Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1871-5303
ISSN (Online): 2212-3873

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Review Article

The Male Reproductive System and Endocrine Disruptors

Author(s): Mauro Giovanni Schiesaro*, Anna Maria Letizia Amato, Chiara Maneschi, Vincenzo Sciabica, Erika Pigatto and Marta Sanna

Volume 22, Issue 7, 2022

Published on: 14 April, 2022

Page: [686 - 703] Pages: 18

DOI: 10.2174/1871530321666211004100633

Price: $65

Abstract

The male reproductive system is exposed to a great number of chemical substances which can interfere with the normal hormonal milieu and reproductive function; these are called endocrine disruptors (EDs). Despite a growing number of studies evaluating the negative effects of EDs, their production is continuously growing although some of them have been prohibited. The prevalence of poor semen quality, hypospadias, cryptorchidism, and testicular cancer has increased in the last decades, and recently, it has been postulated that these could all be part of a unique syndrome called testicular dysgenesis syndrome. This syndrome could be related to exposure to a number of EDs which cause imbalances in the hormonal milieu and oestrogenic over-exposure during the foetal stage. The same EDs can also impair spermatogenesis in offspring and have epigenetic effects. Although studies on animal and in vitro models have raised concerns, data are conflicting. However, these studies must be considered as the basis for future research to promote male reproductive health.

Keywords: Plastics, anogenital distance, cryptorchidism, hypospadias, phthalates, bisphenol A, endocrine disruptors, reproductive system.

« Previous Next »
Graphical Abstract

[1]
Kavlock, R.J.; Daston, G.R.; DeRosa, C.; Fenner-Crisp, P.; Earl Gray, L.; Kaattari, S.; Lucier, G.; Luster, M.; Mac, M.J.; Maczka, C.; Mil-ler, R.; Moore, J.; Rolland, R.; Scott, G.; Sheehan, D.M.; Sinks, T.; Tilso, H.A. Research needs for the risk assessment of health and envi-ronmental effects of endocrine disruptors: a report of the U.S. EPA-sponsored workshop. Environ. Health Perspect., 1996, 4(Suppl. 4), 715-740.
[2]
Gore, A.C.; Chappell, V.A.; Fenton, S.E.; Flaws, J.A.; Nadal, A.; Prins, G.S.; Toppari, J.; Zoeller, R.T. EDC-2: The endocrine society’s second scientific statement on endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Endocr. Rev., 2015, 36(6), E1-E150.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/er.2015-1010] [PMID: 26544531]
[3]
Barsoum, I.; Yao, H.H. The road to maleness: from testis to Wolffian duct. Trends Endocrinol. Metab., 2006, 17(6), 223-228.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tem.2006.06.009] [PMID: 16822678]
[4]
Sinclair, A.H.; Berta, P.; Palmer, M.S.; Hawkins, J.R.; Griffiths, B.L.; Smith, M.J.; Foster, J.W.; Frischauf, A.M.; Lovell-Badge, R.; Good-fellow, P.N. A gene from the human sex-determining region encodes a protein with homology to a conserved DNA-binding motif. Nature, 1990, 346(6281), 240-244.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/346240a0] [PMID: 1695712]
[5]
Capel, B. The battle of the sexes. Mech. Dev., 2000, 92(1), 89-103.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0925-4773(99)00327-5] [PMID: 10704890]
[6]
Hughes, I.A.; Acerini, C.L. Factors controlling testis descent. Eur. J. Endocrinol., 2008, 159(Suppl. 1), S75-S82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/EJE-08-0458] [PMID: 18647820]
[7]
Asklund, C.; Jørgensen, N.; Kold Jensen, T.; Skakkebaek, N.E. Biology and epidemiology of testicular dysgenesis syndrome. BJU Int., 2004, 93(Suppl. 3), 6-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2004.04703.x] [PMID: 15086436]
[8]
Skakkebaek, N.E.; Rajpert-De Meyts, E.; Main, K.M. Testicular dysgenesis syndrome: an increasingly common developmental disorder with environmental aspects. Hum. Reprod., 2001, 16(5), 972-978.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humrep/16.5.972] [PMID: 11331648]
[9]
Sharpe, R.M.; Skakkebaek, N.E. Are oestrogens involved in falling sperm counts and disorders of the male reproductive tract? Lancet, 1993, 341(8857), 1392-1395.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(93)90953-E] [PMID: 8098802]
[10]
Toppari, J.; Larsen, J.C.; Christiansen, P.; Giwercman, A.; Grandjean, P.; Guillette, L.J., Jr; Jégou, B.; Jensen, T.K.; Jouannet, P.; Keiding, N.; Leffers, H.; McLachlan, J.A.; Meyer, O.; Müller, J.; Rajpert-De Meyts, E.; Scheike, T.; Sharpe, R.; Sumpter, J.; Skakkebaek, N.E. Male reproductive health and environmental xenoestrogens. Environ. Health Perspect., 1996, 104(Suppl. 4), 741-803.
[PMID: 8880001]
[11]
Schug, T.T.; Janesick, A.; Blumberg, B.; Heindel, J.J. Endocrine disrupting chemicals and disease susceptibility. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 2011, 127(3-5), 204-215.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2011.08.007] [PMID: 21899826]
[12]
Kortenkamp, A.; Faust, M. Combined exposures to anti-androgenic chemicals: steps towards cumulative risk assessment. Int. J. Androl., 2010, 33(2), 463-474.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2605.2009.01047.x] [PMID: 20487045]
[13]
Taylor, J.A.; Richter, C.A.; Ruhlen, R.L.; vom Saal, F.S. Estrogenic environmental chemicals and drugs: mechanisms for effects on the developing male urogenital system. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 2011, 127(1-2), 83-95.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2011.07.005] [PMID: 21827855]
[14]
Kelce, W.R.; Stone, C.R.; Laws, S.C.; Gray, L.E.; Kemppainen, J.A.; Wilson, E.M. Persistent DDT metabolite p,p′-DDE is a potent andro-gen receptor antagonist. Nature, 1995, 375(6532), 581-585.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/375581a0] [PMID: 7791873]
[15]
Martin, O.V.; Shialis, T.; Lester, J.N.; Scrimshaw, M.D.; Boobis, A.R.; Voulvoulis, N. Testicular dysgenesis syndrome and the estrogen hypothesis: a quantitative meta-analysis. Environ. Health Perspect., 2008, 116(2), 149-157.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.10545] [PMID: 18288311]
[16]
Palmer, J.R.; Herbst, A.L.; Noller, K.L.; Boggs, D.A.; Troisi, R.; Titus-Ernstoff, L.; Hatch, E.E.; Wise, L.A.; Strohsnitter, W.C.; Hoover, R.N. Urogenital abnormalities in men exposed to diethylstilbestrol in utero: a cohort study. Environ. Health, 2009, 8(Aug), 37.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1476-069X-8-37] [PMID: 19689815]
[17]
Cabaton, N.J.; Canlet, C.; Wadia, P.R.; Tremblay-Franco, M.; Gautier, R.; Molina, J.; Sonnenschein, C.; Cravedi, J.P.; Rubin, B.S.; Soto, A.M.; Zalko, D. Effects of low doses of bisphenol A on the metabolome of perinatally exposed CD-1 mice. Environ. Health Perspect., 2013, 121(5), 586-593.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1205588] [PMID: 23425943]
[18]
Liu, X.; Miao, M.; Zhou, Z.; Gao, E.; Chen, J.; Wang, J.; Sun, F.; Yuan, W.; Li, D.K. Exposure to bisphenol-A and reproductive hor-mones among male adults. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 2015, 39(2), 934-941.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2015.03.007] [PMID: 25818109]
[19]
Vitku, J.; Sosvorova, L.; Chlupacova, T.; Hampl, R.; Hill, M.; Sobotka, V.; Heracek, J.; Bicikova, M.; Starka, L. Differences in bisphenol A and estrogen levels in the plasma and seminal plasma of men with different degrees of infertility. Physiol. Res., 2015, 64(Suppl. 2), S303-S311.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.33549/physiolres.933090] [PMID: 26680493]
[20]
Meeker, J.D.; Ehrlich, S.; Toth, T.L.; Wright, D.L.; Calafat, A.M.; Trisini, A.T.; Ye, X.; Hauser, R. Semen quality and sperm DNA damage in relation to urinary bisphenol A among men from an infertility clinic. Reprod. Toxicol., 2010, 30(4), 532-539.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2010.07.005] [PMID: 20656017]
[21]
Gray, L.E., Jr; Ostby, J.; Furr, J.; Price, M.; Veeramachaneni, D.N.; Parks, L. Perinatal exposure to the phthalates DEHP, BBP, and DINP, but not DEP, DMP, or DOTP, alters sexual differentiation of the male rat. Toxicol. Sci., 2000, 58(2), 350-365.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/58.2.350] [PMID: 11099647]
[22]
Hu, Y.; Dong, C.; Chen, M.; Lu, J.; Han, X.; Qiu, L.; Chen, Y.; Qin, J.; Li, X.; Gu, A.; Xia, Y.; Sun, H.; Li, Z.; Wang, Y. Low-dose mono-butyl phthalate stimulates steroidogenesis through steroidogenic acute regulatory protein regulated by SF-1, GATA-4 and C/EBP-beta in mouse Leydig tumor cells. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol., 2013, 11(26), 72-81.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1477-7827-11-72] [PMID: 23889939]
[23]
Heger, N.E.; Hall, S.J.; Sandrof, M.A.; McDonnell, E.V.; Hensley, J.B.; McDowell, E.N.; Martin, K.A.; Gaido, K.W.; Johnson, K.J.; Boekelheide, K. Human fetal testis xenografts are resistant to phthalate-induced endocrine disruption. Environ. Health Perspect., 2012, 120(8), 1137-1143.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1104711] [PMID: 22511013]
[24]
Mahood, I.K.; Hallmark, N.; McKinnell, C.; Walker, M.; Fisher, J.S.; Sharpe, R.M. Abnormal Leydig Cell aggregation in the fetal testis of rats exposed to di (n-butyl) phthalate and its possible role in testicular dysgenesis. Endocrinology, 2005, 146(2), 613-623.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2004-0671] [PMID: 15539561]
[25]
Thompson, C.J.; Ross, S.M.; Gaido, K.W. Di (n-butyl) phthalate impairs cholesterol transport and steroidogenesis in the fetal rat testis through a rapid and reversible mechanism. Endocrinology, 2004, 145(3), 1227-1237.
[26]
Li, L.; Bu, T.; Su, H.; Chen, Z.; Liang, Y.; Zhang, G.; Zhu, D.; Shan, Y.; Xu, R.; Hu, Y.; Li, J.; Hu, G.; Lian, Q.; Ge, R.S. Inutero exposure to diisononyl phthalate caused testicular dysgenesis of rat fetal testis. Toxicol. Lett., 2015, 232(2), 466-474.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.11.024] [PMID: 25445723]
[27]
Meek, M.E. Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 17, Butyl benzyl phthalate; World Health Organization, International Programme on Chemical Safety: Geneva, 1999.
[28]
Ema, M.; Miyawaki, E. Effects on development of the reproductive system in male offspring of rats given butyl benzyl phthalate during late pregnancy. Reprod. Toxicol., 2002, 16(1), 71-76.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0890-6238(01)00200-3] [PMID: 11934534]
[29]
Sharpe, R.M.; Fisher, J.S.; Millar, M.M.; Jobling, S.; Sumpter, J.P. Gestational and lactational exposure of rats to xenoestrogens results in reduced testicular size and sperm production. Environ. Health Perspect., 1995, 103(12), 1136-1143.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.951031136] [PMID: 8747020]
[30]
Ahmad, R.; Gautam, A.K.; Verma, Y.; Sedha, S.; Kumar, S. Effects of in utero di-butyl phthalate and butyl benzyl phthalate exposure on offspring development and male reproduction of rat. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int., 2014, 21(4), 3156-3165.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-2281-x] [PMID: 24213843]
[31]
Hu, G.X.; Lian, Q.Q.; Ge, R.S.; Hardy, D.O.; Li, X.K. Phthalate-induced testicular dysgenesis syndrome: Leydig cell influence. Trends Endocrinol. Metab., 2009, 20(3), 139-145.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tem.2008.12.001] [PMID: 19278865]
[32]
Shahidehnia, M. Epigenetics effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals. J. Environ. Anal. Toxicol., 2016, 6(4), 1-31.
[33]
Martini, M.; Corces, V.G.; Rissman, E.F. Mini-review: Epigenetic mechanisms that promote transgenerational actions of endocrine dis-rupting chemicals: Applications to behavioral neuroendocrinology. Horm. Behav., 2020, 119, 104677.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104677] [PMID: 31927019]
[34]
Brehm, E.; Flaws, J.A. Transgenerational effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals on male and female reproduction. Endocrinology, 2019, 160(6), 1421-1435.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2019-00034]
[35]
Van Cauwenbergh, O.; Di Serafino, A.; Tytgat, J.; Soubry, A. Transgenerational epigenetic effects from male exposure to endocrine-disrupting compounds: a systematic review on research in mammals. Clin. Epigenetics, 2020, 12(1), 65.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13148-020-00845-1] [PMID: 32398147]
[36]
Muratori, M.; De Geyter, C. Chromatin condensation, fragmentation of DNA and differences in the epigenetic signature of infertile men. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2019, 33(1), 117-126.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beem.2018.10.004] [PMID: 30420311]
[37]
Doshi, T.; Mehta, S.S.; Dighe, V.; Balasinor, N.; Vanage, G. Hypermethylation of estrogen receptor promoter region in adult testis of rats exposed neonatally to bisphenol A. Toxicology, 2011, 289(2-3), 74-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2011.07.011] [PMID: 21827818]
[38]
El Henafy, H.M.A.; Ibrahim, M.A.; Abd El Aziz, S.A.; Gouda, E.M. Oxidative Stress and DNA methylation in male rat pups provoked by the transplacental and translactational exposure to bisphenol A. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int., 2020, 27(4), 4513-4519.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06553-5] [PMID: 31773524]
[39]
Štiavnická, M.; García-Álvarez, O. Ulčová-Gallová, Z.; Sutovsky, P.; Abril-Parreño, L.; Dolejšová, M.; Řimnáčová, H.; Moravec, J.; Hošek, P.; Lošan, P.; Gold, L.; Fenclová, T.; Králíčková, M.; Nevoral, J. H3K4me2 accompanies chromatin immaturity in human spermatozoa: an epigenetic marker for sperm quality assessment. Syst Biol Reprod Med, 2020, 66(1), 3-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19396368.2019.1666435] [PMID: 31580744]
[40]
Li, Y.; Li, Y.H.; Zhou, X.; Wu, B.; Chen, J.P.; Wang, Z.K.; Wang, X.; Shi, H.J.; Li, R.S. DNA hydroxymethylation rate in the AChE and HoxC4 promoter associated with human sperm quality. Andrologia, 2018, 50, 12963.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/and.12963]
[41]
Ságodi, L.; Kiss, A.; Kiss-Tóth, E.; Barkai, L. Prevalence and possible causes of hypospadias. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(25), 978-985.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/OH.2014.29858] [PMID: 24936573]
[42]
Kalfa, N.; Philibert, P.; Sultan, C. Is hypospadias a genetic, endocrine or environmental disease, or still an unexplained malformation? Int. J. Androl., 2009, 32(3), 187-197.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2605.2008.00899.x] [PMID: 18637150]
[43]
Palmer, J.R.; Wise, L.A.; Robboy, S.J.; Titus-Ernstoff, L.; Noller, K.L.; Herbst, A.L.; Troisi, R.; Hoover, R.N. Hypospadias in sons of women exposed to diethylstilbestrol in utero. Epidemiology, 2005, 16(4), 583-586.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ede.0000164789.59728.6d] [PMID: 15951681]
[44]
Brouwers, M.M.; Feitz, W.F.; Roelofs, L.A.; Kiemeney, L.A.; de Gier, R.P.; Roeleveld, N. Hypospadias: a transgenerational effect of di-ethylstilbestrol? Hum. Reprod., 2006, 21(3), 666-669.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dei398] [PMID: 16293648]
[45]
Kalfa, N.; Paris, F.; Soyer-Gobillard, M.O.; Daures, J.P.; Sultan, C. Prevalence of hypospadias in grandsons of women exposed to dieth-ylstilbestrol during pregnancy: a multigenerational national cohort study. Fertil. Steril., 2011, 95(8), 2574-2577.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.02.047] [PMID: 21458804]
[46]
Sørensen, H.T.; Pedersen, L.; Skriver, M.V.; Nørgaard, M.; Nørgård, B.; Hatch, E.E. Use of clomifene during early pregnancy and risk of hypospadias: population based case-control study. BMJ, 2005, 330(7483), 126-127.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.38326.606979.79] [PMID: 15613365]
[47]
Subramaniam, R.; Spinoit, A.F.; Hoebeke, P. Hypospadias repair: an overview of the actual techniques. Semin. Plast. Surg., 2011, 25(3), 206-212.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1281490] [PMID: 22851912]
[48]
Spinoit, A.F.; Poelaert, F.; Van Praet, C.; Groen, L.A.; Van Laecke, E.; Hoebeke, P. Grade of hypospadias is the only factor predicting for re-intervention after primary hypospadias repair: a multivariate analysis from a cohort of 474 patients. J. Pediatr. Urol, 2015, 11(2), 70. e1-6.
[49]
Meijer, W.M.; de Jong-Van den Berg, L.T.; van den Berg, M.D.; Verheij, J.B.; de Walle, H.E. Clomiphene and hypospadias on a detailed level: signal or chance? Birth Defects Res. A Clin. Mol. Teratol., 2006, 76(4), 249-252.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bdra.20243] [PMID: 16586447]
[50]
Carmichael, S.L.; Shaw, G.M.; Laurent, C.; Croughan, M.S.; Olney, R.S.; Lammer, E.J. Maternal progestin intake and risk of hypospadi-as. Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med., 2005, 159(10), 957-962.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.159.10.957] [PMID: 16203941]
[51]
van Rooij, I.A.; van der Zanden, L.F.; Brouwers, M.M.; Knoers, N.V.; Feitz, W.F.; Roeleveld, N. Risk factors for different phenotypes of hypospadias: results from a Dutch case-control study. BJU Int., 2013, 112(1), 121-128.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2012.11745.x] [PMID: 23305310]
[52]
Wogelius, P.; Horváth-Puhó, E.; Pedersen, L.; Nørgaard, M.; Czeizel, A.E.; Sørensen, H.T. Maternal use of oral contraceptives and risk of hypospadias - a population-based case-control study. Eur. J. Epidemiol., 2006, 21(10), 777-781.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10654-006-9067-0] [PMID: 17077991]
[53]
Rocheleau, C.M.; Romitti, P.A.; Dennis, L.K. Pesticides and hypospadias: a meta-analysis. J. Pediatr. Urol., 2009, 5(1), 17-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpurol.2008.08.006] [PMID: 18848807]
[54]
Flores-Luévano, S.; Farías, P.; Hernández, M.; Romano-Riquer, P.; Weber, J.P.; Dewailly, E.; Cuevas-Alpuche, J.; Romieu, I. DDT/DDE concentrations and risk of hypospadias. Pilot case-control study. Salud Publica Mex., 2003, 45(6), 431-438.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0036-36342003000600002] [PMID: 14974286]
[55]
Longnecker, M.P.; Klebanoff, M.A.; Brock, J.W.; Zhou, H.; Gray, K.A.; Needham, L.L.; Wilcox, A.J. Maternal serum level of 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene and risk of cryptorchidism, hypospadias, and polythelia among male offspring. Am. J. Epidemiol., 2002, 155(4), 313-322.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/155.4.313] [PMID: 11836195]
[56]
Trabert, B.; Longnecker, M.P.; Brock, J.W.; Klebanoff, M.A.; McGlynn, K.A. Maternal pregnancy levels of trans-nonachlor and ox-ychlordane and prevalence of cryptorchidism and hypospadias in boys. Environ. Health Perspect., 2012, 120(3), 478-482.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1103936] [PMID: 21975279]
[57]
Winston, J.J.; Emch, M.; Meyer, R.E.; Langlois, P.; Weyer, P.; Mosley, B.; Olshan, A.F.; Band, L.E.; Luben, T.J. Hypospadias and mater-nal exposure to atrazine via drinking water in the National Birth Defects Prevention study. Environ. Health, 2016, 15(1), 76.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12940-016-0161-9] [PMID: 27422386]
[58]
Bamigboye, A.A.; Morris, J. Oestrogen supplementation, mainly diethylstilbestrol, for preventing miscarriages and other adverse preg-nancy outcomes. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 2003, 3(3), CD004353.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004353] [PMID: 12918007]
[59]
Rignell-Hydbom, A.; Lindh, C.H.; Dillner, J.; Jönsson, B.A.; Rylander, L. A nested case-control study of intrauterine exposure to persis-tent organochlorine pollutants and the risk of hypospadias. PLoS One, 2012, 7(9), e44767.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0044767] [PMID: 23028613]
[60]
Agopian, A.J.; Lupo, P.J.; Canfield, M.A.; Langlois, P.H. Case-control study of maternal residential atrazine exposure and male genital malformations. Am. J. Med. Genet. A., 2013, 161A(5), 977-982.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.a.35815] [PMID: 23494929]
[61]
Braun, J.M.; Just, A.C.; Williams, P.L.; Smith, K.W.; Calafat, A.M.; Hauser, R. Personal care product use and urinary phthalate metabolite and paraben concentrations during pregnancy among women from a fertility clinic. J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol., 2014, 24(e5), 459-466.
[62]
Silva, M.J.; Samandar, E.; Preau, J.L., Jr; Reidy, J.A.; Needham, L.L.; Calafat, A.M. Quantification of 22 phthalate metabolites in human urine. J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci., 2007, 860(1), 106-112.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.10.023] [PMID: 17997365]
[63]
Choi, H.; Kim, J.; Im, Y.; Lee, S.; Kim, Y. The association between some endocrine disruptors and hypospadias in biological samples. J. Environ. Sci. Health Part A Tox. Hazard. Subst. Environ. Eng., 2012, 47(13), 2173-2179.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2012.680387] [PMID: 22871016]
[64]
Villumsen, Å.L.; Zachau-Christiansen, B. Spontaneous alterations in position of the testes. Arch. Dis. Child., 1966, 41(216), 198-200.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/adc.41.216.198] [PMID: 4379596]
[65]
Massart, F.; Saggese, G. Morphogenetic targets and genetics of undescended testis. Sex Dev., 2010, 4(6), 326-335.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000321006] [PMID: 20980787]
[66]
Abduljabbar, M.; Taheini, K.; Picard, J.Y.; Cate, R.L.; Josso, N. Mutations of the AMH type II receptor in two extended families with persistent Müllerian duct syndrome: lack of phenotype/genotype correlation. Horm. Res. Paediatr., 2012, 77(5), 291-297.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000338343] [PMID: 22584735]
[67]
Keukens, L.; Zijp, G.; Mul, D. Persistent Mullerian duct syndrome: a rare cause of unilateral cryptorchidism. BMJ Case Rep., 2012, 2012, bcr0220125722.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr.02.2012.5722] [PMID: 22977013]
[68]
Giwercman, A.; Rylander, L.; Lundberg Giwercman, Y. Influence of endocrine disruptors on human male fertility. Reprod. Biomed. Online, 2007, 15(6), 633-642.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1472-6483(10)60530-5] [PMID: 18062860]
[69]
Sharpe, R.M. The ‘oestrogen hypothesis’- where do we stand now? Int. J. Androl., 2003, 26(1), 2-15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2605.2003.00367.x] [PMID: 12534932]
[70]
Cederroth, C.R.; Schaad, O.; Descombes, P.; Chambon, P.; Vassalli, J.D.; Nef, S. Estrogen receptor alpha is a major contributor to estro-gen-mediated fetal testis dysgenesis and cryptorchidism. Endocrinology, 2007, 148(11), 5507-5519.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2007-0689] [PMID: 17673513]
[71]
Parks, L.G.; Ostby, J.S.; Lambright, C.R.; Abbott, B.D.; Klinefelter, G.R.; Barlow, N.J.; Gray, L.E., Jr The plasticizer diethylhexyl phthalate induces malformations by decreasing fetal testosterone synthesis during sexual differentiation in the male rat. Toxicol. Sci., 2000, 58(2), 339-349.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/58.2.339] [PMID: 11099646]
[72]
Melnick, R.; Lucier, G.; Wolfe, M.; Hall, R.; Stancel, G.; Prins, G.; Gallo, M.; Reuhl, K.; Ho, S.M.; Brown, T.; Moore, J.; Leakey, J.; Haseman, J.; Kohn, M. Summary of the National Toxicology Program’s report of the endocrine disruptors low-dose peer review. Environ. Health Perspect., 2002, 110(4), 427-431.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.02110427] [PMID: 11940462]
[73]
Kester, M.H.; Bulduk, S.; van Toor, H.; Tibboel, D.; Meinl, W.; Glatt, H.; Falany, C.N.; Coughtrie, M.W.; Schuur, A.G.; Brouwer, A.; Visser, T.J. Potent inhibition of estrogen sulfotransferase by hydroxylated metabolites of polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons reveals alternative mechanism for estrogenic activity of endocrine disrupters. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2002, 87(3), 1142-1150.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jcem.87.3.8311] [PMID: 11889178]
[74]
Nussbaum, R.L.; McInnes, R.R.; Willard, H.F. Thompson, Thompson genetics in medicine. Revised reprint, 6th ed; WB Saunders: Philadelphia, 2004, pp. 172-174.
[75]
Richiardi, L.; Bellocco, R.; Adami, H.O.; Torrång, A.; Barlow, L.; Hakulinen, T.; Rahu, M.; Stengrevics, A.; Storm, H.; Tretli, S.; Kurtinai-tis, J.; Tyczynski, J.E.; Akre, O. Testicular cancer incidence in eight northern European countries: secular and recent trends. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 2004, 13(12), 2157-2166.
[PMID: 15598775]
[76]
McGlynn, K.A.; Devesa, S.S.; Sigurdson, A.J.; Brown, L.M.; Tsao, L.; Tarone, R.E. Trends in the incidence of testicular germ cell tumors in the United States. Cancer, 2003, 97(1), 63-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cncr.11054] [PMID: 12491506]
[77]
Sonne, S.B.; Almstrup, K.; Dalgaard, M.; Juncker, A.S.; Edsgard, D.; Ruban, L.; Harrison, N.J.; Schwager, C.; Abdollahi, A.; Huber, P.E.; Brunak, S.; Gjerdrum, L.M.; Moore, H.D.; Andrews, P.W.; Skakkebaek, N.E.; Rajpert-De Meyts, E.; Leffers, H. Analysis of gene expres-sion profiles of microdissected cell populations indicates that testicular carcinoma in situ is an arrested gonocyte. Cancer Res., 2009, 69(12), 5241-5250.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-4554] [PMID: 19491264]
[78]
Xing, J.S.; Bai, Z.M. Is testicular dysgenesis syndrome a genetic, endocrine, or environmental disease, or an unexplained reproductive disorder? Life Sci., 2018, 194, 120-129.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2017.11.039] [PMID: 29183799]
[79]
Meng, X.; de Rooij, D.G.; Westerdahl, K.; Saarma, M.; Sariola, H. Promotion of seminomatous tumors by targeted overexpression of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in mouse testis. Cancer Res., 2001, 61(8), 3267-3271.
[PMID: 11309277]
[80]
Skakkebaek, N.E.; Holm, M.; Hoei-Hansen, C.; Jørgensen, N.; Rajpert-De Meyts, E. Association between testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS) and testicular neoplasia: evidence from 20 adult patients with signs of maldevelopment of the testis. Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. Suppl., 2003, 111(1), 1-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0463.2003.11101031.x] [PMID: 12752226]
[81]
Swan, S.H. Prenatal phthalate exposure and anogenital distance in male infants. Environ. Health Perspect., 2006, 114(2), A88-A89.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.114-a88b] [PMID: 16451842]
[82]
Swan, S.H.; Main, K.M.; Liu, F.; Stewart, S.L.; Kruse, R.L.; Calafat, A.M.; Mao, C.S.; Redmon, J.B.; Ternand, C.L.; Sullivan, S.; Teague, J.L. Decrease in anogenital distance among male infants with prenatal phthalate exposure. Environ. Health Perspect., 2005, 113(8), 1056-1061.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8100] [PMID: 16079079]
[83]
Thankamony, A.; Ong, K.K.; Dunger, D.B.; Acerini, C.L.; Hughes, I.A. Anogenital distance from birth to 2 years: a population study. Environ. Health Perspect., 2009, 117(11), 1786-1790.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0900881] [PMID: 20049133]
[84]
Strohsnitter, W.C.; Noller, K.L.; Hoover, R.N.; Robboy, S.J.; Palmer, J.R.; Titus-Ernstoff, L.; Kaufman, R.H.; Adam, E.; Herbst, A.L.; Hatch, E.E. Cancer risk in men exposed in utero to diethylstilbestrol. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 2001, 93(7), 545-551.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/93.7.545] [PMID: 11287449]
[85]
Hardell, L.; van Bavel, B.; Lindstro¨m, G.; Carlberg, M.; Dreifaldt, A.C.; Wijkstro, M.H.; Starkhammar, H.; Eriksson, M.; Hallquist, A.; Kolmert, T. Increased concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls, hexachlorobenzene, and chlordanes in mothers of men with testicular cancer. Environ. Health Perspect., 2003, 111(7), 930-934.
[86]
Cohn, B.A.; Cirillo, P.M.; Christianson, R.E. Prenatal DDT exposure and testicular cancer: a nested case-control study. Arch. Environ. Occup. Health, 2010, 65(3), 127-134.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19338241003730887] [PMID: 20705572]
[87]
Markulin, D.; Vojta, A.; Samaržija, I.; Gamulin, M. Bečeheli, I.; Jukić I.; Maglov, Č Zoldoš, V.; Fučić A., Zoldos V., Fucic A. Associa-tion between RASSF1A promoter methylation and testicular germ cell tumor: a meta analysis and a cohort study. Cancer Genomics Proteomics, 2017, 14(5), 363-372.
[PMID: 28871003]
[88]
Killian, J.K.; Dorssers, L.C.; Trabert, B.; Gillis, A.J.; Cook, M.B.; Wang, Y.; Waterfall, J.J.; Stevenson, H.; Smith, W.I., Jr; Noyes, N.; Retnakumar, P.; Stoop, J.H.; Oosterhuis, J.W.; Meltzer, P.S.; McGlynn, K.A.; Looijenga, L.H. Imprints and DPPA3 are bypassed during pluripotency- and differentiation-coupled methylation reprogramming in testicular germ cell tumors. Genome Res., 2016, 26(11), 1490-1504.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gr.201293.115] [PMID: 27803193]
[89]
Lobo, J.; Gillis, A.J.M.; Jerónimo, C.; Henrique, R.; Looijenga, L.H.J. Human germ cell tumors are developmental cancers: impact of epi-genetics on pathobiology and clinic. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2019, 20(2), 258.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20020258] [PMID: 30634670]
[90]
Anway, M.D.; Cupp, A.S.; Uzumcu, M.; Skinner, M.K. Epigenetic transgenerational actions of endocrine disruptors and male fertility. Science, 2005, 308(5727), 1466-1469.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1108190] [PMID: 15933200]
[91]
Ipulan, L.A.; Suzuki, K.; Sakamoto, Y.; Murashima, A.; Imai, Y.; Omori, A.; Nakagata, N.; Nishinakamura, R.; Valasek, P.; Yamada, G. Nonmyocytic androgen receptor regulates the sexually dimorphic development of the embryonic bulbocavernosus muscle. Endocrinology, 2014, 155(7), 2467-2479.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2014-1008] [PMID: 24742196]
[92]
Mendiola, J.; Stahlhut, R.W.; Jørgensen, N.; Liu, F.; Swan, S.H. Shorter anogenital distance predicts poorer semen quality in young men in Rochester, New York. Environ. Health Perspect., 2011, 119(7), 958-963.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1103421] [PMID: 21377950]
[93]
Thankamony, A.; Pasterski, V.; Ong, K.K.; Acerini, C.L.; Hughes, I.A. Anogenital distance as a marker of androgen exposure in humans. Andrology, 2016, 4(4), 616-625.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/andr.12156] [PMID: 26846869]
[94]
Cox, K.; Kyriakou, A.; Amjad, B.; O’Toole, S.; Flett, M.E.; Welsh, M.; Ahmed, S.F.; Cascio, S. Shorter anogenital and anoscrotal distanc-es correlate with the severity of hypospadias: A prospective study. J. Pediatr. Urol., 2017, 13(1), 57.e1-57.e5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpurol.2016.08.006] [PMID: 27670783]
[95]
Gilboa, Y.; Perlman, S.; Kivilevitch, Z.; Messing, B.; Achiron, R. Prenatal anogenital distance is shorter in fetuses with hypospadias. J. Ultrasound Med., 2017, 36(1), 175-182.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7863/ultra.16.01006] [PMID: 27925677]
[96]
Jiang, D.P.; Geng, H.Q.; Lin, H.W.; Yu, Xi-na Zhang, X.W.; Yang, S.L.; Wang, S. Relationship between anogenital distance and cryptor-chidism in human newborns. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue, 2015, 21(5), 432-435.
[PMID: 26117942]
[97]
Eisenberg, M.L.; Jensen, T.K.; Walters, R.C.; Skakkebaek, N.E.; Lipshultz, L.I. The relationship between anogenital distance and repro-ductive hormone levels in adult men. J. Urol., 2012, 187(2), 594-598.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2011.10.041] [PMID: 22177168]
[98]
Bustamante-Montes, L.P.; Hernández-Valero, M.A.; Flores-Pimentel, D.; García-Fábila, M.; Amaya-Chávez, A.; Barr, D.B.; Borja-Aburto, V.H. Prenatal exposure to phthalates is associated with decreased anogenital distance and penile size in male newborns. J. Dev. Orig. Health Dis., 2013, 4(4), 300-306.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S2040174413000172] [PMID: 24349678]
[99]
Vafeiadi, M.; Agramunt, S.; Papadopoulou, E.; Besselink, H.; Mathianaki, K.; Karakosta, P.; Spanaki, A.; Koutis, A.; Chatzi, L.; Vrijheid, M.; Kogevinas, M. In utero exposure to dioxins and dioxin-like compounds and anogenital distance in newborns and infants. Environ. Health Perspect., 2013, 121(1), 125-130.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1205221] [PMID: 23171674]
[100]
Mammadov, E.; Uncu, M.; Dalkan, C. High prenatal exposure to bisphenol A reduces anogenital distance in healthy male newborns. J. Clin. Res. Pediatr. Endocrinol., 2018, 10(1), 25-29.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4274/jcrpe.4817] [PMID: 28825590]
[101]
Lind, D.V.; Main, K.M.; Kyhl, H.B.; Kristensen, D.M.; Toppari, J.; Andersen, H.R.; Andersen, M.S.; Skakkebæk, N.E.; Jensen, T.K. Ma-ternal use of mild analgesics during pregnancy associated with reduced anogenital distance in sons: a cohort study of 1027 mother-child pairs. Hum. Reprod., 2017, 32(1), 223-231.
[PMID: 27852690]
[102]
Foster, P.M. Disruption of reproductive development in male rat offspring following in utero exposure to phthalate esters. Int. J. Androl., 2006, 29(1), 140-147.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2605.2005.00563.x] [PMID: 16102138]
[103]
Schwartz, C.L.; Christiansen, S.; Vinggaard, A.M.; Axelstad, M.; Hass, U.; Svingen, T. Anogenital distance as a toxicological or clinical marker for fetal androgen action and risk for reproductive disorders. Arch. Toxicol., 2019, 93(2), 253-272.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00204-018-2350-5] [PMID: 30430187]
[104]
Christiansen, S.; Scholze, M.; Axelstad, M.; Boberg, J.; Kortenkamp, A.; Hass, U. Combined exposure to anti-androgens causes markedly increased frequencies of hypospadias in the rat. Int. J. Androl., 2008, 31(2), 241-248.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2605.2008.00866.x] [PMID: 18315719]
[105]
Hsieh, M.H.; Breyer, B.N.; Eisenberg, M.L.; Baskin, L.S. Associations among hypospadias, cryptorchidism, anogenital distance, and en-docrine disruption. Curr. Urol. Rep., 2008, 9(2), 137-142.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11934-008-0025-0] [PMID: 18419998]
[106]
Eisenberg, M.L.; Hsieh, M.H.; Walters, R.C.; Krasnow, R.; Lipshultz, L.I. The relationship between anogenital distance, fatherhood, and fertility in adult men. PLoS One, 2011, 6(5), e18973.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0018973] [PMID: 21589916]
[107]
Al-Hiyasat, A.S.; Darmani, H.; Elbetieha, A.M. Effects of bisphenol A on adult male mouse fertility. Eur. J. Oral Sci., 2002, 110(2), 163-167.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0722.2002.11201.x] [PMID: 12013561]
[108]
Tainaka, H.; Takahashi, H.; Umezawa, M.; Tanaka, H.; Nishimune, Y.; Oshio, S.; Takeda, K. Evaluation of the testicular toxicity of pre-natal exposure to bisphenol A based on microarray analysis combined with MeSH annotation. J. Toxicol. Sci., 2012, 37(3), 539-548.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2131/jts.37.539] [PMID: 22687993]
[109]
Jin, P.; Wang, X.; Chang, F.; Bai, Y.; Li, Y.; Zhou, R.; Chen, L. Low dose bisphenol A impairs spermatogenesis by suppressing reproduc-tive hormone production and promoting germ cell apoptosis in adult rats. J. Biomed. Res., 2013, 27(2), 135-144.
[PMID: 23554804]
[110]
Tiwari, D.; Vanage, G. Mutagenic effect of Bisphenol A on adult rat male germ cells and their fertility. Reprod. Toxicol., 2013, 40, 60-68.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2013.05.013] [PMID: 23770294]
[111]
McLachlan, R.I.; O’Donnell, L.; Meachem, S.J.; Stanton, P.G.; de Kretser, D.M.; Pratis, K.; Robertson, D.M. Identification of specific sites of hormonal regulation in spermatogenesis in rats, monkeys, and man. Recent Prog. Horm. Res., 2002, 57, 149-179.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/rp.57.1.149] [PMID: 12017541]
[112]
Akingbemi, B.T.; Sottas, C.M.; Koulova, A.I.; Klinefelter, G.R.; Hardy, M.P. Inhibition of testicular steroidogenesis by the xenoestrogen bisphenol A is associated with reduced pituitary luteinizing hormone secretion and decreased steroidogenic enzyme gene expression in rat Leydig cells. Endocrinology, 2004, 145(2), 592-603.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2003-1174] [PMID: 14605012]
[113]
Hanaoka, T.; Kawamura, N.; Hara, K.; Tsugane, S. Urinary bisphenol A and plasma hormone concentrations in male workers exposed to bisphenol A diglycidyl ether and mixed organic solvents. Occup. Environ. Med., 2002, 59(9), 625-628.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem.59.9.625] [PMID: 12205237]
[114]
Alonso-Magdalena, P.; Ropero, A.B.; Soriano, S.; García-Arévalo, M.; Ripoll, C.; Fuentes, E.; Quesada, I.; Nadal, Á. Bisphenol-A acts as a potent estrogen via non-classical estrogen triggered pathways. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol., 2012, 355(2), 201-207.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2011.12.012] [PMID: 22227557]
[115]
Nanjappa, MK; Simon, L; Akingbemi, BT The industrial chemical bisphenol A (BPA) interferes with proliferative activity and development of steroidogenic capacity in rat leydig cells. Biol Reprod, 2012, 86(5), 135, 1–12.
[116]
Ohlstein, J.F.; Strong, A.L.; McLachlan, J.A.; Gimble, J.M.; Burow, M.E.; Bunnell, B.A. Bisphenol A enhances adipogenic differentiation of human adipose stromal/stem cells. J. Mol. Endocrinol., 2014, 53(3), 345-353.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/JME-14-0052] [PMID: 25143472]
[117]
Masuno, H.; Kidani, T.; Sekiya, K.; Sakayama, K.; Shiosaka, T.; Yamamoto, H.; Honda, K. Bisphenol A in combination with insulin can accelerate the conversion of 3T3-L1 fibroblasts to adipocytes. J. Lipid Res., 2002, 43(5), 676-684.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-2275(20)30108-5] [PMID: 11971937]
[118]
Schneider, G.; Kirschner, M.A.; Berkowitz, R.; Ertel, N.H. Increased estrogen production in obese men. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 1979, 48(4), 633-638.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jcem-48-4-633] [PMID: 429508]
[119]
Giagulli, V.A.; Kaufman, J.M.; Vermeulen, A. Pathogenesis of the decreased androgen levels in obese men. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 1994, 79(4), 997-1000.
[PMID: 7962311]
[120]
Isidori, A.M.; Caprio, M.; Strollo, F.; Moretti, C.; Frajese, G.; Isidori, A.; Fabbri, A. Leptin and androgens in male obesity: evidence for leptin contribution to reduced androgen levels. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 1999, 84(10), 3673-3680.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.84.10.3673] [PMID: 10523013]
[121]
D’Cruz, S.C.; Jubendradass, R.; Jayakanthan, M.; Rani, S.J.; Mathur, P.P. Bisphenol A impairs insulin signaling and glucose homeostasis and decreases steroidogenesis in rat testis: an in vivo and in silico study. Food Chem. Toxicol., 2012, 50(3-4), 1124-1133.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2011.11.041] [PMID: 22142692]
[122]
Wang, C.; Qi, S.; Liu, C.; Yang, A.; Fu, W.; Quan, C.; Duan, P.; Yu, T.; Yang, K. Mitochondrial dysfunction and Ca2+ overload in injured Sertoli cells exposed to bisphenol A. Environ. Toxicol., 2017, 32(3), 823-831.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tox.22282] [PMID: 27189055]
[123]
Li, D-K; Zhou, Z; Miao, M; He, Y; Wang, J Ferber, J Urine bisphenol- A (BPA) level in relation to semen quality. Fertil Steril, 2011, 95(2), 625–30.e1–4.
[124]
Buck Louis, G.M.; Sundaram, R.; Sweeney, A.M.; Schisterman, E.F.; Maisog, J.; Kannan, K. Urinary bisphenol A, phthalates, and couple fecundity: the Longitudinal Investigation of Fertility and the Environment (LIFE) Study. Fertil. Steril., 2014, 101(5), 1359-1366.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.01.022] [PMID: 24534276]
[125]
Galloway, T.; Cipelli, R.; Guralnik, J.; Ferrucci, L.; Bandinelli, S.; Corsi, A.M.; Money, C.; McCormack, P.; Melzer, D. Daily bisphenol A excretion and associations with sex hormone concentrations: results from the InCHIANTI adult population study. Environ. Health Perspect., 2010, 118(11), 1603-1608.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1002367] [PMID: 20797929]
[126]
Lassen, T.H.; Frederiksen, H.; Jensen, T.K.; Petersen, J.H.; Joensen, U.N.; Main, K.M.; Skakkebaek, N.E.; Juul, A.; Jørgensen, N.; An-dersson, A.M. Urinary bisphenol A levels in young men: association with reproductive hormones and semen quality. Environ. Health Perspect., 2014, 122(5), 478-484.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1307309] [PMID: 24786630]
[127]
Mendiola, J.; Jørgensen, N.; Andersson, A.M.; Calafat, A.M.; Ye, X.; Redmon, J.B.; Drobnis, E.Z.; Wang, C.; Sparks, A.; Thurston, S.W.; Liu, F.; Swan, S.H. Are environmental levels of bisphenol a associated with reproductive function in fertile men? Environ. Health Perspect., 2010, 118(9), 1286-1291.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1002037] [PMID: 20494855]
[128]
Adoamnei, E.; Mendiola, J.; Vela-Soria, F.; Fernández, M.F.; Olea, N.; Jørgensen, N.; Swan, S.H.; Torres-Cantero, A.M. Urinary bi-sphenol A concentrations are associated with reproductive parameters in young men. Environ. Res., 2018, 161, 122-128.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.11.002] [PMID: 29156341]
[129]
De Toni, L.; De Rocco Ponce, M.; Petre, G.C.; Rtibi, K. Di Nisio, A foresta c bisphenols and male reproductive health: from toxicological models to therapeutic hypotheses. Front Endoc, 2020, 11, 301.
[130]
Barbonetti, A.; Castellini, C.; Di Giammarco, N.; Santilli, G.; Francavilla, S.; Francavilla, F. In vitro exposure of human spermatozoa to bisphenol A induces pro-oxidative/apoptotic mitochondrial dysfunction. Reprod. Toxicol., 2016, 66, 61-67.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.09.014] [PMID: 27686954]
[131]
Eladak, S.; Moison, D.; Guerquin, M.J.; Matilionyte, G.; Kilcoyne, K.; N’Tumba-Byn, T.; Messiaen, S.; Deceuninck, Y.; Pozzi-Gaudin, S.; Benachi, A.; Livera, G.; Antignac, J.P.; Mitchell, R.; Rouiller-Fabre, V.; Habert, R. Effects of environmental Bisphenol A exposures on germ cell development and Leydig cell function in the human fetal testis. PLoS One, 2018, 13(1), e0191934.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0191934] [PMID: 29385186]
[132]
Pan, G.; Hanaoka, T.; Yoshimura, M.; Zhang, S.; Wang, P.; Tsukino, H.; Inoue, K.; Nakazawa, H.; Tsugane, S.; Takahashi, K. Decreased serum free testosterone in workers exposed to high levels of di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP): a cross-sectional study in China. Environ. Health Perspect., 2006, 114(11), 1643-1648.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.9016] [PMID: 17107847]
[133]
Meeker, J.D.; Calafat, A.M.; Hauser, R. Urinary metabolites of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate are associated with decreased steroid hormone levels in adult men. J. Androl., 2009, 30(3), 287-297.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2164/jandrol.108.006403] [PMID: 19059903]
[134]
Mendiola, J.; Jørgensen, N.; Andersson, A.M.; Calafat, A.M.; Silva, M.J.; Redmon, J.B.; Sparks, A.; Drobnis, E.Z.; Wang, C.; Liu, F.; Swan, S.H. Associations between urinary metabolites of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and reproductive hormones in fertile men. Int. J. Androl., 2011, 34(4), 369-378.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2605.2010.01095.x] [PMID: 20633195]
[135]
Desdoits-Lethimonier, C.; Albert, O.; Le Bizec, B.; Perdu, E.; Zalko, D.; Courant, F.; Lesné, L.; Guillé, F.; Dejucq-Rainsford, N.; Jégou, B. Human testis steroidogenesis is inhibited by phthalates. Hum. Reprod., 2012, 27(5), 1451-1459.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humrep/des069] [PMID: 22402212]
[136]
Pant, N.; Pant, A.; Shukla, M.; Mathur, N.; Gupta, Y.; Saxena, D. Environmental and experimental exposure of phthalate esters: the toxi-cological consequence on human sperm. Hum. Exp. Toxicol., 2011, 30(6), 507-514.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327110374205] [PMID: 20551087]
[137]
Zhao, B.; Li, L.; Liu, J.; Li, H.; Zhang, C.; Han, P.; Zhang, Y.; Yuan, X.; Ge, R.S.; Chu, Y. Exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonate in utero reduces testosterone production in rat fetal Leydig cells. PLoS One, 2014, 9(1), e78888.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0078888] [PMID: 24454680]
[138]
Anand-Ivell, R.; Cohen, A.; Nørgaard-Pedersen, B.; Jönsson, B.A.G.; Bonde, J.P.; Hougaard, D.M.; Lindh, C.H.; Toft, G.; Lindhard, M.S.; Ivell, R. Amniotic Fluid INSL3 measured during the critical time window in human pregnancy related to cryptorchidism, hypospadias and phthalate load: a large case – control study. Front. Physiol., 2018, 9, 406.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.00406] [PMID: 29740335]
[139]
Lottrup, G.; Andersson, A.M.; Leffers, H.; Mortensen, G.K.; Toppari, J.; Skakkebaek, N.E.; Main, K.M. Possible impact of phthalates on infant reproductive health. Int. J. Androl., 2006, 29(1), 172-180.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2605.2005.00642.x] [PMID: 16466537]
[140]
Conder, J.M.; Hoke, R.A.; De Wolf, W.; Russell, M.H.; Buck, R.C. Are PFCAs bioaccumulative? A critical review and comparison with regulatory criteria and persistent lipophilic compounds. Environ. Sci. Technol., 2008, 42(4), 995-1003.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es070895g] [PMID: 18351063]
[141]
Steenland, K.; Fletcher, T.; Savitz, D.A. Epidemiologic evidence on the health effects of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). Environ. Health Perspect., 2010, 118(8), 1100-1108.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0901827] [PMID: 20423814]
[142]
La Rocca, C.; Alessi, E.; Bergamasco, B.; Caserta, D.; Ciardo, F.; Fanello, E.; Focardi, S.; Guerranti, C.; Stecca, L.; Moscarini, M.; Perra, G.; Tait, S.; Zaghi, C.; Mantovani, A. Exposure and effective dose biomarkers for perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooc-tanoic acid (PFOA) in infertile subjects: preliminary results of the PREVIENI project. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health, 2012, 215(2), 206-211.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2011.10.016] [PMID: 22197512]
[143]
Han, X.; Snow, T.A.; Kemper, R.A.; Jepson, G.W. Binding of perfluorooctanoic acid to rat and human plasma proteins. Chem. Res. Toxicol., 2003, 16(6), 775-781.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/tx034005w] [PMID: 12807361]
[144]
Fromme, H.; Tittlemier, S.A.; Völkel, W.; Wilhelm, M.; Twardella, D. Perfluorinated compounds-exposure assessment for the general population in Western countries. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health, 2009, 212(3), 239-270.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2008.04.007] [PMID: 18565792]
[145]
Dixon, D.; Reed, C.E.; Moore, A.B.; Gibbs-Flournoy, E.A.; Hines, E.P.; Wallace, E.A.; Stanko, J.P.; Lu, Y.; Jefferson, W.N.; Newbold, R.R.; Fenton, S.E. Histopathologic changes in the uterus, cervix and vagina of immature CD-1 mice exposed to low doses of perfluorooc-tanoic acid (PFOA) in a uterotrophic assay. Reprod. Toxicol., 2012, 33(4), 506-512.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2011.10.011] [PMID: 22146484]
[146]
Biegel, L.B.; Liu, R.C.M.; Hurtt, M.E.; Cook, J.C. Effects of ammonium perfluorooctanoate on Leydig cell function: In vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo studies. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 1995, 134(1), 18-25.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/taap.1995.1164] [PMID: 7676454]
[147]
Kang, J.S.; Choi, J.S.; Park, J.W. Transcriptional changes in steroidogenesis by perfluoroalkyl acids (PFOA and PFOS) regulate the syn-thesis of sex hormones in H295R cells. Chemosphere, 2016, 155, 436-443.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.04.070] [PMID: 27139122]
[148]
Austin, M.E.; Kasturi, B.S.; Barber, M.; Kannan, K. MohanKumar, P.S.; MohanKumar, S.M. Neuroendocrine effects of perfluorooctane sulfonate in rats. Environ. Health Perspect., 2003, 111(12), 1485-1489.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.6128] [PMID: 12948888]
[149]
Li, N.; Mruk, D.D.; Chen, H.; Wong, C.K.C.; Lee, W.M. Cheng, CY Rescue of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS)-mediated Sertoli cell injury by overexpression of gap junction protein connexin 43. Sci. Rep., 2016, 20, 6-29667.
[150]
Raymer, J.H.; Michael, L.C.; Studabaker, W.B.; Olsen, G.W.; Sloan, C.S.; Wilcosky, T. Concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate urements. Reprod. Toxicol., 2012, 33(4), 419-427.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2011.05.024] [PMID: 21736937]
[151]
Joensen, U.N.; Bossi, R.; Leffers, H.; Jensen, A.A.; Skakkebaek, N.E.; Jørgensen, N. Do perfluoroalkyl compounds impair human semen quality? Environ. Health Perspect., 2009, 117(6), 923-927.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0800517] [PMID: 19590684]
[152]
Toft, G.; Jönsson, B.A.G.; Lindh, C.H.; Giwercman, A.; Spano, M.; Heederik, D.; Lenters, V.; Vermeulen, R.; Rylander, L.; Pedersen, H.S.; Ludwicki, J.K.; Zviezdai, V.; Bonde, J.P. Exposure to perfluorinated compounds and human semen quality in Arctic and European populations. Hum. Reprod., 2012, 27(8), 2532-2540.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humrep/des185] [PMID: 22647447]
[153]
Joensen, U.N.; Veyrand, B.; Antignac, J.P.; Blomberg Jensen, M.; Petersen, J.H.; Marchand, P.; Skakkebæk, N.E.; Andersson, A.M.; Le Bizec, B.; Jørgensen, N. PFOS (perfluorooctanesulfonate) in serum is negatively associated with testosterone levels, but not with semen quality, in healthy men. Hum. Reprod., 2013, 28(3), 599-608.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humrep/des425] [PMID: 23250927]
[154]
Louis, G.M.B.; Chen, Z.; Schisterman, E.F.; Kim, S.; Sweeney, A.M.; Sundaram, R.; Lynch, C.D.; Gore-Langton, R.E.; Barr, D.B. Per-fluorochemicals and human semen quality: the LIFE study. Environ. Health Perspect., 2015, 123(1), 57-63.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1307621] [PMID: 25127343]
[155]
Croes, K.; Den Hond, E.; Bruckers, L.; Govarts, E.; Schoeters, G.; Covaci, A.; Loots, I.; Morrens, B.; Nelen, V.; Sioen, I.; Van Larebeke, N.; Baeyens, W. Endocrine actions of pesticides measured in the Flemish environment and health studies (FLEHS I and II). Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int., 2015, 22(19), 14589-14599.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3437-z] [PMID: 25138556]
[156]
Specht, I.O.; Hougaard, K.S.; Spanò, M.; Bizzaro, D.; Manicardi, G.C.; Lindh, C.H.; Toft, G.; Jönsson, B.A.G.; Giwercman, A.; Bonde, J.P.E. Sperm DNA integrity in relation to exposure to environmental perfluoroalkyl substances - a study of spouses of pregnant women in three geographical regions. Reprod. Toxicol., 2012, 33(4), 577-583.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2012.02.008] [PMID: 22449571]
[157]
Governini, L.; Guerranti, C.; De Leo, V.; Boschi, L.; Luddi, A.; Gori, M.; Orvieto, R.; Piomboni, P. Chromosomal aneuploidies and DNA fragmentation of human spermatozoa from patients exposed to perfluorinated compounds. Andrologia, 2015, 47(9), 1012-1019.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/and.12371] [PMID: 25382683]
[158]
Paoli, D.; Giannandrea, F.; Gallo, M.; Turci, R.; Cattaruzza, M.S.; Lombardo, F.; Lenzi, A.; Gandini, L. Exposure to polychlorinated bi-phenyls and hexachlorobenzene, semen quality and testicular cancer risk. J. Endocrinol. Invest., 2015, 38(7), 745-752.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40618-015-0251-5] [PMID: 25770454]
[159]
Kjeldsen, L.S.; Bonefeld-Jørgensen, E.C. Perfluorinated compounds affect the function of sex hormone receptors. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int., 2013, 20(11), 8031-8044.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-1753-3] [PMID: 23764977]
[160]
Luccio-Camelo, D.C.; Prins, G.S. Disruption of androgen receptor signaling in males by environmental chemicals. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 2011, 127(1-2), 74-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2011.04.004] [PMID: 21515368]
[161]
Barry, V.; Winquist, A.; Steenland, K. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) exposures and incident cancers among adults living near a chemical plant. Environ. Health Perspect., 2013, 121(11-12), 1313-1318.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1306615] [PMID: 24007715]
[162]
Vieira, V.M.; Hoffman, K.; Shin, H.M.; Weinberg, J.M.; Webster, T.F.; Fletcher, T. Perfluorooctanoic acid exposure and cancer outcomes in a contaminated community: a geographic analysis. Environ. Health Perspect., 2013, 121(3), 318-323.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1205829] [PMID: 23308854]
[163]
Buhrke, T.; Kibellus, A.; Lampen, A. In vitro toxicological characterization of perfluorinated carboxylic acids with different carbon chain lengths. Toxicol. Lett., 2013, 218(2), 97-104.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.01.025] [PMID: 23391484]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
23
1
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy