. Acta Bot Hung 2018; 60(3-4): 437-44.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/034.60.2018.3-4.13]
[23]
Esmaeili MA, Sonboli A, Mirjalili MH. Oxidative stress protective effect of Dracocephalum multicaule essential oil against human cancer cell line. Nat Prod Res 2014; 28(11): 848-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2014.881364] [PMID: 24484273]
[24]
Mandegary A, Soodi M, Sharififar F, Ahmadi S. Anticholinesterase, antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects of Tripleurospermum disciforme and Dracocephalum multicaule. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2014; 5(3): 162-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0975-9476.140474] [PMID: 25336847]
[25]
Mojab F, Rustaiyan A, Khalighi Sigaroodi F. Essential oil of Dracocephalum multicarle Montbr. & Auch (Labiatae). Faslnamah-i Giyahan-i Daruyi 2002; 4(4): 68-71.
[26]
Sonboli A, Esmaeili M, Gholipour A. Antioxidant and anticancer activity and composition of the essential oil of Dracocephalum multicaule from Iran. Planta Med 2010; 76.
[27]
Moradi H, Ghavam M, Tavili A. Study of antioxidant activity and some herbal compounds of Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss. in different ages of growth. Biotechnol Rep (Amst) 2019; 25: e00408.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.btre.2019.e00408] [PMID: 32140440]
[28]
Koohdar F, Attar F, Talebi SM, Sheidai M. Contemporary interspecific hybridization between Dracocephalum kotschyi and Dracocephalum oligadenium (Lamiaceae): Evidence from morphological, anatomical and molecular data. Acta Biol Szeged 2019; 62(2): 123-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/abs.2018.2.123-129]
[29]
Breckle S. The subnival-nival vascular plant species of Iran: a unique high-mountain flora and its threat from climate warming. Biodivers Conserv 2011; 20(6): 1319-38.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-011-0029-9]
[30]
Noroozi J, Akhani H, Breckle S-WJB. Conservation. Biodiversity and phytogeography of the alpine flora of Iran. 2008; 17(3): 493-521.
[31]
Zeng Q, Jin H-Z, Qin J-J, et al. Chemical constituents of plants from the genus Dracocephalum. Chem Biodivers 2010; 7(8): 1911-29.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.200900188] [PMID: 20730957]
[32]
Saeidnia S, Gohari AR, Uchiyama N, Ito M, Honda G, Kiuchi F. Two new monoterpene glycosides and trypanocidal terpenoids from Dracocephalum kotschyi. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2004; 52(10): 1249-50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/cpb.52.1249] [PMID: 15467247]
[33]
Golshani S, Karamkhani F, Monsef-Esfehani HR, Abdollahi M. Antinociceptive effects of the essential oil of Dracocephalum kotschyi in the mouse writhing test. J Pharm Pharm Sci 2004; 7(1): 76-9.
[PMID: 15144738]
[34]
Morteza-Semnani K, Saeedi M. Essential Oil Composition of Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss. J Essent Oil-Bear Plants 2005; 8(2): 192-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2005.10643443]
[35]
Jalaei Z, Fattahi M, Aramideh S. Allelopathic and insecticidal activities of essential oil of Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss. from Iran: A new chemotype with highest limonene-10-al and limonene. Ind Crops Prod 2015; 73: 109-17.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.04.020]
[36]
Gohari G, Mohammadi A, Akbari A, et al. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) promote growth and ameliorate salinity stress effects on essential oil profile and biochemical attributes of Dracocephalum moldavica. Sci Rep 2020; 10(1): 912.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-57794-1] [PMID: 31969653]
[37]
Sonboli A, Mirzania F, Gholipour A. Essential oil composition of Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss. from Iran. Nat Prod Res 2019; 33(14): 2095-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2018.1482550] [PMID: 29873264]
[38]
Bailly C. Targets and pathways involved in the antitumor activity of citral and its stereo-isomers. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 871: 172945.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.172945] [PMID: 31981590]
[39]
Dastmalchi K, Dorman HD, Koşar M, Hiltunen R. Chemical composition and in vitro antioxidant evaluation of a water-soluble Moldavian balm (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) extract. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2007; 40(2): 239-48.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2005.09.019]
[40]
Najafi M, Ghasemian E, Fathiazad F, Garjani A. Effects of total extract of Dracocephalum moldavica on ischemia/reperfusion induced arrhythmias and infarct size in the isolated rat heart. Iran J Basic Med Sci 2009; 11(4): 229-35.
[41]
Moghaddam G, Ebrahimi SA, Rahbar-Roshandel N, Foroumadi A. Antiproliferative activity of flavonoids: influence of the sequential methoxylation state of the flavonoid structure. Phytother Res 2012; 26(7): 1023-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.3678] [PMID: 22184071]
[42]
Jahaniani F, Ebrahimi SA, Rahbar-Roshandel N, Mahmoudian M. Xanthomicrol is the main cytotoxic component of Dracocephalum kotschyii and a potential anti-cancer agent. Phytochemistry 2005; 66(13): 1581-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.04.035] [PMID: 15949825]
[43]
Dos Santos Negreiros P, da Costa DS, da Silva VG, et al. Antidiarrheal activity of α-terpineol in mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 110: 631-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.11.131] [PMID: 30540974]
[44]
Yin C, Liu B, Wang P, et al. Eucalyptol alleviates inflammation and pain responses in a mouse model of gout arthritis. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177(9): 2042-57.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.14967] [PMID: 31883118]
[45]
Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, et al. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment dihydro-β-terpinyl acetate, CAS Registry Number 26252-11-9. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 115(Suppl. 1): S206-13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2018.01.037] [PMID: 29408617]
[46]
de Groot A. Limonene hydroperoxides. Dermatitis 2019; 30(6): 331-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/DER.0000000000000465] [PMID: 31433385]
[47]
Liu Q, Liang T, Li K, Ke Y, Jin Y, Liang X. Preparation of a stationary phase with quaternary ammonium embedded group for selective separation of alkaloids based on ion-exclusion interaction. J Sep Sci 2012; 35(20): 2685-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jssc.201200341] [PMID: 23008235]
[48]
Khaleel C, Tabanca N, Buchbauer G. α-Terpineol, a natural monoterpene: A review of its biological properties. Open Chem 2018; 16(1): 349-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/chem-2018-0040]
[49]
Rodríguez P, Sierra W, Rodríguez S, Menéndez P. Biotransformation of 1,8-cineole, the main product of Eucalyptus oils. Electron J Biotechnol 2006; 9(3): 9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2225/vol9-issue3-fulltext-28]
[50]
Duisken M, Benz D, Peiffer TH, Blömeke B, Hollender J. Metabolism of Delta(3)-carene by human cytochrome p450 enzymes: identification and characterization of two new metabolites. Curr Drug Metab 2005; 6(6): 593-601.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138920005774832614] [PMID: 16379671]
[51]
Pavan B, Dalpiaz A, Marani L, et al. Geraniol pharmacokinetics, bioavailability and its multiple effects on the liver antioxidant and xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9: 18.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00018] [PMID: 29422862]
[52]
Larsdotter-Mellström H, Eriksson K, Liblikas II, et al. It’s all in the mix: Blend-specific behavioral response to a sexual pheromone in a butterfly. Front Physiol 2016; 7: 68.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2016.00068] [PMID: 26973536]
[53]
Vespermann KAC, Paulino BN, Barcelos MCS, Pessôa MG, Pastore GM, Molina G. Biotransformation of α- and β-pinene into flavor compounds. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101(5): 1805-17.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-016-8066-7] [PMID: 28105487]
[54]
2021. Available from: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1_1-Dimethoxydecane
[55]
De Oliveira JAM, Bernardi DI, Balbinot RB, et al. New cadinene-sesquiterpene from Chromolaena laevigata (lam.) R. M. King & H. Rob (Asteraceae) aerial parts and biological activities. Nat Prod Res 2021; 35(21): 3880-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2020.1747456] [PMID: 32323569]
[56]
Zhai B, Zhang N, Han X, et al. Molecular targets of β-elemene, a herbal extract used in traditional Chinese medicine, and its potential role in cancer therapy: A review. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 114: 108812.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108812] [PMID: 30965237]
[57]
Setzer WN. Germacrene D cyclization: an Ab initio investigation. Int J Mol Sci 2008; 9(1): 89-97.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms9010089] [PMID: 19325722]
[58]
Alemdar S, König JC, Hartwig S, Frister T, Scheper T, Beutel S. Bioproduction of α-humulene in metabolically engineered Escherichia coli and application in zerumbone synthesis. Eng Life Sci 2017; 17(8): 900-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elsc.201700043] [PMID: 32624838]
[59]
Basting RT, Abreu PMB, Sousa IMO, de Carvalho JE, Carvalho PRN, Foglio MA. Bixa orellana L. by-products’ fractions from an industrial process: antiproliferative activity on tumor cells and chemical profile. Nat Prod Res 2021; 35(24): 6106-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2020.1826482] [PMID: 33016138]
[60]
Scandiffio R, Geddo F, Cottone E, et al. Protective effects of (E)-β-caryophyllene (BCP) in chronic inflammation. Nutrients 2020; 12(11): E3273.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12113273] [PMID: 33114564]
[61]
Zamani SS, Hossieni M, Etebari M, Salehian P, Ebrahimi SA. Pharmacokinetics of calycopterin and xanthmicrol, two polymethoxylated hydroxyflavones with anti-angiogenic activities from Dracocephalum kotschyi Bioss. Daru 2016; 24(1): 22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40199-016-0161-x] [PMID: 27716340]
[62]
Imran M, Rauf A, Abu-Izneid T, et al. Luteolin, a flavonoid, as an anticancer agent: A review. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 112: 108612.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108612] [PMID: 30798142]
[63]
Ebrahim Sajjadi S, Movahedian Atar AM, Yektaian A. Antihyperlipidemic effect of hydroalcoholic extract, and polyphenolic fraction from Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss. Pharm Acta Helv 1998; 73(3): 167-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0031-6865(98)00016-8] [PMID: 9713260]
[64]
Aslian S, Yazdanparast R, Aslian S, Yazdanparast R. Hypolipidemic activity of Dracocephalum kotschyi involves FOXO1 mediated modulation of PPARγ expression in adipocytes. Lipids Health Dis 2018; 17(1): 245.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12944-018-0893-3] [PMID: 30376839]
[65]
Panahi Y, Saadat A, Seifi M, Rajaee M, Butler AE, Sahebkar A. Effects of spinal-Z in patients with gastroesophageal cancer. J Pharmacopuncture 2018; 21(1): 26-34.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3831/KPI.2018.21.004] [PMID: 30151302]
[66]
Esmaeili MA, Farimani MM, Kiaei M. Anticancer effect of calycopterin via PI3K/Akt and MAPK signaling pathways, ROS-mediated pathway and mitochondrial dysfunction in hepatoblastoma cancer (HepG2) cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 397(1-2): 17-31.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11010-014-2166-4] [PMID: 25060910]
[67]
Talari M, Seydi E, Salimi A, Mohsenifar Z, Kamalinejad M, Pourahmad J. Dracocephalum: novel anticancer plant acting on liver cancer cell mitochondria. BioMed Res Int 2014; 2014: 892170.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/892170] [PMID: 25136637]
[68]
Saeidnia S, Gohari AR, Ito M, Kiuchi F, Honda G. Bioactive constituents from Dracocephalum subcapitatum (O. Kuntze) Lipsky. Z Naturforsch C J Biosci 2005; 60(1-2): 22-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2005-1-204] [PMID: 15787238]
[69]
Faham N, Javidnia K, Bahmani M, Amirghofran Z. Calycopterin, an immunoinhibitory compound from the extract of Dracocephalum kotschyi. Phytother Res 2008; 22(9): 1154-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2382] [PMID: 18683896]
[70]
adb el baky H, El baroty G. Chemical and biological evaluation of the essential oil of Egyptian Moldavian balm. Intern J Essential Oil Therapeutics 2008; 2: 76-81.
[71]
Fattahi M, Nazeri V, Torras-Claveria L, et al. Identification and quantification of leaf surface flavonoids in wild-growing populations of Dracocephalum kotschyi by LC-DAD-ESI-MS. Food Chem 2013; 141(1): 139-46.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.03.019] [PMID: 23768339]
[72]
Sarvestani NN, Khodagholi F, Ansari N, Farimani MM. Involvement of p-CREB and phase II detoxifying enzyme system in neuroprotection mediated by the flavonoid calycopterin isolated from Dracocephalum kotschyi. Phytomedicine 2013; 20(10): 939-46.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2013.03.013] [PMID: 23639191]
[73]
Kamali M, Khosroyar S, Kamali H, Ahmadzadeh Sani T, Mohammadi A. Phytochemical screening and evaluation of antioxidant activities of Dracocephalum kotschyi and determination of its luteolin content. Avicenna J Phytomed 2016; 6(4): 425-33.
[PMID: 27516983]
[74]
Ehsani A, Alizadeh O, Hashemi M, Afshari A, Aminzare M. Phytochemical, antioxidant and antibacterial properties of Melissa officinalis and Dracocephalum moldavica essential oils. Vet Res Forum 2017; 8(3): 223-9.
[PMID: 29085610]
[75]
Sadraei H, Asghari G, Kasiri F. Comparison of antispasmodic effects of Dracocephalum kotschyi essential oil, limonene and α-terpineol. Res Pharm Sci 2015; 10(2): 109-16.
[PMID: 26487887]
[76]
Sadraei H, Asghari G, Alinejad M. Comparison of antispasmodic effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss. in rat uterus and ileum. Res Pharm Sci 2016; 11(4): 284-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1735-5362.189295] [PMID: 27651808]
[77]
Sadraei H, Asghari G, Shahverdi F. Antidiarrhoeal assessment of hydroalcoholic and hexane extracts of Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss. and apigenin in mice. Res Pharm Sci 2016; 11(3): 200-9.
[PMID: 27499789]
[78]
Sadraei H, Ghanadian SM, Asghari G, Gavahian A. Bronchodilator effect of apigenin and luteolin, two components of Dracocephalum kotschyi on isolated rabbit trachea. J Herbmed Pharmacol 2019; 8(4): 281-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/jhp.2019.41]
[79]
Sadraei H, Asghari G, Khanabadi M, Minaiyan M. Anti-inflammatory effect of apigenin and hydroalcoholic extract of Dracocephalum kotschyi on acetic acid-induced colitis in rats. Res Pharm Sci 2017; 12(4): 322-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1735-5362.212050] [PMID: 28855944]
[80]
Kalantar K, Gholijani N, Mousaei N, Yazdani M, Amirghofran Z. Investigation of dracocephalum kotschyi plant extract on the effective inflammatory transcription factors and mediators in activated macrophages. Antiinflamm Antiallergy Agents Med Chem 2018; 17(1): 39-49.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871523017666180608081656] [PMID: 29879892]
[81]
Hosseini-Sharifabad A, Sadraei H, Hashemnia M, Sajjadi SE, Mirdamadi Z. Effect of hydroalcoholic and aqueous extracts of Dracocephalum kotschyi on bleomycin induced pulmonary fibrosis. J Herbmed Pharmacol 2021; 10: 209-17.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/jhp.2021.23]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
14
1
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy