Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Bioactive Compounds

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1573-4072
ISSN (Online): 1875-6646

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Review Article

β-sitosterol in Various Pathological Conditions: An Update

Author(s): Poonam Yadav, Chandan Chauhan, Sanjiv Singh*, Sugato Banerjee and Krishna Murti

Volume 18, Issue 6, 2022

Published on: 02 March, 2022

Article ID: e301221199685 Pages: 9

DOI: 10.2174/1573407218666211230144036

Price: $65

Abstract

Phytosteroids are biologically active compounds found naturally in herb plasma membranes, with a chemical composition similar to animal plasma membrane cholesterol. It can be found in almost all fats abundant plant’s diets. One of the vital phytosterols is β-sitosterol which has several biological activities. It has been proved in various in-vivo and in-vitro research in which β-sitosterol stabilized several physiological activities like as antioxidant, CNS activity (like anti-alzheimer, anxiolytic and sedative effects, CNS depressant activity), lipid-lowering effects (like nonalcoholic fatty liver disease), antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects, anticancer and immunomodulatory, protective effects in pulmonary fibrosis, wound healing effects and anti-viral and COVID-19 activity. The experimental research on β-sitosterol shows that it can be used as a nutritional supplement to combat variousexisting diseases. In this review, we are highlighting the most significant pharmacological action of β-sitosterol on the basis of available literature.

Keywords: Phytosterols, β -sitosterol, anti-oxidant, dietary supplements, CVD, COVID-19.

Graphical Abstract

[1]
Brzeska, M.; Szymczyk, K.; Szterk, A. Current knowledge about oxysterols: A review. J. Food Sci., 2016, 81(10), R2299-R2308.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.13423] [PMID: 27561087]
[2]
Akihisa, T.; Kokke, W.; Tamura, T. Naturally occurring sterols and related compounds from plants, in Physiology and Biochemistry of Sterols, Patterson, GW and Nes, WD, Eds, American Oil Chemists’. Society, Champaign, 1991, 172, 228.
[3]
Saeidnia, S.; Manayi, A.; Gohari, A.R.; Abdollahi, M. The story of beta-sitosterol-a review. European J. Med. Plants, 2014, 4(5), 590-609.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/EJMP/2014/7764]
[4]
Jones, P.J.; AbuMweis, S.S. Phytosterols as functional food ingredients: linkages to cardiovascular disease and cancer. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care, 2009, 12(2), 147-151.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MCO.0b013e328326770f] [PMID: 19209468]
[5]
Yang, R.; Xue, L.; Zhang, L.; Wang, X.; Qi, X.; Jiang, J.; Yu, L.; Wang, X.; Zhang, W.; Zhang, Q.; Li, P. Phytosterol contents of edible oils and their contributions to estimated phytosterol intake in the chinese diet. Foods, 2019, 8(8), 8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods8080334] [PMID: 31404986]
[6]
Bin Sayeed, M.S.; Karim, S.M.R.; Sharmin, T.; Morshed, M.M. Critical analysis on characterization, systemic effect, and therapeutic potential of beta-sitosterol: A plant-derived orphan phytosterol. Medicines (Basel), 2016, 3(4), 3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicines3040029] [PMID: 28930139]
[7]
García-Llatas, G.; Rodríguez-Estrada, M.T. Current and new insights on phytosterol oxides in plant sterol-enriched food. Chem. Phys. Lipids, 2011, 164(6), 607-624.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2011.06.005] [PMID: 21699886]
[8]
Valitova, J.N.; Sulkarnayeva, A.G.; Minibayeva, F.V. Plant sterols: Diversity, biosynthesis, and physiological functions. Biochemistry (Mosc.), 2016, 81(8), 819-834.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/S0006297916080046] [PMID: 27677551]
[9]
Liguori, I.; Russo, G.; Curcio, F.; Bulli, G.; Aran, L.; Della-Morte, D.; Gargiulo, G.; Testa, G.; Cacciatore, F.; Bonaduce, D.; Abete, P. Oxidative stress, aging, and diseases. Clin. Interv. Aging, 2018, 13, 757-772.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S158513] [PMID: 29731617]
[10]
Vivancos, M.; Moreno, J.J. beta-Sitosterol modulates antioxidant enzyme response in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Free Radic. Biol. Med., 2005, 39(1), 91-97.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2005.02.025] [PMID: 15925281]
[11]
Ayaz, M.; Junaid, M.; Ullah, F.; Subhan, F.; Sadiq, A.; Ali, G.; Ovais, M.; Shahid, M.; Ahmad, A.; Wadood, A.; El-Shazly, M.; Ahmad, N.; Ahmad, S. Anti-alzheimer’s studies on β-sitosterol isolated from Polygonum hydropiper L. Front. Pharmacol., 2017, 8, 697.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2017.00697] [PMID: 29056913]
[12]
Aguirre-Hernández, E.; Rosas-Acevedo, H.; Soto-Hernández, M.; Martínez, A.L.; Moreno, J.; González-Trujano, M.E. Bioactivity-guided isolation of beta-sitosterol and some fatty acids as active compounds in the anxiolytic and sedative effects of Tilia americana var. mexicana. Planta Med., 2007, 73(11), 1148-1155.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-981593] [PMID: 17823876]
[13]
López-Rubalcava, C.; Piña-Medina, B.; Estrada-Reyes, R.; Heinze, G.; Martínez-Vázquez, M. Anxiolytic-like actions of the hexane extract from leaves of Annona cherimolia in two anxiety paradigms: possible involvement of the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor complex. Life Sci., 2006, 78(7), 730-737.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2005.05.078] [PMID: 16122763]
[14]
Peterson, D.W. Effect of soybean sterols in the diet on plasma and liver cholesterol in chicks. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 1951, 78(1), 143-147.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3181/00379727-78-19002] [PMID: 14891948]
[15]
Trautwein, E.A.; Vermeer, M.A.; Hiemstra, H.; Ras, R.T. LDL-cholesterol lowering of plant sterols and stanols-Which factors influence their efficacy? Nutrients, 2018, 10(9), 1262.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10091262] [PMID: 30205492]
[16]
Liang, Y.T.; Wong, W.T.; Guan, L.; Tian, X.Y.; Ma, K.Y.; Huang, Y.; Chen, Z.Y. Effect of phytosterols and their oxidation products on lipoprotein profiles and vascular function in hamster fed a high cholesterol diet. Atherosclerosis, 2011, 219(1), 124-133.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.06.004] [PMID: 21719014]
[17]
Field, F.J.; Born, E.; Mathur, S.N. Effect of micellar beta-sitosterol on cholesterol metabolism in CaCo-2 cells. J. Lipid Res., 1997, 38(2), 348-360.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-2275(20)37447-2] [PMID: 9162754]
[18]
Moghadasian, M.H.; Alsaif, M.; Le, K.; Gangadaran, S.; Masisi, K.; Beta, T.; Shen, G.X. Combination effects of wild rice and phytosterols on prevention of atherosclerosis in LDL receptor knockout mice. J. Nutr. Biochem., 2016, 33, 128-135.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.03.015] [PMID: 27155919]
[19]
Feng, S.; Gan, L.; Yang, C.S.; Liu, A.B.; Lu, W.; Shao, P.; Dai, Z.; Sun, P.; Luo, Z. Effects of stigmasterol and β-sitosterol on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in a mouse model: A lipidomic analysis. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2018, 66(13), 3417-3425.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.7b06146] [PMID: 29583004]
[20]
Abdou, E.M.; Fayed, M.A.A.; Helal, D.; Ahmed, K.A. Assessment of the hepatoprotective effect of developed lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles (LPHNPs) encapsulating naturally extracted β-Sitosterol against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Sci. Rep., 2019, 9(1), 19779.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-56320-2] [PMID: 31875004]
[21]
Gupta, R.; Sharma, A.K.; Dobhal, M.P.; Sharma, M.C.; Gupta, R.S. Antidiabetic and antioxidant potential of β-sitosterol in streptozotocin-induced experimental hyperglycemia. J. Diabetes, 2011, 3(1), 29-37.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-0407.2010.00107.x] [PMID: 21143769]
[22]
Ponnulakshmi, R.; Shyamaladevi, B.; Vijayalakshmi, P.; Selvaraj, J. In silico and in vivo analysis to identify the antidiabetic activity of beta sitosterol in adipose tissue of high fat diet and sucrose induced type-2 diabetic experimental rats. Toxicol. Mech. Methods, 2019, 29(4), 276-290.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15376516.2018.1545815] [PMID: 30461321]
[23]
Babu, S.; Jayaraman, S. An update on β-sitosterol: A potential herbal nutraceutical for diabetic management. Biomed. Pharmacother., 2020, 131, 110702.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110702] [PMID: 32882583]
[24]
Dighe, S.B.; Kuchekar, B.; Wankhede, S. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of β-sitosterol isolated from leaves of Oxalis corniculata. Int. J. Pharmacol. Res., 2016, 6, 109-113.
[25]
Nirmal, S.A.; Pal, S.C.; Mandal, S.C.; Patil, A.N. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of β-sitosterol isolated from Nyctanthes arbortristis leaves. Inflammopharmacology, 2012, 20(4), 219-224.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10787-011-0110-8] [PMID: 22207496]
[26]
Prieto, J.M.; Recio, M.C.; Giner, R.M. Anti-inflammatory activity of β-sitosterol in a model of oxazoloneinduced contact-delayed- type hypersensitivity. Bol. Latinoam. Caribe Plantas Med. Aromat., 2006, 5, 57-62.
[27]
Rajavel, T.; Mohankumar, R.; Archunan, G.; Ruckmani, K.; Devi, K.P. Beta sitosterol and Daucosterol (phytosterols identified in Grewia tiliaefolia) perturbs cell cycle and induces apoptotic cell death in A549 cells. Sci. Rep., 2017, 7(1), 3418.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-03511-4] [PMID: 28611451]
[28]
Choi, Y.H.; Kong, K.R.; Kim, Y.A.; Jung, K.O.; Kil, J.H.; Rhee, S.H.; Park, K.Y. Induction of Bax and activation of caspases during β-sitosterol-mediated apoptosis in human colon cancer cells. Int. J. Oncol., 2003, 23(6), 1657-1662.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/ijo.23.6.1657] [PMID: 14612938]
[29]
Awad, A.B.; Fink, C.S.; Williams, H.; Kim, U. In vitro and in vivo (SCID mice) effects of phytosterols on the growth and dissemination of human prostate cancer PC-3 cells. Eur. J. Cancer Prev., 2001, 10(6), 507-513.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008469-200112000-00005] [PMID: 11916349]
[30]
Jiang, L.; Zhao, X.; Xu, J. The protective effect of dietary phytosterols on cancer risk: A systematic meta-analysis. J. oncol., 2019, 2019
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7479518]
[31]
Sharmila, R.; Sindhu, G. Modulation of angiogenesis, proliferative response and apoptosis by β-sitosterol in rat model of renal carcinogenesis. Indian J. Clin. Biochem., 2017, 32(2), 142-152.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12291-016-0583-8] [PMID: 28428688]
[32]
Singh, S.; Nagalakshmi, D.; Sharma, K.K.; Ravichandiran, V. Natural antioxidants for neuroinflammatory disorders and possible involvement of Nrf2 pathway: A review. Heliyon, 2021, 7(2), e06216.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06216] [PMID: 33659743]
[33]
Fraile, L.; Crisci, E.; Córdoba, L.; Navarro, M.A.; Osada, J.; Montoya, M. Immunomodulatory properties of beta-sitosterol in pig immune responses. Int. Immunopharmacol., 2012, 13(3), 316-321.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2012.04.017] [PMID: 22595193]
[34]
Alam, P.; Al-Yousef, H.M.; Siddiqui, N.A. Anticancer activity and concurrent analysis of ursolic acid, β-sitosterol and lupeol in three different Hibiscus species (aerial parts) by validated HPTLC method. Saudi Pharmacol. J., 2018, 26, 1060-1067.
[35]
Park, Y.J.; Bang, I.J.; Jeong, M.H.; Kim, H.R.; Lee, D.E.; Kwak, J.H.; Chung, K.H. Effects of β-sitosterol from corn silk on TGF-β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in lung alveolar epithelial cells. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2019, 67(35), 9789-9795.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.9b02730] [PMID: 31373816]
[36]
Parvez, M.K.; Alam, P.; Arbab, A.H.; Al-Dosari, M.S.; Alhowiriny, T.A.; Alqasoumi, S.I. Analysis of antioxidative and antiviral biomarkers β-amyrin, β-sitosterol, lupeol, ursolic acid in Guiera senegalensis leaves extract by validated HPTLC methods. Saudi Pharm. J., 2018, 26(5), 685-693.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2018.02.022] [PMID: 29991912]
[37]
Lin, C.W.; Tsai, F.J.; Tsai, C.H.; Lai, C.C.; Wan, L.; Ho, T.Y.; Hsieh, C.C.; Chao, P.D. Anti-SARS coronavirus 3C-like protease effects of Isatis indigotica root and plant-derived phenolic compounds. Antiviral Res., 2005, 68(1), 36-42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2005.07.002] [PMID: 16115693]
[38]
Tsai, Y.C.; Lee, C.L.; Yen, H.R.; Chang, Y.S.; Lin, Y.P.; Huang, S.H.; Lin, C.W. Antiviral action of tryptanthrin isolated from Strobilanthes cusia leaf against human coronavirus NL63. Biomolecules, 2020, 10(3), 10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10030366] [PMID: 32120929]
[39]
Singh, S.; Kumar, A. Protective effect of edaravone on cyclophosphamide induced oxidative stress and neurotoxicity in rats. Curr. Drug Saf., 2019, 14(3), 209-216.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1574886314666190506100717] [PMID: 31057112]
[40]
Zhou, B.X.; Li, J.; Liang, X.L.; Pan, X.P.; Hao, Y.B.; Xie, P.F.; Jiang, H.M.; Yang, Z.F.; Zhong, N.S. β-sitosterol ameliorates influenza A virus-induced proinflammatory response and acute lung injury in mice by disrupting the cross-talk between RIG-I and IFN/STAT signaling. Acta Pharmacol. Sin., 2020, 41(9), 1178-1196.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41401-020-0403-9] [PMID: 32504068]
[41]
Singh, S. Herbal approach for management of atherosclerosis: A review. Curr. Atheroscler. Rep., 2019, 21(4), 12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11883-019-0774-x] [PMID: 30820759]
[42]
Singh, S. Zinc oxide nanoparticles impacts: cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, developmental toxicity, and neurotoxicity. Toxicol. Mech. Methods, 2019, 29(4), 300-311.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15376516.2018.1553221] [PMID: 30489211]
[43]
Tatiya, A.U.; Saluja, A.K. Further studies on membrane stabilizing, anti-inflammatory and FCA induced arthritic activity of various fractions of bark of Machilus macrantha in rats. Rev. Bras. Farmacogn., 2011, 21, 1052-1064.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-695X2011005000152]
[44]
Bouic, P.J. Sterols and sterolins: New drugs for the immune system? Drug Discov. Today, 2002, 7(14), 775-778.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1359-6446(02)02343-7] [PMID: 12547034]
[45]
Singh, S.; Gautam, A.S. Upregulated LOX-1 receptor: key player of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Curr. Atheroscler. Rep., 2019, 21(10), 38.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11883-019-0801-y] [PMID: 31350594]
[46]
Abbas, M.M.; Al-Rawi, N.; Abbas, M.A.; Al-Khateeb, I. Naringenin potentiated β-sitosterol healing effect on the scratch wound assay. Res. Pharm. Sci., 2019, 14(6), 566-573.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1735-5362.272565] [PMID: 32038736]
[47]
Nweze, C.; Ibrahim, H.; Ndukwe, G. Beta-sitosterol with antimicrobial property from the stem bark of pomegranate (Punica granatum Linn). J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manag., 2019, 23, 1045-1049.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v23i6.7]
[48]
Singh, S.; Singh, S. JAK-STAT inhibitors: Immersing therapeutic approach for management of rheumatoid arthritis. Int. Immunopharmacol., 2020, 86, 106731.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106731] [PMID: 32590315]
[49]
Ododo, M.M.; Choudhury, M.K.; Dekebo, A.H. Structure elucidation of β-sitosterol with antibacterial activity from the root bark of Malva parviflora. Springerplus, 2016, 5(1), 1210.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-2894-x] [PMID: 27516948]
[50]
Liao, P.-C.; Lai, M.-H.; Hsu, K.-P. Identification of β-sitosterol as in vitro anti-inflammatory constituent in Moringa oleifera. 2018, 66, 10748-10759.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04555]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
21
1
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy