Abstract
Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is an important photocatalytic material that is receiving a lot of research attention globally due to its favourable thermal and chemical stability as well as electronic band structure. However, the photocatalytic performance of the bulk g-C3N4 is limited by fast recombination of electron-hole pair and poor visible light-harvesting ability. Thus, different strategies, such as heterostructuring, nanotuning, doping, etc., have been adopted to overcome the aforementioned challenges to enhance the photocatalytic performance of g-C3N4. In recent times, various nanostructured g-C3N4 photocatalytic materials with various tuned morphologies have been designed and fabricated in literature for different photocatalytic activities. This mini-review summarized the progress development of nanostructured g-C3N4 photocatalysts with various tuned morphologies for solar fuel generation. This article briefly highlights the research status of various g-C3N4 with tuned morphologies and enhanced solar fuel generation abilities. Finally, a conclusion and future research were also suggested, opening up new areas on g- C3N4 photocatalysis.
Keywords: g-C3N4, morphologies, solar fuel generation, photocatalysis, nanostructures, recombination.
Graphical Abstract
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C5TA04326C]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C5CY00938C]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C4TA04461D]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr1002326] [PMID: 21062097]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201207199] [PMID: 23765842]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/277637a0]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2013.06.008]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201200670] [PMID: 23468280]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2012.175]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr500008u] [PMID: 25098384]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1023480507710]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm7024203]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jz1007966]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2013.10.135]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr1001645] [PMID: 21062099]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C5RA26702A]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja809307s] [PMID: 19191697]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201101182] [PMID: 22109976]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201500033] [PMID: 25704586]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jz500546b] [PMID: 26270499]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la904023j] [PMID: 20175583]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2cc32181e] [PMID: 22588283]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.08.250]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmat2317] [PMID: 18997776]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2cp42484c] [PMID: 23138223]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3cy20878h]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cp00133h] [PMID: 24801641]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201402567]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm201688v]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2014.08.078]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C4CP05020G] [PMID: 25523639]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201206534] [PMID: 23081850]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.200803500]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201203287]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja101749y] [PMID: 20397632]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja103798k] [PMID: 20681594]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.200802627]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2jm32053c]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.04.063]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.catcom.2015.10.029]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201300647] [PMID: 24124100]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/am505528c] [PMID: 25427293]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3cp53131g] [PMID: 23999576]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la502033t] [PMID: 25017627]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/am403327g] [PMID: 24053540]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/am403653a] [PMID: 24144400]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie402820v]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/am4038307] [PMID: 24206347]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201100626] [PMID: 22389323]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C5RA23419K]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C4NR06011C] [PMID: 25437443]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2013.7908] [PMID: 24245279]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b02649] [PMID: 26118320]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.08.173]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201403287] [PMID: 25688746]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2ee03479d]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.200903886] [PMID: 19950150]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C5TA07374J]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef401426x]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2jm34778d]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/am4013819] [PMID: 23841689]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.catcom.2014.02.008]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac400924j] [PMID: 23650957]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssc.2006.10.008]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201407319] [PMID: 25220601]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201503221]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C5CC03143E] [PMID: 25980518]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm070657k]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C1RA00709B]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac5005162] [PMID: 24655009]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2jm35501a]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C4CS00269E] [PMID: 25316556]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2015.12.018]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2015.07.034] [PMID: 26184472]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2015.11.052]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3cc42266f] [PMID: 23749222]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.200702230]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/18/11/115605]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3cp53774a] [PMID: 24061109]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00339-011-6471-4]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssc.2010.09.007]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201400573] [PMID: 24706532]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms2152]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201204453] [PMID: 23450777]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201200922]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2015.11.030]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b03538]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2cc00001f] [PMID: 22358113]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C3RA47824F]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2014.10.045]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C5CC06713H] [PMID: 26399299]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C5CS00838G] [PMID: 26963902]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08804-2] [PMID: 32314294]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2020.104054]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201304034] [PMID: 24038778]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2015.02.050]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C9TA13012H]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b03305]