Generic placeholder image

Current Pharmaceutical Analysis

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1573-4129
ISSN (Online): 1875-676X

Mini-Review Article

Characteristics, Biological Activities, Synthesis, and Methods for the Determination of Brexpiprazole in Different Matrices

Author(s): Alankar Shrivastava*, Ashu Mittal, Rakhi Khabiya, GP Choudhary and Gajanan N. Darwhekar

Volume 18, Issue 8, 2022

Published on: 18 August, 2022

Page: [765 - 776] Pages: 12

DOI: 10.2174/1573412918666220406123600

Price: $65

Abstract

Background: Brexpiprazole (BRZ) is a "third-generation" antipsychotic dopaminergic (D2) and 5HT1A (serotonin) partial agonist, approved in July 2015 by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of the major depressive disorder (MDD) other than schizophrenia in adults. Antipsychotics are known to produce extrapyramidal effects as side effects. The recent development in this segment is of piperazine-based antipsychotic BRZ, which is more specific towards indented indications (depression) and has fewer side effects.

Objective: To critically review the different analytical methods available in the literature.

Methods: Eight spectrophotometry-based studies, nineteen chromatography-based studies, and two other method-based studies were found in the literature search. A brief discussion on pharmacokinetics and the mechanism of action is also included.

Conclusion: This review can be used for the development of more robust and suitable analytical methods for the determination of drugs in different matrices. A brief discussion concerning the approach towards the advancement of green analytical methods is likewise one of the points of this review.

Keywords: Brexpiprazole, analytical method, green analytical method, stability-indicating method, spectrophotometry, chromatography.

Graphical Abstract

[1]
Zuckerman, H.; Pan, Z.; Park, C.; Brietzke, E.; Musial, N.; Shariq, A.S.; Iacobucci, M.; Yim, S.J.; Lui, L.M.W.; Rong, C.; McIntyre, R.S. Recognition and treatment of cognitive dysfunction in major depressive disorder. Front. Psychiatry, 2018, 9, 655.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00655] [PMID: 30564155]
[2]
Otte, C.; Gold, S.M.; Penninx, B.W.; Pariante, C.M.; Etkin, A.; Fava, M.; Mohr, D.C.; Schatzberg, A.F. Major depressive disorder. Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers, 2016, 2(1), 16065.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2016.65] [PMID: 27629598]
[3]
Burcusa, S.L.; Iacono, W.G. Risk for recurrence in depression. Clin. Psychol. Rev., 2007, 27(8), 959-985.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2007.02.005] [PMID: 17448579]
[4]
Watanabe, Y.; Yamada, S.; Otsubo, T.; Kikuchi, T. Brexpiprazole for the treatment of schizophrenia in adults: An overview of its clinical efficacy and safety and a psychiatrist’s perspective. Drug Des. Devel. Ther., 2020, 14, 5559-5574.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S240859] [PMID: 33376301]
[5]
Saha, S.; Chant, D.; Welham, J.; McGrath, J. A systematic review of the prevalence of schizophrenia. PLoS Med., 2005, 2(5), e141.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0020141] [PMID: 15916472]
[6]
Bhugra, D. The global prevalence of schizophrenia. PLoS Med., 2005, 2(5), e151-e175.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0020151] [PMID: 15916460]
[7]
Laursen, T.M.; Nordentoft, M.; Mortensen, P.B. Excess early mortality in schizophrenia. Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol., 2014, 10(1), 425-448.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153657] [PMID: 24313570]
[8]
Diefenderfer, L.A.; Iuppa, C. Brexpiprazole: A review of a new treatment option for schizophrenia and major depressive disorder. Ment. Health Clin., 2018, 7(5), 207-212.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.9740/mhc.2017.09.207] [PMID: 29955525]
[9]
National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Summary for CID 11978813, Brexpiprazole. 2021. Available from: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Brexpiprazole (Accessed on August 8, 2021).
[10]
Product information. AusPAR AusPAR Rexulti BRZ Lundbeck Australia Pty Ltd PM-2016-009095-1-1 Final., 2018. Available from: https://www.tga.gov.au/sites/default/files/auspar-BRZ-180924-pi.pdf (Accessed on August 8, 2021).
[11]
Rodriguez, S.A.; Moss, M.J. Pediatric brexpiprazole toxicity. Clin. Toxicol. (Phila.), 2020, 58(12), 1354-1355.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15563650.2020.1743303] [PMID: 32223450]
[12]
Sasabe, H.; Koga, T.; Furukawa, M.; Matsunaga, M.; Sasahara, K.; Hashizume, K.; Oozone, Y.; Amunom, I.; Torii, M.; Umehara, K.; Kashiyama, E.; Takeuchi, K. In vitro evaluations for pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions of a novel serotonin-dopamine activity modulator, brexpiprazole. Xenobiotica, 2021, 51(5), 522-535.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00498254.2021.1897898] [PMID: 33663326]
[13]
Rama, V.; Vidavulur, S.; Tadikonda, P.V.; Rajana, N.; Mittapalli, S. Novel cocrystals of brexpiprazole with improved solubility. J. Cryst. Growth, 2020, 551, 125910.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2020.125910]
[14]
Citrome, L. The ABC’s of dopamine receptor partial agonists - aripiprazole, brexpiprazole and cariprazine: The 15-min challenge to sort these agents out. Int. J. Clin. Pract., 2015, 69(11), 1211-1220.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ijcp.12752] [PMID: 26477545]
[15]
Scarff, J.R. Brexpiprazole: A new treatment option for schizophrenia. Innov. Clin. Neurosci., 2016, 13(7-8), 26-29.
[PMID: 27672485]
[16]
Eaves, S.; Rey, J.A. Brexpiprazole (Rexulti): A new monotherapy for schizophrenia and adjunctive therapy for major depressive disorder. P&T, 2016, 41(7), 418-422.
[PMID: 27408517]
[17]
Frampton, J.E. Brexpiprazole: A review in schizophrenia. Drugs, 2019, 79(2), 189-200.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40265-019-1052-5] [PMID: 30671869]
[18]
Fornaro, M.; Fusco, A.; Anastasia, A.; Cattaneo, C.I.; De Berardis, D. Brexpiprazole for treatment-resistant major depressive disorder. Expert Opin. Pharmacother., 2019, 20(16), 1925-1933.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14656566.2019.1654457] [PMID: 31431092]
[19]
Maeda, K.; Lerdrup, L.; Sugino, H.; Akazawa, H.; Amada, N.; McQuade, R.D.; Stensbøl, T.B.; Bundgaard, C.; Arnt, J.; Kikuchi, T.; Brexpiprazole, I.I. Antipsychotic-like and procognitive effects of a novel serotonin-dopamine activity modulator. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 2014, 350(3), 605-614.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/jpet.114.213819] [PMID: 24947464]
[20]
Administration USFaD. Available from: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm (Accessed on 2019 Aug 5).
[21]
Jacobson, M.; Childers, W. Abou‐Gharbia, M. Dopamine D2 Partial Agonists – Discovery, Evolution, and Therapeutic Potential. Successful Drug Discovery, 2019, 109, 4. [p.]
[22]
Bergquist, J.; Turner, C. Analytical chemistry for a sustainable society - trends and implications. Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 2018, 410(14), 3235-3237.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-018-1036-4] [PMID: 29663055]
[23]
Doltade, M.; Saudagar, R. The analytical method development and validation: A review. J. Drug Deliv. Ther., 2019, 9, 563-570.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v9i3.2774]
[24]
Kaur, G.; Singh, H.; Singh, J. UV-vis spectrophotometry for environmental and industrial analysis. In: Green Sustainable Process for Chemical and Environmental Engineering and Science; Inamuddin, R.B.; Asiri, A.M., Eds.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, 2021; pp. 49-68.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821883-9.00004-7]
[25]
Kafle, B.P. Spectrophotometry and its application in chemical analysis. In: Chemical Analysis and Material Characterization by Spectrophotometry; Elsevier: Amsterdam, 2020; pp. 1-16.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814866-2.00001-4]
[26]
Siddiqui, M.R.; AlOthman, Z.A.; Rahman, N. Analytical techniques in pharmaceutical analysis: A review. Arab. J. Chem., 2017, 10(S1), S1409-S1421.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.04.016]
[27]
Lesani, A.; Kazemnejad, S.; Moghimi Zand, M.; Azadi, M.; Jafari, H.; Mofrad, M.R.K.; Nosrati, R. Quantification of human sperm concentration using machine learning-based spectrophotometry. Comput. Biol. Med., 2020, 127, 104061.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2020.104061] [PMID: 33126127]
[28]
Thakkar, A.M.; Chhalotiya, U.K.; Parekh, N.; Desai, J.V.; Dalwadi, H.B.; Shah, D.A. Quantification of brexipirazole in bulk and its pharmaceutical dosage form by UV - visible Spectroscopic and SIAM RP-LC Method. Austin Chromatogr, 2018, 5(1), 1050.
[29]
Mondal, S.; Kumar, V.G.; Mondal, P. New spectrophotometric techniques for the estimation of brexipirazole in tablet dosage form. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res., 2019, 10(5), 2451-2455.
[30]
Patel, P.; Mashru, R. Novel UV spectrophotometric & chemometrics assisted spectrophotometric methods for simultaneous estimation of brexipirazole and Sertraline: A statistical analysis. Pharma. Innov. J., 2020, 9(8), 29-42.
[31]
Kaplitz, A.S.; Kresge, G.A.; Selover, B.; Horvat, L.; Franklin, E.G.; Godinho, J.M.; Grinias, K.M.; Foster, S.W.; Davis, J.J.; Grinias, J.P. High-throughput and ultrafast liquid chromatography. Anal. Chem., 2020, 92(1), 67-84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04713] [PMID: 31639301]
[32]
Wahab, M.F.; Roy, D.; Armstrong, D.W. The theory and practice of ultrafast liquid chromatography: A tutorial. Anal. Chim. Acta, 2021, 1151, 238170.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2020.12.045] [PMID: 33608081]
[33]
Sowjanya, B.; Rambabu, K. Development and validation for the simultaneous estimation of brexipirazole and fluoxetine in drug substance by RP-HPLC. Euro. J. Biomed. Pharma. Sci., 2018, 5(2), 411-417.
[34]
Sravani, A.; Durga, C.N.; Divya, U.; Suneetha, C.; Suresh, P.; Tirumaleswara Rao, B.; Sudheer, C. Method development and validation for the estimation of brexipirazole in drug substance by RP-HPLC method. Indo American J Pharma Res, 2017, 7(5), 8560-8565.
[35]
Enders, J.R.; Reddy, S.G.; Strickland, E.C.; McIntire, G.L. Identification of metabolites of brexipirazole in human urine for use in monitoring patient compliance. Clin. Mass. Spectrom., 2017, 6, 21-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinms.2017.11.001]
[36]
Gosar, A.; Phadke, R. Gradient high performance liquid chromatography method for determination of related substances in brexpiprazole API. Int. J. Dev. Res., 2018, 8(7), 21416-21424.
[37]
Salama, F.M.; Attia, K.A.; Said, R.A.; El-olemy, A.; Abdel-raoof, A.M. RP- HPLC method for determination of brexpiprazole in the presence of its oxidative-induced degradation product. Asian J. Pharma & Health Sci., 2018, 8(2), 1886-1893.
[38]
Zou, Q.; Yan, R.; Liu, W.; Wei, P. A validated quantification method for brexpiprazole in dog plasma. J. Chromatogr. Sci., 2018, 56(8), 702-708.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/bmy045] [PMID: 29800104]
[39]
Bhatt, N.P.; Patel, A.B.; Sanaka, M.R.; Vyas, A.J.; Patel, N.K.; Patel, A. Development and validation of stability indicating assay method and characterization of degradation product for brexpiprazole bulk by RP-HPLC. J. Chem. Pharm. Res., 2018, 10(1), 55-66.
[40]
Tyagi, R.; Singh, H.; Singh, J.; Arora, H.; Yelmeli, V.; Jain, M.; Girigani, S.; Kumar, P. Identification, synthesis, and control of process-related impurities in antipsychotic drug substance brexpiprazole. Org. Process Res. Dev., 2018, 22(11), 1471-1480.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.oprd.8b00074]
[41]
Ishigooka, J.; Iwashita, S.; Higashi, K.; Liew, E.L.; Tadori, Y. Pharmacokinetics and safety of brexpiprazole following multiple-dose administration to Japanese patients with schizophrenia. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 2018, 58(1), 74-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcph.979] [PMID: 28750151]
[42]
Bommuluri, V.; Vajjha, S.; Rumalla, C.S.; Doddipalla, R.; Kaliyaperumal, M.; Korupolu, R.B.; Choppela, V. Degradation behaviour of brexpiprazole: Isolation, characterization and structural elucidation of new degradants. J. Appl. Chem., 2019, 8(5), 2151-2158.
[43]
Kumar, B.K.; Sekaran, V.G.; Chandra Shekar, K.B. Characterisation of specificity products and in silico toxicity prediction of (7-{4-[4-(1-benzothiophen-4-yl] butoxy} quinolin-2(1h)-one) dosage form: A novel serotonin dopamine activity modulator. Inter. Jour. Res., 2019, 8(4), 2870-2892.
[44]
Kumar, V.G.; Mondal, S. A new stability indicating RP-HPLC method for estimation of Brexpiprazole. J. Drug Deliv. Ther., 2019, 9(2-s), 214-222.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v9i2-s.2652]
[45]
Thakkar, A.M.; Chhalotiya, U.K.; Parekh, N.; Desai, J.V.; Shah, D.A. Stability indicating TLC method for quantification of brexpiprazole in bulk and its pharmaceutical dosage form and determination of content uniformity. J. Chromatogr. Sci., 2019, 57(7), 644-652.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/bmz039] [PMID: 31095672]
[46]
Pulusu, V.S.; Routhu, K.C.; Soma Chikkaswamy, S.B. Quantitative determination of Brexpiprazole by RP-HPLC method. Pharm. Anal. Acta, 2019, 10(2), 610-615.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.35248/2153-2435.19.10.610]
[47]
Wu, M.; Wang, B.; Xue, H.; Kang, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Qiu, X. Development and validation of UPLC-MS/MS Method for determination of Brexpiprazole in rat plasma. Lat. Am. J. Pharm., 2020, 39(8), 1605-1610.
[48]
Nadella, P.N.; Nadh Ratnakaram, V.; Navuluri, S. QbD-Based UPLC method for quantification of brexpiprazole in presence of impurities and application to in vitro dissolution. J. Chromatogr. Sci., 2021, 59(3), 223-240.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/bmaa099] [PMID: 33333554]
[49]
Jagdale, A.S.; Pendbhaje, N.S.; Nirmal, R.V.; Bachhav, P.M.; Sumbre, D.B. Development and validation of RP-HPLC method for estimation of Brexpiprazole in its bulk and tablet dosage form using quality by design approach. Futur J. Pharm. Sci., 2021, 7(1), 142.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s43094-021-00293-5]
[50]
Sasabe, H.; Koga, T.; Furukawa, M.; Matsunaga, M.; Kaneko, Y.; Koyama, N.; Hirao, Y.; Akazawa, H.; Kawabata, M.; Kashiyama, E.; Takeuchi, K. Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of brexpiprazole, a novel serotonin-dopamine activity modulator and its main metabolite in rat, monkey and human. Xenobiotica, 2021, 51(5), 590-604.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00498254.2021.1890275] [PMID: 33685346]
[51]
Abdel-Raoof, A.M.; El-Shal, M.A.; Said, R.A.M.; Abostate, M.H.; Morshedy, S.; Emara, M.S. Versatile sensor modified with gold nanoparticles carbon paste electrode for anodic stripping determination of brexpiprazole: A voltammetric study. J. Electrochem. Soc., 2019, 166(12), B948-B955.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2.0631912jes]
[52]
Salama, F.M.; Attia, K.A.M.; El-Shal, M.A.; Said, R.A.M.; El-Olemy, A.; Abdel-Raoof, A.M. Anodic stripping voltammetric methods for determination of Brexpiprazole and its elec-trochemical oxidation behavior in pure form and pharmaceutical preparations. J. New Mater. Electrochem. Syst., 2019, 22(2), 91-97.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.14447/jnmes.v22i2.a05]
[53]
Worsfold, P.J. Spectrophotometry, Overview. Worsfold, P.; Townshend, A.; Poole, C. In: Encyclopedia of Analytical Science (Second Edition);; Elsevier: Amsterdam, 2005; pp. 318-321.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B0-12-369397-7/00714-7]
[54]
Rojas, F.S.; Cano Pavón, J.M. Spectrophotometry. Biochemical Applications. Worsfold, P.; Townshend, A.; Poole, C. In: Encyclopedia of Analytical Science (Second Edition);; Elsevier, 2005; pp. 366-372.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B0-12-369397-7/00722-6]
[55]
Blessy, M.; Patel, R.D.; Prajapati, P.N.; Agrawal, Y.K. Development of forced degradation and stability indicating studies of drugs-A review. J. Pharm. Anal., 2014, 4(3), 159-165.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpha.2013.09.003] [PMID: 29403878]
[56]
Goparaju, G.; Kaushal, G. Significance of stability-indicating lc methods in pharmaceuticals. Austin Chromatogr., 2014, 1(1), 2.
[57]
Billiard, K.M.; Dershem, A.R.; Gionfriddo, E. Implementing Green Analytical Methodologies Using Solid-Phase Microextraction: A Review. Molecules, 2020, 25(22), 5297.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25225297] [PMID: 33202856]
[58]
Keith, L.H.; Gron, L.U.; Young, J.L. Green analytical methodologies. Chem. Rev., 2007, 107(6), 2695-2708.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr068359e] [PMID: 17521200]

© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy