Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

The Natural Products Journal

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 2210-3155
ISSN (Online): 2210-3163

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Review Article

Treatment of Primary Dysmenorrhea Affecting Menstruating Women Using Herbs: A Review

Author(s): Choo Shiuan Por*, Mogana Sundari Rajagopal, Gabriel Akyirem Akowuah, Sasikala Chinnappan and Nor Hayati Abdullah

Volume 12, Issue 7, 2022

Published on: 10 June, 2022

Article ID: e290322202770 Pages: 13

DOI: 10.2174/2210315512666220329151557

Price: $65

Abstract

Primary dysmenorrhea is a common condition that affects menstruating women, especially young women. Painful cramping in the lower abdominal area, nausea, vomiting, headache, and fatigue is associated with primary dysmenorrhea, which restricts women from normal living life. The productivity and work performance of women are heavily affected by the symptoms of primary dysmenorrhea. Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) and Low Dose Oral Contraceptive Pills (OCPs) are commonly prescribed for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. However, variability in individual response to the drugs and their side effects hinder their long-term use among women. Complementary medicine such as herbs is a promising alternative for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea, but it lacks scientific evidence. The pharmacological and clinical studies of 9 herbs were included in this review. Although excellent analgesic effects of herbs were reported by clinical studies, the detailed mechanism of action of most herbs remains unelucidated. Several studies discovered that herbs exert analgesic effects through direct uterine muscle relaxation effect, inhibition of Cyclooxygenase- 2 (COX-2), inhibition of intracellular calcium level, and reduction of prostaglandin synthesis. Further investigation of pharmacological action and the recommended dosages of the herbs for the optimal analgesic effect is needed.

Keywords: Clinical studies, pharmacological studies, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, oral contraceptive pills, herbal medicine, complementary and alternative medicine, primary dysmenorrhea.

Graphical Abstract

[1]
Dawood, M.Y. Primary dysmenorrhea: Advances in pathogenesis and management. Obstet. Gynecol., 2006, 108(2), 428-441.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.AOG.0000230214.26638.0c] [PMID: 16880317]
[2]
Yang, L.; Cao, Z.; Yu, B.; Chai, C. An in vivo mouse model of primary dysmenorrhea. Exp. Anim., 2015, 64(3), 295-303.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1538/expanim.14-0111] [PMID: 25912320]
[3]
Joelsson, I.; Ingelman-Sundberg, A.; Sandberg, F. The in vivo effect of oxytocin and vasopressin on the non pregnant human uterus. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Br. Commonw., 1966, 73(5), 832-836.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1966.tb06093.x] [PMID: 5919107]
[4]
Ākerlund, M.; Andersson, K.E. Vasopressin response and terbutaline inhibition of the uterus. Obstet. Gynecol., 1976, 48(5), 528-536.
[PMID: 980281]
[5]
Laudanski, T.; Kostrzewska, A.; Akerlund, M. Involvement of prostaglandins in the effect of cupric ions on the human uterus. Prostaglandins, 1986, 32(1), 33-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0090-6980(86)90140-1] [PMID: 3464042]
[6]
Fang, L.; Gu, C.; Liu, X.; Xie, J.; Hou, Z.; Tian, M.; Yin, J.; Li, A.; Li, Y. Metabolomics study on primary dysmenorrhea patients during the luteal regression stage based on ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry. Mol. Med. Rep., 2017, 15(3), 1043-1050.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.6116] [PMID: 28098892]
[7]
Xu, X.; Chen, X.; Li, Y.; Cao, H.; Shi, C.; Guan, S.; Zhang, S.; He, B.; Wang, J. Cyclooxygenase-2 regulated by the nuclear factor-κB path-way plays an important role in endometrial breakdown in a female mouse menstrual-like model. Endocrinology, 2013, 154(8), 2900-2911.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2012-1993] [PMID: 23720426]
[8]
Liu, T.; Zhang, L.; Joo, D.; Sun, S.C. NF-κB signaling in inflammation. Signal Transduct. Target. Ther., 2017, 2(1), 17023.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sigtrans.2017.23]
[9]
Ma, H.; Hong, M.; Duan, J.; Liu, P.; Fan, X.; Shang, E.; Su, S.; Guo, J.; Qian, D.; Tang, Y. Altered cytokine gene expression in peripheral blood monocytes across the menstrual cycle in primary dysmenorrhea: A case-control study. PLoS One, 2013, 8(2), e55200.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0055200] [PMID: 23390521]
[10]
Sharghi, M.; Mansurkhani, S.M.; Ashtary-Larky, D.; Kooti, W.; Niksefat, M.; Firoozbakht, M. An update and systematic review on the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. JBRA. Assist Reprod. Assist, 2019, 23(1), 51-57.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5935/1518-0557.20180083]
[11]
Osayande, A.S.; Mehulic, S. Diagnosis and initial management of dysmenorrhea. Am. Fam. Physician, 2014, 89(5), 341-346.
[PMID: 24695505]
[12]
Marjoribanks, J.; Ayeleke, R.O.; Farquhar, C.; Proctor, M. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for dysmenorrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 2015, (7), CD001751.
[PMID: 26224322]
[13]
Malmstrom, K.; Kotey, P.; Cichanowitz, N.; Daniels, S.; Desjardins, P.J. Analgesic efficacy of etoricoxib in primary dysmenorrhea: Re-sults of a randomized, controlled trial. Gynecol. Obstet. Invest., 2003, 56(2), 65-69.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000072735] [PMID: 12900528]
[14]
Ong, C.K.S.; Lirk, P.; Tan, C.H.; Seymour, R.A. An evidence-based update on nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Clin. Med. Res., 2007, 5(1), 19-34.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3121/cmr.2007.698] [PMID: 17456832]
[15]
De Vecchis, R.; Baldi, C.; Di Biase, G.; Ariano, C.; Cioppa, C.; Giasi, A.; Valente, L.; Cantatrione, S. Cardiovascular risk associated with celecoxib or etoricoxib: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials which adopted comparison with placebo or naproxen. Minerva Cardioangiol., 2014, 62(6), 437-448.
[PMID: 25029569]
[16]
Nissen, S.E.; Yeomans, N.D.; Solomon, D.H.; Lüscher, T.F.; Libby, P.; Husni, M.E.; Graham, D.Y.; Borer, J.S.; Wisniewski, L.M.; Wol-ski, K.E.; Wang, Q.; Menon, V.; Ruschitzka, F.; Gaffney, M.; Beckerman, B.; Berger, M.F.; Bao, W.; Lincoff, A.M. Cardiovascular safety of celecoxib, naproxen, or ibuprofen for arthritis. N. Engl. J. Med., 2016, 375(26), 2519-2529.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1611593] [PMID: 27959716]
[17]
Davis, A.R.; Westhoff, C.; O’Connell, K.; Gallagher, N. Oral contraceptives for dysmenorrhea in adolescent girls: A randomized trial. Obstet. Gynecol., 2005, 106(1), 97-104.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.AOG.0000165826.03915.65] [PMID: 15994623]
[18]
Harada, T.; Momoeda, M.; Terakawa, N.; Taketani, Y.; Hoshiai, H. Evaluation of a low-dose oral contraceptive pill for primary dysmenor-rhea: A placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized trial. Fertil. Steril., 2011, 95(6), 1928-1931.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.02.045] [PMID: 21420678]
[19]
Hendrix, S.L.; Alexander, N.J. Primary dysmenorrhea treatment with a desogestrel-containing low-dose oral contraceptive. Contraception, 2002, 66(6), 393-399.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0010-7824(02)00414-6] [PMID: 12499030]
[20]
Harada, T.; Momoeda, M.; Taketani, Y.; Hoshiai, H.; Terakawa, N. Low-dose oral contraceptive pill for dysmenorrhea associated with endometriosis: A placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized trial. Fertil. Steril., 2008, 90(5), 1583-1588.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.08.051] [PMID: 18164001]
[21]
Ansbacher, R. Low-dose oral contraceptives: Health consequences of discontinuation. Contraception, 2000, 62(6), 285-288.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0010-7824(00)00179-7] [PMID: 11239614]
[22]
Edelman, A.; Micks, E.; Gallo, M.F.; Jensen, J.T.; Grimes, D.A. Continuous or extended cycle vs. cyclic use of combined hormonal con-traceptives for contraception. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 2014, (7), CD004695.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004695.pub3] [PMID: 25072731]
[23]
ACOG Committee Opinion No. 760: Dysmenorrhea and Endometriosis in the Adolescent. Obstet. Gynecol., 2018, 132(6), e249-e258.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000002978] [PMID: 30461694]
[24]
Al-Jefout, M.; Nawaiseh, N. Continuous norethisterone acetate versus cyclical drospirenone 3 mg/Ethinyl estradiol 20 μg for the manage-ment of primary dysmenorrhea in young adult women. J. Pediatr. Adolesc. Gynecol., 2016, 29(2), 143-147.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2015.08.009] [PMID: 26342733]
[25]
de Melo, N.R. Estrogen-free oral hormonal contraception: Benefits of the progestin-only pill. Womens Health (Lond. Engl.), 2010, 6(5), 721-735.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/WHE.10.36] [PMID: 21080791]
[26]
MacGregor, A. Oral contraception: The pros and cons of COCs and POPs. Prescriber, 2011, 22(9), 14-32.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/psb.750]
[27]
Powers, B.J.; Brown, G.; Williams, R.W.; Speers, W. Leukocytoclastic vasculitis, not associated with Henoch-Schonlein purpura, causing recurrent massive painless gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Am. J. Gastroenterol., 1992, 87(9), 1191-1193.
[PMID: 1519579]
[28]
Srikanthan, A.; Reid, R.L. Religious and cultural influences on contraception. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Can., 2008, 30(2), 129-137.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1701-2163(16)32736-0] [PMID: 18254994]
[29]
Ahmad Khan, M.S.; Ahmad, I. Herbal medicine: Current trends and future prospects. Adv. Herb Prod. Nov Drug Leads, 2019, 3-13.
[30]
Rather, M.A.; Dar, B.A.; Sofi, S.N.; Bhat, B.A.; Qurishi, M.A. Foeniculum vulgare: A comprehensive review of its traditional use, phyto-chemistry, pharmacology, and safety. Arab. J. Chem., 2016, 9, S1574-S1583.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2012.04.011]
[31]
Mahboubi, M. Foeniculum vulgare as valuable plant in management of women’s health. J. Menopausal Med., 2019, 25(1), 1-14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.6118/jmm.2019.25.1.1] [PMID: 31080784]
[32]
Ostad, S.N.; Soodi, M.; Shariffzadeh, M.; Khorshidi, N.; Marzban, H. The effect of fennel essential oil on uterine contraction as a model for dysmenorrhea, pharmacology and toxicology study. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2001, 76(3), 299-304.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(01)00249-5] [PMID: 11448553]
[33]
Bokaie, M.; Farajkhoda, T.; Enjezab, B.; Khoshbin, A.; Karimi-Zarchi, M.; Zarchi Mojgan, K. Oral fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) drop ef-fect on primary dysmenorrhea: Effectiveness of herbal drug. Iran. J. Nurs. Midwifery Res., 2013, 18(2), 128-132.
[PMID: 23983742]
[34]
Namavar Jahromi, B.; Tartifizadeh, A.; Khabnadideh, S. Comparison of fennel and mefenamic acid for the treatment of primary dysmen-orrhea. Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet., 2003, 80(2), 153-157.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7292(02)00372-7] [PMID: 12566188]
[35]
Khorshidi, N.; Ostad, S.N.; Mosaddegh, M.S. Clinical effects of fennel essential oil on primary dysmenorrhea. Iran. J. Pharm. Res., 2003, (2), 89-93.
[36]
Ghodsi, Z.; Asltoghiri, M. The effect of fennel on pain quality, symptoms, and menstrual duration in primary dysmenorrhea. J. Pediatr. Adolesc. Gynecol., 2014, 27(5), 283-286.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2013.12.003] [PMID: 25085020]
[37]
Herro, E.; Jacob, S.E. Mentha piperita (peppermint). Dermatitis, 2010, 21(6), 327-329.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2310/6620.2011.10080] [PMID: 21144345]
[38]
McKay, D.L.; Blumberg, J.B. A review of the bioactivity and potential health benefits of peppermint tea (Mentha piperita L.). Phytother. Res., 2006, 20(8), 619-633.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1936] [PMID: 16767798]
[39]
Masoumi, S.Z.; Asl, H.R.; Poorolajal, J.; Panah, M.H.; Oliaei, S.R. Evaluation of mint efficacy regarding dysmenorrhea in comparison with mefenamic acid: A double blinded randomized crossover study. Iran. J. Nurs. Midwifery Res., 2016, 21(4), 363-367.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1735-9066.185574] [PMID: 27563318]
[40]
Heshmati, A.; Dolatian, M.; Mojab, F.; Shakeri, N.; Nikkhah, S.; Mahmoodi, Z. The effect of peppermint (Mentha piperita) capsules on the severity of primary dysmenorrhea. J. Herb. Med., 2016, 6(3), 137-141.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hermed.2016.05.001]
[41]
Agajani Delavar, M.; Ebrahimi, S.; Esmaeilzadeh, S.; Khamse, A. Effect of peppermint oil on premenstrual syndrome: A randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study. Iran. Red Crescent Med. J., 2019, 21(3), e84657.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5812/ircmj.84657]
[42]
Mbaveng, A.T.; Kuete, V. Cinnamon species. Med Spices Veg from Africa Ther Potential Against Metab Inflammatory, Infect Syst Dis, 2017, 385-395.
[43]
Sharif, M.K.; Ejaz, R.; Pasha, I. Nutritional and therapeutic potential of spices; Ther Probiotic, Unconv Foods, 2018, pp. 181-199.
[44]
Asghar, A. Elucidating the therapeutic potential of nutraceuticals; Nutraceuticals, 2016, pp. 231-270.
[45]
Alotaibi, M. The effect of cinnamon extract on isolated rat uterine strips. Reprod. Biol., 2016, 16(1), 27-33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.repbio.2015.12.001] [PMID: 26952750]
[46]
Sun, L.; Liu, L.N.; Li, J.C.; Lv, Y.Z.; Zong, S.B.; Zhou, J.; Wang, Z.Z.; Kou, J.P.; Xiao, W. The essential oil from the twigs of Cin-namomum cassia Presl inhibits oxytocin-induced uterine contraction in vitro and in vivo. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2017, 206, 107-114.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2017.05.023] [PMID: 28532683]
[47]
Iwaoka, Y.; Hashimoto, R.; Koizumi, H.; Yu, J.; Okabe, T. Selective stimulation by cinnamaldehyde of progesterone secretion in human adrenal cells. Life Sci., 2010, 86(23-24), 894-898.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2010.04.009] [PMID: 20423713]
[48]
Jahangirifar, M.; Taebi, M.; Dolatian, M. The effect of Cinnamon on primary dysmenorrhea: A randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Complement. Ther. Clin. Pract., 2018, 33, 56-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2018.08.001] [PMID: 30396627]
[49]
Jaafarpour, M.; Hatefi, M.; Najafi, F.; Khajavikhan, J.; Khani, A. The effect of cinnamon on menstrual bleeding and systemic symptoms with primary dysmenorrhea. Iran. Red Crescent Med. J., 2015, 17(4), e27032.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5812/ircmj.17(4)2015.27032] [PMID: 26023350]
[50]
Ezzat, S.M.; Ezzat, M.I.; Okba, M.M.; Menze, E.T.; Abdel-Naim, A.B. The hidden mechanism beyond ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) potent in vivo and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2018, 214, 113-123.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2017.12.019] [PMID: 29253614]
[51]
Nurtjahja-Tjendraputra, E.; Ammit, A.J.; Roufogalis, B.D.; Tran, V.H.; Duke, C.C. Effective anti-platelet and COX-1 enzyme inhibitors from pungent constituents of ginger. Thromb. Res., 2003, 111(4-5), 259-265.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.2003.09.009] [PMID: 14693173]
[52]
Thomson, M.; Al-Qattan, K.K.; Al-Sawan, S.M.; Alnaqeeb, M.A.; Khan, I.; Ali, M. The use of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) as a po-tential anti-inflammatory and antithrombotic agent. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids, 2002, 67(6), 475-478.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1054/plef.2002.0441] [PMID: 12468270]
[53]
Bhaskaran, N.; Shukla, S.; Srivastava, J.K.; Gupta, S. Chamomile: An anti-inflammatory agent inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase expression by blocking RelA/p65 activity. Int. J. Mol. Med., 2010, 26(6), 935-940.
[PMID: 21042790]
[54]
Srivastava, J.K.; Pandey, M.; Gupta, S. Chamomile, a novel and selective COX-2 inhibitor with anti-inflammatory activity. Life Sci., 2009, 85(19-20), 663-669.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2009.09.007] [PMID: 19788894]
[55]
Menghini, L.; Ferrante, C.; Leporini, L.; Recinella, L.; Chiavaroli, A.; Leone, S.; Pintore, G.; Vacca, M.; Orlando, G.; Brunetti, L. An hy-droalcoholic chamomile extract modulates inflammatory and immune response in HT29 cells and isolated rat colon. Phytother. Res., 2016, 30(9), 1513-1518.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5655] [PMID: 27237110]
[56]
Nasehi, M.; Sehhatie, F.; Zamanzadeh, V.; Delazar, A.; Javadzadeh, Y.; Chongheralu, B.M. Comparison of the effectiveness of combina-tion of fennel extract/vitamin E with ibuprofen on the pain intensity in students with primary dysmenorrhea. Iran. J. Nurs. Midwifery Res., 2013, 18(5), 355-359.
[PMID: 24403936]
[57]
Adib Rad, H.; Basirat, Z.; Bakouei, F.; Moghadamnia, A.A.; Khafri, S.; Farhadi Kotenaei, Z.; Nikpour, M.; Kazemi, S. Effect of ginger and novafen on menstrual pain: A cross-over trial. Taiwan. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 2018, 57(6), 806-809.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tjog.2018.10.006] [PMID: 30545531]
[58]
Ozgoli, G.; Goli, M.; Moattar, F. Comparison of effects of ginger, mefenamic acid, and ibuprofen on pain in women with primary dys-menorrhea. J. Altern. Complement. Med., 2009, 15(2), 129-132.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/acm.2008.0311] [PMID: 19216660]
[59]
Shirvani, M.A.; Motahari-Tabari, N.; Alipour, A. Use of ginger versus stretching exercises for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea: A randomized controlled trial. J. Integr. Med., 2017, 15(4), 295-301.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2095-4964(17)60348-0] [PMID: 28659234]
[60]
Rahnama, P.; Montazeri, A.; Huseini, H.F.; Kianbakht, S.; Naseri, M. Effect of Zingiber officinale R. rhizomes (ginger) on pain relief in primary dysmenorrhea: A placebo randomized trial. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 2012, 12(1), 92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-12-92] [PMID: 22781186]
[61]
Safdari-Dehcheshmehi, F.; Parvin, N. The effect of mefenamic acid and Melissa officinalis on primary dysmenorrhea: A randomized clini-cal trial study. Int J Pharmacogn Phytochem Res., 2016, 8(8), 1286-1292.
[62]
Mirghafourvand, M.; Malakouti, J.; Charandabi, S.M.A.; Khalili, A.F.; Homayi, S.G. The efficacy of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) alone and combined with lemon balm-Nepeta menthoides on premenstrual syndrome and quality of life among students: A randomized controlled trial. J. Herb. Med., 2016, 6(3), 142-148.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hermed.2016.07.001]
[63]
Mirabi, P.; Namdari, M.; Alamolhoda, S.; Mojab, F. The effect of Melissa officinalis extract on the severity of primary dysmenorrhea. Iran. J. Pharm. Res., 2017, 16(Suppl.), 171-177.
[PMID: 29844788]
[64]
Sharifi, F.; Simbar, M.; Mojab, F.; Majd, H.A. Comparison of the effects of Matricaria chamomila (Chamomile) extract and mefenamic acid on the intensity of premenstrual syndrome. Complement. Ther. Clin. Pract., 2014, 20(1), 81-88.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2013.09.002] [PMID: 24439651]
[65]
Dadfar, F. Effectiveness of chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) extracts on the reduction of dysmenorrhea and premenstrual syndrome symptoms. Pharm. Lett., 2015, 7(12), 454-458.
[66]
Radfar, S.; Shahoie, R.; Noori, B.; Jalilian, F.; Nasab, L.H. Comparative study on the effect of Matricaria chamomile and Achillea millefoli-um capsules on primary dysmenorrhea intensity of dormitory students of Kurdistan university of medical sciences, 2018. J. Pharm. Res. Int., 2018, 25(3), 1-7.
[67]
Behmanesh, E.; Delavar, M.A.; Kamalinejad, M.; Khafri, S.; Shirafkan, H.; Mozaffarpur, S.A. Effect of eryngo (Eryngium caucasicum Trautv) on primary dysmenorrhea: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Taiwan. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 2019, 58(2), 227-233.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tjog.2019.01.011] [PMID: 30910144]
[68]
Jenabi, E.; Fereidoony, B. Effect of Achillea millefolium on relief of primary dysmenorrhea: A double-blind randomized clinical trial. J. Pediatr. Adolesc. Gynecol., 2015, 28(5), 402-404.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2014.12.008] [PMID: 26238568]
[69]
Varzaneh, F.E.; Nahidi, F.; Mojab, F.; Pourhoseingholi, M.A.; Panahi, Z. The effect of hydro alcoholic extract of achilleamillefolium cap-sule on duration and severity of primary dysmenorrhea pain. Majallah-i Zanan, Mamai va Nazai-i Iran, 2017, 20(3), 48-56.
[70]
Xing, Z.; Xia, Z.; Peng, W.; Li, J.; Zhang, C.; Fu, C.; Tang, T.; Luo, J.; Zou, Y.; Fan, R.; Liu, W.; Xiong, X.; Huang, W.; Sheng, C.; Gan, P.; Wang, Y. Xuefu Zhuyu decoction, a traditional Chinese medicine, provides neuroprotection in a rat model of traumatic brain injury via an anti-inflammatory pathway. Sci. Rep., 2016, 6(1), 20040.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep20040] [PMID: 26818584]
[71]
Shobeiri, F.; Jenabi, E.; Hajiloomohajeran, M.; Torkamani, M. Investigating the effect of Stachys lavandulifolia on pain reduction in wom-en with dysmenorrheal. Complement Med. J. Fac. Nurs. Midwifery, 2014, 4(1), 713-719.
[72]
Jenabi, E.; Asltoghiri, M.; Hajiloomohajeran, M.; Torkamani, M. Effect of Stachys lavandulifolia on fatigue, nausea and vomiting associat-ed with primary dysmenorrheal. Procedia Soc. Behav. Sci., 2012, 31, 124-128.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.12.028]
[73]
Mashhadi, N.S.; Ghiasvand, R.; Askari, G.; Hariri, M.; Darvishi, L.; Mofid, M.R. Anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of ginger in health and physical activity: Review of current evidence. Int. J. Prev. Med., 2013, 4(Suppl. 1), S36-S42.
[PMID: 23717767]
[74]
Mbaveng, A.T.; Kuete, V. Zingiber officinale; Med Spices Veg from Africa Ther Potential Against Metab Inflammatory, Infect Syst Dis, 2017, pp. 627-639.
[75]
Jenabi, E. The effect of ginger for relieving of primary dysmenorrhoea. J. Pak. Med. Assoc., 2013, 63(1), 8-10.
[PMID: 23865123]
[76]
Turhan, H. Handbook of Herbs and Spices || Lemon balm, 2006, 390-399.
[77]
Taibi, D.M.; Landis, C.A. Valerian and other cam botanicals in treatment of sleep disturbances. In:Complementary and Alternative Therapies and the Aging Population; , 2009, pp. 57-81.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-374228-5.00004-4]
[78]
Colica, C.; Di Renzo, L.; Aiello, V.; De Lorenzo, A.; Abenavoli, L. Rosmarinic acid as potential anti-inflammatory agent. Rev. Recent Clin. Trials, 2018, 13(4), 240-242.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157488711304180911095818] [PMID: 30328397]
[79]
Scheckel, K.A.; Degner, S.C.; Romagnolo, D.F. Rosmarinic acid antagonizes activator protein-1-dependent activation of cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human cancer and nonmalignant cell lines. J. Nutr., 2008, 138(11), 2098-2105.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/jn.108.090431] [PMID: 18936204]
[80]
Yoo, D.Y.; Choi, J.H.; Kim, W.; Yoo, K.Y.; Lee, C.H.; Yoon, Y.S.; Won, M.H.; Hwang, I.K. Effects of Melissa officinalis L. (lemon balm) extract on neurogenesis associated with serum corticosterone and GABA in the mouse dentate gyrus. Neurochem. Res., 2011, 36(2), 250-257.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11064-010-0312-2] [PMID: 21076869]
[81]
Singh, O.; Khanam, Z.; Misra, N.; Srivastava, M.K. Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.): An overview. Pharmacogn. Rev., 2011, 5(9), 82-95.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0973-7847.79103] [PMID: 22096322]
[82]
Srivastava, J.K.; Shankar, E.; Gupta, S. Chamomile: A herbal medicine of the past with bright future. Mol. Med. Rep., 2010, 3(6), 895-901. [review].
[PMID: 21132119]
[83]
Adib-Hajbaghery, M.; Mousavi, S.N. The effects of chamomile extract on sleep quality among elderly people: A clinical trial. Complement. Ther. Med., 2017, 35, 109-114.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2017.09.010] [PMID: 29154054]
[84]
Khoshbakht, K.; Hammer, K.; Pistrick, K. Eryngium caucasicum Trautv. cultivated as a vegetable in the Elburz Mountains (Northern Iran). Genet. Resour. Crop Evol., 2007, 54(2), 445-448.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10722-006-9121-5]
[85]
Ebrahimzadeh, M.A.; Nabavi, S.F.; Nabavi, S.M. Antioxidant activity of leaves and inflorescence of Eryngium caucasicum Trautv at flow-ering stage. Pharmacognosy Res., 2009, 1(6), 435-439.
[86]
Khalili, M.; Dehdar, T.; Hamedi, F.; Ebrahimzadeh, M.A.; Karami, M. Antihypoxic activities of Eryngium caucasicum and Urtica dioica. Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci., 2015, 19(17), 3282-3285.
[PMID: 26400535]
[87]
Tadić, V.; Arsić, I.; Zvezdanović, J.; Zugić, A.; Cvetković, D.; Pavkov, S. The estimation of the traditionally used yarrow (Achillea mille-folium L. Asteraceae) oil extracts with anti-inflamatory potential in topical application. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2017, 199, 138-148.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2017.02.002] [PMID: 28163113]
[88]
Akram, M. Minireview on Achillea millefolium Linn. J. Membr. Biol., 2013, 246(9), 661-663.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00232-013-9588-x] [PMID: 23959026]
[89]
Benedek, B.; Kopp, B.; Melzig, M.F. Achillea millefolium L. s.l. - is the anti-inflammatory activity mediated by protease inhibition? J. Ethnopharmacol., 2007, 113(2), 312-317.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2007.06.014] [PMID: 17689902]
[90]
Minae, B.; Sardari, M.; Sharifi, H.; Sedigh Rahim Abadi, M.; Sadeghpour, O. Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl. and its relation with marmazad activities in traditional manuscripts. Iran. Red Crescent Med. J., 2015, 17(11), e19932.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5812/ircmj.19932] [PMID: 26734474]
[91]
Arabsalehi, F.; Rahimmalek, M.; Ehtemam, M.H. Phytochemical and morphological variation of Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl. populations as affected by genotype × year interaction. Ind. Crops Prod., 2018, 112, 342-352.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.12.025]
[92]
Barreto, R.S.S.; Quintans, J.S.S.; Amarante, R.K.L.; Nascimento, T.S.; Amarante, R.S.; Barreto, A.S.; Pereira, E.W.M.; Duarte, M.C.; Coutinho, H.D.M.; Menezes, I.R.A.; Zengin, G.; Aktumsek, A.; Quintans-Júnior, L.J. Evidence for the involvement of TNF-α and IL-1β in the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity of Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl. (Lamiaceae) essential oil and (-)-α-bisabolol, its main compound, in mice. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2016, 191, 9-18.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016.06.022] [PMID: 27292196]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
11
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy