Medicinal Importance, Pharmacological Activities and Analytical Aspects
of Canadine in Medicine: An Important Phytochemical of Hydrastis
canadensis

Dinesh    Kumar    Patel

doi:10.2174/2666001601666210923123629

Abstract

Background: Natural products and their derived phytochemicals are used in medicine. Natural products have gained importance in modern medicine due to their therapeutic potential and beneficial effects on human health and disorders. Plenty of herbal drug-based products are available in the market and are playing an important role in the human health care system due to their beneficial properties in human beings. In the modern age, we can find many herbal-based products in the market mainly prepared from natural products and used for the prevention and treatment of various human disorders. Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids are an important class of alkaloidal compounds. They include morphine, codeine, sanguinarine, berberine, and canadine, which are mainly known for their medicinal value.

Methods: Hydrastis canadensis is an important medicinal plant found to contain a significant amount of canadine, hydrastine, and berberine. In the present investigation, numerous scientific databases such as Google, PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Scopus have been searched to collect important scientific information of canadine and analyzed to determine the beneficial aspects of canadine on health and medicine. All the collected scientific data were analyzed and categorized according to pharmacological and analytical aspects.

Results: From the analysis of the collected scientific information, it was found that Hydrastis canadensis contains a significant amount of canadine with many more phytochemicals, including canadaline, hydrastidine, isohydrastidine, etc. Pharmacological activity data analysis revealed the biological importance of Hydrastis canadensis in medicine for their traditional uses against gastritis, colitis, duodenal ulcers, loss of appetite, liver disease, bile secretion disorder, snake bites, and vaginitis in medicine. However, scientific data analysis of canadine revealed its effectiveness in acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity, anti-cancer, anti-microbial, anti-allergic activity, and anti-oxidant activity. Different modern analytical tools have been used in modern medicine for the isolation and quantification of canadine in the Hydrastis canadensis.

Conclusion: Present investigation revealed the medicinal importance and pharmacological activities of canadine in medicine for the treatment of numerous human health complications. These scientific data will be helpful for scientists in knowing the biological importance of canadine in medicine against various forms of human complications.

Keywords: Benzylisoquinoline alkaloid, canadine, herbal medicine, Hydrastis canadensis, phytochemical, pharmacological.

Graphical Abstract

[1] 
Patel, K.; Kumar, V.; Rahman, M.; Verma, A.; Patel, D.K. Rhamnazin: A systematic review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacology and analytical aspects of an important phytomedicine. Curr. Tradit. Med.,  2018, 4(2), 120-127. Availalble from: http://www.eurekaselect.com/161295/article
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2215083804666180416124949] 
[2] 
Patel, K.; Kumar, V.; Verma, A.; Rahman, M.; Patel, D.K. β -sitosterol: Bioactive compounds in foods, their role in health promotion and disease prevention “a concise report of its phytopharmaceutical importance.”. Curr. Tradit. Med.,  2017, 3(3), 168-177.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2215083803666170615111759] 
[3] 
Patel, K.; Kumar, V.; Verma, A.; Rahman, M.; Kumar Patel, D. Health benefits of furanocoumarins ‘psoralidin’ an active phytochemical of psoralea corylifolia: The present, past and future scenario. Curr. Bioact. Compd.,  2019, 15(4), 369-376. Availalble from: http://www.eurekaselect.com/162076/article
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573407214666180511153438] 
[4] 
Patel, K.; Patel, D.K. Medicinal importance, pharmacological activities, and analytical aspects of hispidulin: A concise report. J. Tradit. Complement. Med.,  2016, 7(3), 360-366. Availalble from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S222541101630284X
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2016.11.003] [PMID: 28725632] 
[5] 
Sharma, V.; Janmeda, P. Extraction, isolation and identification of flavonoid from Euphorbia neriifolia leaves. Arab. J. Chem.,  2017, 10(4), 509-514. Availalble from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1878535214001816
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2014.08.019] 
[6] 
Cragg, G.M.; Newman, D.J. Natural products: a continuing source of novel drug leads. Biochim. Biophys. Acta,  2013, 1830(6), 3670, 3695. Availalble from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0304416513000512
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.02.008] [PMID: 23428572] 
[7] 
Minami, H.; Kim, J-S.; Ikezawa, N.; Takemura, T.; Katayama, T.; Kumagai, H.; Sato, F. Microbial production of plant benzylisoquinoline alkaloids. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,  2008, 105(21), 7393-7398. Availalble from: http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.0802981105
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0802981105] [PMID: 18492807] 
[8] 
Patel, K.; Singh, R.B.; Patel, D.K. Medicinal significance, pharmacological activities, and analytical aspects of solasodine: A concise report of current scientific literature. J. Acute Dis.,  2013, 2(2), 92-98. Availalble from: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2221618913601067
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2221-6189(13)60106-7] 
[9] 
Bouayad, N.; Rharrabe, K.; Lamhamdi, M.; Nourouti, N.G.; Sayah, F. Dietary effects of harmine, a β -carboline alkaloid, on development, energy reserves and α -amylase activity of Plodia interpunctella Hübner (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Saudi J. Biol. Sci.,  2012, 19(1), 73-80. Availalble from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1319562X10001270
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2010.12.004] [PMID: 23961164] 
[10] 
Beyer, J.; Drummer, O.H.; Maurer, H.H. Analysis of toxic alkaloids in body samples. Forensic Sci. Int.,  2009, 185(1-3), 1-9. Availalble from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0379073808004751
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2008.12.006] [PMID: 19147309] 
[11] 
Patel, K.; Gadewar, M.; Tripathi, R.; Prasad, S.K.; Patel, D.K. A review on medicinal importance, pharmacological activity and bioanalytical aspects of beta-carboline alkaloid “Harmine”. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed.,  2012, 2(8), 660-664.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(12)60116-6] [PMID: 23569990] 
[12] 
Hagel, J.M.; Facchini, P.J. Benzylisoquinoline alkaloid metabolism: a century of discovery and a brave new world. Plant Cell Physiol.,  2013, 54(5), 647-672. Availalble from: https://academic.oup.com/pcp/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/pcp/pct020
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pct020] [PMID: 23385146] 
[13] 
Li, Y.; Winzer, T.; He, Z.; Graham, I.A. Over 100 million years of enzyme evolution underpinning the production of morphine in the papaveraceae family of flowering plants. Plant Commun.,  2020, 1(2), 100029. Availalble from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2590346220300109
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.xplc.2020.100029] [PMID: 32685922] 
[14] 
Wallace, E.D.; Oberlies, N.H.; Cech, N.B.; Kellogg, J.J. Detection of adulteration in Hydrastis canadensis (goldenseal) dietary supplements via untargeted mass spectrometry-based metabolomics. Food Chem. Toxicol.,  2018, 120, 439-447. Availalble from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0278691518304782
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2018.07.033] [PMID: 30031041] 
[15] 
Abidi, P.; Chen, W.; Kraemer, F.B.; Li, H.; Liu, J. The medicinal plant goldenseal is a natural LDL-lowering agent with multiple bioactive components and new action mechanisms. J. Lipid Res.,  2006, 47(10), 2134-2147. Availalble from: http://www.jlr.org/lookup/doi/10.1194/jlr.M600195-JLR200
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1194/jlr.M600195-JLR200] [PMID: 16885565] 
[16] 
Ettefagh, K.A.; Burns, J.T.; Junio, H.A.; Kaatz, G.W.; Cech, N.B. Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis L.) extracts synergistically enhance the antibacterial activity of berberine via efflux pump inhibition. Planta Med.,  2011, 77(8), 835-840. Availalble from: http://www.thieme-connect.de/DOI/DOI?10.1055/s-0030-1250606
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-1250606] [PMID: 21157683] 
[17] 
Iwashina, T.; Tobe, H. Flavonoids from the leaves of hydrastis (hydrastidaceae): the phytochemical comparison with glaucidium. Bull. Natn. Sci. Mus., Tokyo. Ser B,  2006, 32(1), 29-33.
[18] 
Karmakar, S.R.; Biswas, S.J.; Khuda-Bukhsh, A.R. Anti-carcinogenic potentials of a plant extract (Hydrastis canadensis): I. Evidence from in vivo studies in mice (Mus musculus). Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev.,  2010, 11(2), 545-551. Availalble from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20843149
[PMID: 20843149] 
[19] 
Chen, S.; Wan, L.; Couch, L.; Lin, H.; Li, Y.; Dobrovolsky, V.N.; Mei, N.; Guo, L. Mechanism study of goldenseal-associated DNA damage. Toxicol. Lett.,  2013, 221(1), 64-72. Availalble from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378427413008412
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.05.641] [PMID: 23747414] 
[20] 
Liu, Y.; Finley, J.; Betz, J.M.; Brown, P.N. FT-NIR characterization with chemometric analyses to differentiate goldenseal from common adulterants. Fitoterapia,  2018, 127, 81-88. Availalble from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0367326X17316970
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2018.02.006] [PMID: 29421241] 
[21] 
Sánchez, F.G.; Díaz, A.N.; Lama, I.M.; Aguilar, A.; Algarra, M. HPLC enantioseparation of the alkaloid Canadine and determination of enantiomeric purity with chiral/photometric and achiral/polarimetric detection. J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol.,  2014, 37(1), 26-38. Availalble from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10826076.2012.733996
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10826076.2012.733996] 
[22] 
Pingali, S.; Donahue, J.P.; Payton-Stewart, F. Tetrahydroberberine, a pharmacologically active naturally occurring alkaloid. Acta Crystallogr. C Struct. Chem.,  2015, 71(Pt 4), 262-265.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S2053229615004076] [PMID: 25836282] 
[23] 
Lee, H.; Lee, S-J.; Bae, G-U.; Baek, N-I.; Ryu, J-H. Canadine from corydalis turtschaninovii stimulates myoblast differentiation and protects against myotube atrophy. Int. J. Mol. Sci.,  2017, 18(12), 2748. Availalble from: http://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/18/12/2748
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms18122748] [PMID: 29258243] 
[24] 
Dang, T-T.T.; Facchini, P.J. Cloning and characterization of canadine synthase involved in noscapine biosynthesis in opium poppy. FEBS Lett.,  2014, 588(1), 198-204. Availalble from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1016/j.febslet.2013.11.037
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2013.11.037] [PMID: 24316226] 
[25] 
Chignell, C.F.; Sik, R.H.; Watson, M.A.; Wielgus, A.R. Photochemistry and photocytotoxicity of alkaloids from Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis L.) 3: effect on human lens and retinal pigment epithelial cells. Photochem. Photobiol.,  2007, 83(4), 938-943. Availalble from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1751-1097.2007.00086.x
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-1097.2007.00086.x] [PMID: 17645667] 
[26] 
Joshi, B.D.; Srivastava, A.; Tandon, P.; Jain, S.; Ayala, A.P. A combined experimental (IR, Raman and UV–Vis) and quantum chemical study of canadine. Spectrochim Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc.,  2018, 191, 249-258. Availalble from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1386142517308077
[27] 
Correché, E.R.; Andujar, S.A.; Kurdelas, R.R.; Gómez Lechón, M.J.; Freile, M.L.; Enriz, R.D. Antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of canadine: biological effects and structural aspects. Bioorg. Med. Chem.,  2008, 16(7), 3641-3651. Availalble from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0968089608001247
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2008.02.015] [PMID: 18295494] 
[28] 
Tan, C-N.; Zhang, Q.; Li, C-H.; Fan, J-J.; Yang, F-Q.; Hu, Y-J.; Hu, G. Potential target-related proteins in rabbit platelets treated with active monomers dehydrocorydaline and canadine from Rhizoma corydalis. Phytomedicine,  2019, 54, 231-239. Availalble from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0944711318304859
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2018.09.200] [PMID: 30668373] 
[29] 
Inbaraj, J.J.; Kukielczak, B.M.; Bilski, P.; He, Y-Y.; Sik, R.H.; Chignell, C.F. Photochemistry and photocytotoxicity of alkaloids from Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis L.). 2. Palmatine, hydrastine, canadine, and hydrastinine. Chem. Res. Toxicol.,  2006, 19(6), 739-744. Availalble from: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/tx050356u
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/tx050356u] [PMID: 16780351] 
[30] 
Batchu, S. In silico Transcriptomic analysis of canadine accumulation in papaver somniferum cultivar. J. Biotechnol. Biomed. [Internet],  2020, 03(01) Availalble from: http://www.fortunejournals.com/abstract/in-silico-transcriptomic-analysis-of-canadine-accumulation-in-papaver-somniferum-cultivar-1152.html
[http://dx.doi.org/10.26502/jbb.2642-91280024] 
[31] 
Morris, J.S.; Facchini, P.J. Isolation and characterization of reticuline N-methyltransferase involved in biosynthesis of the aporphine alkaloid magnoflorine in opium poppy. J. Biol. Chem. 2016, 291(45), 23416-23427. Availalble from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0021925820356222
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M116.750893] [PMID: 27634038] 
[32] 
Liscombe, D.K.; Facchini, P.J. Molecular cloning and characterization of tetrahydroprotoberberine cis-N-methyltransferase, an enzyme involved in alkaloid biosynthesis in opium poppy. J. Biol. Chem.,  2007, 282(20), 14741-14751. Availalble from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0021925820636262
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M611908200] [PMID: 17389594] 
[33] 
Nigdelioglu Dolanbay, S.; Kocanci, F.G.; Aslim, B. Neuroprotective effects of allocryptopine-rich alkaloid extracts against oxidative stress-induced neuronal damage. Biomed. Pharmacother.,  2021, 140, 111690. Availalble from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0753332221004728
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111690] [PMID: 34004513] 
[34] 
Suthiphasilp, V.; Maneerat, T.; Andersen, R.J.; Patrick, B.O.; Pyne, S.G.; Laphookhieo, S. α-Glucosidase inhibitory activity of compounds isolated from the twig and leaf extracts of Desmos dumosus. Heliyon,  2021, 7(2), e06180. Availalble from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2405844021002851
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06180] [PMID: 33665411] 
[35] 
Tang, P.; Wang, H.; Zhang, W.; Chen, F-E. Asymmetric catalytic hydrogenation of imines and enamines in natural product synthesis. Green Synth. Catal.,  2020, 1(1), 26-41. Availalble from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2666554920300065
[36] 
Kumarasamy, V.M.; Shin, Y-J.; White, J.; Sun, D. Selective repression of RET proto-oncogene in medullary thyroid carcinoma by a natural alkaloid berberine. BMC Cancer,  2015, 15(1), 599. Availalble from: http://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-015-1610-5
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12885-015-1610-5] [PMID: 26307103] 
[37] 
Chlebek, J.; Macáková, K.; Cahlíková, L.; Kurfürst, M.; Kuneš, J.; Opletal, L. Acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory compounds from corydalis cava (Fumariaceae). Nat. Prod. Commun.,  2011, 6(5), 1934578X1100600. Availalble from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1934578X1100600507
[38] 
Chlebek, J.; Korábečný, J.; Doležal, R.; Štěpánková, S.; Pérez, D.I.; Hošťálková, A.; Opletal, L.; Cahlíková, L.; Macáková, K.; Kučera, T.; Hrabinová, M.; Jun, D. In vitro and in silico acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of thalictricavine and canadine and their predicted penetration across the blood-brain barrier. Molecules,  2019, 24(7), 1340. Availalble from: https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/24/7/1340
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24071340] [PMID: 30959739] 
[39] 
Zhang, Q.; Chen, C.; Wang, F-Q.; Li, C-H.; Zhang, Q-H.; Hu, Y-J.; Xia, Z.N.; Yang, F.Q. Simultaneous screening and analysis of antiplatelet aggregation active alkaloids from Rhizoma Corydalis. Pharm. Biol.,  2016, 54(12), 3113-3120. Availalble from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13880209.2016.1211714
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13880209.2016.1211714] [PMID: 27558975] 
[40] 
Pietra, D.; Borghini, A.; Bianucci, A.M. In vitro studies of antifibrotic and cytoprotective effects elicited by proto-berberine alkaloids in human dermal fibroblasts. Pharmacol. Rep.,  2015, 67(6), 1081-1089. Availalble from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1734114015000705
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pharep.2015.04.001] [PMID: 26481525] 
[41] 
Scazzocchio, F.; Cometa, M.F.; Tomassini, L.; Palmery, M. Antibacterial activity of Hydrastis canadensis extract and its major isolated alkaloids. Planta Med.,  2001, 67(6), 561-564. Availalble from: http://www.thieme-connect.de/DOI/DOI?10.1055/s-2001-16493
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2001-16493] [PMID: 11509983] 
[42] 
Hwang, B.Y.; Roberts, S.K.; Chadwick, L.R.; Wu, C.D.; Kinghorn, A.D. Antimicrobial constituents from goldenseal (the Rhizomes of Hydrastis canadensis) against selected oral pathogens. Planta Med.,  2003, 69(7), 623-627. Availalble from: http://www.thieme-connect.de/DOI/DOI?10.1055/s-2003-41115
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2003-41115] [PMID: 12898417] 
[43] 
Tims, Mc.; Batista, C. Effects of root isoquinoline alkaloids from Hydrastis canadensis on Fusarium oxysporum isolated from Hydrastis root tissue. J. Chem. Ecol.,  2007, 33(7), 1449-1455. Availalble from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10886-007-9319-9
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10886-007-9319-9] [PMID: 17549565] 
[44] 
Abdel-Haq, H.; Cometa, M.F.; Palmery, M.; Leone, M.G.; Silvestrini, B.; Saso, L. Relaxant effects of Hydrastis canadensis L. and its major alkaloids on guinea pig isolated trachea. Pharmacol. Toxicol.,  2000, 87(5), 218-222. Availalble from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1034/j.1600-0773.2000.pto870505.x
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0773.2000.d01-77.x] [PMID: 11129501] 
[45] 
Saito, S.Y.; Tanaka, M.; Matsunaga, K.; Li, Y.; Ohizumi, Y. The combination of rat mast cell and rabbit aortic smooth muscle is the simple bioassay for the screening of anti-allergic ingredient from methanolic extract of Corydalis tuber. Biol. Pharm. Bull.,  2004, 27(8), 1270-1274. Availalble from: http://joi.jlc.jst.go.jp/JST.JSTAGE/bpb/27.1270?from=CrossRef
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/bpb.27.1270] [PMID: 15305035] 
[46] 
Mari, G.; Catalani, S.; Antonini, E.; De Crescentini, L.; Mantellini, F.; Santeusanio, S.; Lombardi, P.; Amicucci, A.; Battistelli, S.; Benedetti, S.; Palma, F. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel heteroring-annulated pyrrolino-tetrahydroberberine analogues as antioxidant agents. Bioorg. Med. Chem.,  2018, 26(18), 5037-5044. Availalble from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0968089618311817
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2018.08.038] [PMID: 30196978] 
[47] 
Le, P.M.; Milande, C.; Martineau, E.; Giraudeau, P.; Farjon, J. Quantification of natural products in herbal supplements: A combined NMR approach applied on goldenseal. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal.,  2019, 165, 155-161. Availalble from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0731708518323719
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2018.11.062] [PMID: 30544050] 
[48] 
Qing, Z.X.; Xu, Y.Q.; Yang, P.; Yu, K.; Peng, Y.; Zuo, Z.; Zeng, J.G. Study on alkaloids of fruit from macleaya cordata. Zhong Yao Cai,  2016, 39(2), 312-314. Availalble from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30080360
[PMID: 30080360] 
[49] 
Avula, B.; Wang, Y-H.; Khan, I.A. Quantitative determination of alkaloids from roots of Hydrastis canadensis L. and dietary supplements using ultra-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. J. AOAC Int.,  2012, 95(5), 1398-1405. Availalble from: https://academic.oup.com/jaoac/article/95/5/1398-1405/5655265
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.12-074] [PMID: 23175972] 
[50] 
Weber, H.A.; Joseph, M. [Extraction and HPLC analysis of alkaloids in goldenseal]. Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao,  2004, 20(2), 306-308. 
[PMID: 15969129] 
[51] 
Weber, H.A.; Zart, M.K.; Hodges, A.E.; White, K.D.; Barnes, S.M.; Moody, L.A.; Clark, A.P.; Harris, R.K.; Overstreet, J.D.; Smith, C.S. Method validation for determination of alkaloid content in goldenseal root powder. J. AOAC Int.,  2003, 86(3), 476-483. Availalble from: https://academic.oup.com/jaoac/article/86/3/476-483/5656964
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/86.3.476] [PMID: 12852562] 
[52] 
Válka, I.; Walterová, D.; Popova, M.E.; Preininger, V.; Simánek, V. Separation and quantification of some alkaloids from Fumaria parviflora by capillary isotachophoresis1. Planta Med.,  1985, 51(4), 319-322. Availalble from: http://www.thieme-connect.de/DOI/DOI?10.1055/s-2007-969501
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-969501] [PMID: 17340523] 
[53] 
Popova, M.E.; Simánek, V.; Dolejš, L.; Smysl, B.; Preininger, V. Alkaloids from Fumaria parviflora and F. kralikii. Planta Med.,  1982, 45(2), 120-122. Availalble from: http://www.thieme-connect.de/DOI/DOI?10.1055/s-2007-971259
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-971259] [PMID: 17396798] 
[54] 
Kiryakov, H.G.; Iskrenova, E.; Daskalova, E.; Kuzmanov, B.; Evstatieva, L. Alkaloids of Corydalis slivenensis. Planta Med.,  1982, 44(3), 168-170. Availalble from: http://www.thieme-connect.de/DOI/DOI?10.1055/s-2007-971432
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-971432] [PMID: 17402105] 
[55] 
Weber, H.A.; Zart, M.K.; Hodges, A.E.; Molloy, H.M.; O’Brien, B.M.; Moody, L.A.; Clark, A.P.; Harris, R.K.; Overstreet, J.D.; Smith, C.S. Chemical comparison of goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis L.) root powder from three commercial suppliers. J. Agric. Food Chem.,  2003, 51(25), 7352-7358. Availalble from: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf034339r
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf034339r] [PMID: 14640583] 

Rights & Permissions Print Cite

Article Metrics

15

1

DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2666001601666210923123629	Print ISSN 2666-0016
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher	Online ISSN 2666-0008

Current Chinese Chemistry

Medicinal Importance, Pharmacological Activities and Analytical Aspects of Canadine in Medicine: An Important Phytochemical of Hydrastis canadensis

Abstract Play Pause

Graphical Abstract

Related Journals

Related Books

Related Articles

Abstract