Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Nutrition & Food Science

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1573-4013
ISSN (Online): 2212-3881

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Review Article

A Review on Experimental Models for Screening Plant Food and Human Nutrition

Author(s): Ashish Majumdar*, Ravindra Kumar Pandey *, Shiv Shankar Shukla and Beena Gidwani

Volume 18, Issue 2, 2022

Published on: 11 January, 2022

Page: [120 - 131] Pages: 12

DOI: 10.2174/1573401317666210910115224

Price: $65

Abstract

Background: Malnutrition is a common universal health problem, but it is more chronic for developing countries. Due to increasing nursing home recognition, it has become a major research priority internationally. Lower immunity due to malnutrition has a high prevalence and other clinical consequences. Disease-related malnutrition is potentially severe for patients and has a high economic impact on the healthcare system.

Objectives: The aim of this review is to describe various experimental models employed for the evaluation of malnutrition and immunomodulatory activities.

Methods: This review is intended for both clinicians and researchers to describe several screening methods that better suit the type of lead compounds and are suitable for screening molecules for better treatment outcomes.

Results: This review focuses on the various screening methods for the evaluation of malnutrition and suggests their implications in the research and practice.

Conclusion: The malnutrition-induced diseases cause a rise in health care costs that can be minimized with an introduction of drugs and nutritional supplements by selecting proper screening models and performing exhaustive research.

Keywords: Experimental model, protein-energy malnutrition, immunomodulation, RUFT, antibodies, diet.

« Previous Next »
Graphical Abstract

[1]
Saunders J, Smith T, Stroud M. Malnutrition and undernutrition. Med (United Kingdom) 2019; 47(3): 152-8.
[2]
Mishra CP. Malnutrition-free India: Dream or reality. Indian J Public Health 2017; 61(3): 155-62.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijph.IJPH_217_17] [PMID: 28928297]
[3]
França TGD, Ishikawa LLW, Zorzella-Pezavento SFG, Chiuso-Minicucci F, Da Cunha MLRSM, Sartori A. Impact of malnutrition on immunity and infection. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2009; 15(3): 374-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1678-91992009000300003]
[4]
De Bandt JP. Understanding the pathophysiology of malnutrition for better treatment. Ann Pharm Fr 2015; 73(5): 332-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pharma.2015.03.002] [PMID: 25882980]
[5]
Grover Z, Ee LC. Protein energy malnutrition. Pediatr Clin North Am 2009; 56(5): 1055-68.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2009.07.001] [PMID: 19931063]
[6]
Batool R, Butt MS, Sultan MT, Saeed F, Naz R. Protein-energy malnutrition: A risk factor for various ailments. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015; 55(2): 242-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2011.651543] [PMID: 24915388]
[7]
Semba RD, de Pee S, Berger SG, Martini E, Ricks MO, Bloem MW. Malnutrition and infectious disease morbidity among children missed by the childhood immunization program in Indonesia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2007; 38(1): 120-9.
[PMID: 17539257]
[8]
Vinicius M, Brito H, Pantoja MDS, et al. Experimental malnutrition: A systematic review. Integr Food Nutr Metab 2016; 3(3): 305-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.15761/IFNM.1000148]
[9]
Taylor AK, Cao W, Vora KP, et al. Protein energy malnutrition decreases immunity and increases susceptibility to influenza infection in mice. J Infect Dis 2013; 207(3): 501-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jis527] [PMID: 22949306]
[10]
Kalan U, Arık F, Soysal P. Malnutrition in older people. Reference Module in Biomedical Sciences 2019.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-801238-3.62171-2]
[11]
Prendergast AJ. Malnutrition and vaccination in developing countries. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 370(1671): 370.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0141] [PMID: 25964453]
[12]
Silver HJ, Pratt KJ, Bruno M, Lynch J, Mitchell K, McCauley SM. Effectiveness of the malnutrition quality improvement initiative on practitioner malnutrition knowledge and screening, diagnosis, and timeliness of malnutrition-related care provided to older adults admitted to a tertiary care facility: a pilot study. J Acad Nutr Diet 2018; 118(1): 101-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2017.08.111] [PMID: 29274640]
[13]
Thaxton GE, Melby PC, Manary MJ, Preidis GA. New insights into the pathogenesis and treatment of malnutrition. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2018; 47(4): 813-27.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gtc.2018.07.007] [PMID: 30337034]
[14]
Mwaniki EW, Makokha AN, Muttunga JN. Nutrition status and associated morbidity risk factors among orphanage and non-orphanage children in selected public primary schools within dagoretti, Nairobi, Kenya. East Afr Med J 2014; 91(9): 289-97.
[PMID: 26866080]
[15]
Semba RD. The rise and fall of protein malnutrition in global health. Ann Nutr Metab 2016; 69(2): 79-88.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000449175] [PMID: 27576545]
[16]
Bourke CD, Berkley JA, Prendergast AJ. Immune dysfunction as a cause and consequence of malnutrition. Trends Immunol 2016; 37(6): 386-98.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2016.04.003] [PMID: 27237815]
[17]
Pourhassan M, Cuvelier I, Gehrke I, et al. Risk factors of refeeding syndrome in malnourished older hospitalized patients. Clin Nutr 2018; 37(4): 1354-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2017.06.008] [PMID: 28647292]
[18]
Lesourd BM. Nutrition and immunity in the elderly: modification of immune responses with nutritional treatments. Am J Clin Nutr 1997; 66(2): 478S-84S.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/66.2.478S] [PMID: 9250135]
[19]
Bhutta ZA, Berkley JA, Bandsma RHJ, Kerac M, Trehan I, Briend A. Severe childhood malnutrition. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2017; 3: 17067.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2017.67] [PMID: 28933421]
[20]
Macallan D. Malnutrition and infection. Medicine (Baltimore) 2005; 33(3): 14-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1383/medc.33.3.14.61117]
[21]
Das JK, Salam RA, Thornburg KL, et al. Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1393(1): 21-33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13330] [PMID: 28436102]
[22]
Elia M. Defining, recognizing, and reporting malnutrition. Int J Low Extrem Wounds 2017; 16(4): 230-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1534734617733902] [PMID: 29145755]
[23]
Tilg H, Moschen AR. Food, immunity, and the microbiome. Gastroenterology 2015; 148(6): 1107-19.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2014.12.036] [PMID: 25575570]
[24]
Willis H. Causes, assessment and treatment of malnutrition in older people. Nurs Older People 2017; 29(2): 20-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/nop.2017.e883] [PMID: 28244345]
[25]
Li D, Zou M, Wang L, Li X, Ma X. Changes in coagulation of sepsis rats with protein-malnutrition or energy-malnutrition. Zhonghua Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue 2019; 31(9): 1113-7.
[PMID: 31657335]
[26]
Artaza-Artabe I, Sáez-López P, Sánchez-Hernández N, Fernández-Gutierrez N, Malafarina V. The relationship between nutrition and frailty: Effects of protein intake, nutritional supplementation, vitamin D and exercise on muscle metabolism in the elderly. A systematic review. Maturitas 2016; 93: 89-99.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2016.04.009] [PMID: 27125943]
[27]
Rho S, Kim H, Shim SH, et al. Protein energy malnutrition alters mucosal IgA responses and reduces mucosal vaccine efficacy in mice. Immunol Lett 2017; 190: 247-56.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.imlet.2017.08.025] [PMID: 28860040]
[28]
Chandra RK. Nutrition and the immune system from birth to old age. Eur J Clin Nutr 2002; 56(Suppl. 3): S73-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601492] [PMID: 12142969]
[29]
Tomkins AM. Protein-energy malnutrition and risk of infection. Proc Nutr Soc 1986; 45(3): 289-304.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/PNS19860067] [PMID: 3099300]
[30]
Mann ER. Review: skin and the immune system. J Clin Exp Dermatol Res 2014; 4(3)
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2155-9554.S2-003]
[31]
Corware K, Yardley V, Mack C, et al. Protein energy malnutrition increases arginase activity in monocytes and macrophages. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2014; 11(1): 51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1743-7075-11-51] [PMID: 25392710]
[32]
Bentdal ØH, Frøland SS, Djøseland O. Alterations in serum cortisol, CD4+ CD8+ lymphocyte sub-population ration and T cell mediated suppression of immune responses in the malnutrition of anorexia nervosa. Clin Nutr 1991; 10(3): 167-72.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0261-5614(91)90053-F] [PMID: 16839913]
[33]
Iyer SS, Chatraw JH, Tan WG, et al. Protein energy malnutrition impairs homeostatic proliferation of memory CD8 T cells. J Immunol 2012; 188(1): 77-84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1004027] [PMID: 22116826]
[34]
Walton E, Allen S. Malnutrition in developing countries. Paediatr Child Health (Oxford) 2011; 21(9): 418-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paed.2011.04.004]
[35]
Manary M. Protein source and quality in therapeutic foods affect the immune response and outcome in severe acute malnutrition. Food Nutr Bull 2013; 34(2): 256-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/156482651303400221] [PMID: 23964405]
[36]
Tickell KD, Denno DM. Inpatient management of children with severe acute malnutrition: a review of WHO guidelines. Bull World Health Organ 2016; 94(9): 642-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/BLT.15.162867] [PMID: 27708469]
[37]
Wamunga FW, Wamunga BJ. Locally developed ready-to-use-therapeutic-food (RUTF) for management of malnutrition using animal models. J Clin Nutr Diet 2017; 03(01): 1-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2472-1921.100044]
[38]
Gershwin ME, Borchers AT, Keen CL. Phenotypic and functional considerations in the evaluation of immunity in nutritionally compromised hosts. J Infect Dis 2000; 182(1)(Suppl. 1): S108-14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/315905] [PMID: 10944492]
[39]
Rowland I, Gibson G, Heinken A, et al. Gut microbiota functions: metabolism of nutrients and other food components. Eur J Nutr 2018; 57(1): 1-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00394-017-1445-8] [PMID: 28393285]
[40]
Biesalski HK. Nutrition meets the microbiome: micronutrients and the microbiota. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1372(1): 53-64.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13145] [PMID: 27362360]
[41]
Wintergerst ES, Maggini S, Hornig DH. Contribution of selected vitamins and trace elements to immune function. Ann Nutr Metab 2007; 51(4): 301-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000107673] [PMID: 17726308]
[42]
Cunningham-Rundles S, McNeeley DF, Moon A. Mechanisms of nutrient modulation of the immune response. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 115(6): 1119-28.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2005.04.036] [PMID: 15940121]
[43]
Iliakis D, Kressig RW. [The relationship between malnutrition and immune]. Ther Umsch 2014; 71(1): 55-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0040-5930/a000481] [PMID: 24394209]
[44]
Macallan D. Infection and malnutrition. Medicine (Baltimore) 2009; 37(10): 525-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpmed.2009.07.005]
[45]
Chandra RK. Nutritional deficiency and susceptibility to infection. Bull World Health Organ 1979; 57(2): 167-77.
[PMID: 108017]
[46]
Jones KD, Berkley JA, Warner JO. Perinatal nutrition and immunity to infection. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2010; 21(4 Pt 1): 564-76.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3038.2010.01002.x] [PMID: 20337968]
[47]
Reinhold U, Bauer R. Malnutrition und Immunsystem. Z Hautkr 1987; 62(1)(Suppl. 1): 60-73.
[PMID: 3126610]
[48]
Hanachi M, Bohem V, Bemer P, Kayser N, de Truchis P, Melchior J-C. Negative role of malnutrition in cell-mediated immune response: Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) in a severely malnourished, HIV-negative patient with anorexia nervosa. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2018; 25: 163-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clnesp.2018.03.121] [PMID: 29779813]
[49]
Samra JS, Clark ML, Humphreys SM, Macdonald IA, Frayn KN. Regulation of lipid metabolism in adipose tissue during early starvation. Am J Physiol 1996; 271(3 Pt 1): E541-6.
[PMID: 8843749]
[50]
Wensveen FM, Valentić S, Šestan M, Wensveen TT, Polić B. Interactions between adipose tissue and the immune system in health and malnutrition. Semin Immunol 2015; 27(5): 322-33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smim.2015.10.006] [PMID: 26603491]
[51]
Lehman H, Ballow M. Immune compromise due to metabolic disorders: malnutrition, obesity, stress, and inborn errors of metabolism. In: Stiehm’s immune deficiencies. USA: Elsevier Inc. 2014; pp. 823-34.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-405546-9.00044-3]
[52]
Amati L, Cirimele D, Pugliese V, Covelli V, Resta F, Jirillo E. Nutrition and immunity: laboratory and clinical aspects. Curr Pharm Des 2003; 9(24): 1924-31.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612033454252] [PMID: 12871176]
[53]
Maier EA, Weage KJ, Guedes MM, et al. Protein-energy malnutrition alters IgA responses to rotavirus vaccination and infection but does not impair vaccine efficacy in mice. Vaccine 2013; 32(1): 48-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.10.072] [PMID: 24200975]
[54]
Schlesinger L, Arevalo M, Simon V, et al. Immune depression induced by protein calorie malnutrition can be suppressed by lesioning central noradrenaline systems. J Neuroimmunol 1995; 57(1-2): 1-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-5728(94)00151-D] [PMID: 7706426]
[55]
Solomons NW. Malnutrition, immunity and infection. In: Diet, immunity and inflammation. USA: Elsevier Inc. 2013; pp. 686-717.
[56]
He Z, Sun Z, Liu S, Zhang Q, Tan Z. Effects of early malnutrition on mental system, metabolic syndrome, immunity and the gastrointestinal tract. J Vet Med Sci 2009; 71(9): 1143-50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1292/jvms.71.1143] [PMID: 19801893]
[57]
Anstead GM, Chandrasekar B, Zhao W, Yang J, Perez LE, Melby PC. Malnutrition alters the innate immune response and increases early visceralization following Leishmania donovani infection. Infect Immun 2001; 69(8): 4709-18.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.69.8.4709-4718.2001] [PMID: 11447142]
[58]
Anstead GM, Chandrasekar B, Zhang Q, Melby PC. Multinutrient undernutrition dysregulates the resident macrophage proinflammatory cytokine network, nuclear factor-kappaB activation, and nitric oxide production. J Leukoc Biol 2003; 74(6): 982-91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1189/jlb.0203064] [PMID: 12960263]
[59]
Gupta RM, Gupta S. Novel nano carriers for the treatment of progressive auto immune disease rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27: 2468-81.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612826666201021130146]
[60]
Nodera M, Yanagisawa H, Wada O. Increased apoptosis in a variety of tissues of zinc-deficient rats. Life Sci 2001; 69(14): 1639-49.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0024-3205(01)01252-8] [PMID: 11589504]
[61]
Stephensen CB, Jiang X, Freytag T. Vitamin A deficiency increases the in vivo development of IL-10-positive Th2 cells and decreases development of Th1 cells in mice. J Nutr 2004; 134(10): 2660-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/134.10.2660] [PMID: 15465763]
[62]
Niiya T, Akbar SMF, Yoshida O, et al. Impaired dendritic cell function resulting from chronic undernutrition disrupts the antigen-specific immune response in mice. J Nutr 2007; 137(3): 671-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/137.3.671] [PMID: 17311958]
[63]
Sakai T, Mitsuya K, Kogiso M, Ono K, Komatsu T, Yamamoto S. Protein deficiency impairs DNA vaccine-induced antigen-specific T cell but not B cell response in C57BL/6 mice. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2006; 52(5): 376-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.52.376] [PMID: 17190109]
[64]
Fock RA, Vinolo MA, de Moura Sá Rocha V, de Sá Rocha LC, Borelli P. Protein-energy malnutrition decreases the expression of TLR-4/MD-2 and CD14 receptors in peritoneal macrophages and reduces the synthesis of TNF-alpha in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in mice. Cytokine 2007; 40(2): 105-14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cyto.2007.08.007] [PMID: 17950615]
[65]
Marotta F, Barreto R, Kawakita S, et al. Preventive strategy for Candida gut translocation during ischemia-reperfusion injury supervening on protein-calorie malnutrition. Chin J Dig Dis 2006; 7(1): 33-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1443-9573.2006.00241.x] [PMID: 16412035]
[66]
Nieto N, Mesa MD, López-Pedrosa JM, et al. Contribution of polyunsaturated fatty acids to intestinal repair in protein-energy malnutrition. Dig Dis Sci 2007; 52(6): 1485-96.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10620-007-8100-9] [PMID: 17393329]
[67]
Borelli P, Blatt S, Pereira J, et al. Reduction of erythroid progenitors in protein-energy malnutrition. Br J Nutr 2007; 97(2): 307-14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007114507172731] [PMID: 17298699]
[68]
Komatsu W, Mawatari K, Miura Y, Yagasaki K. Restoration by dietary glutamine of reduced tumor necrosis factor production in a low-protein-diet-fed rat model. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2007; 71(2): 352-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/bbb.60271] [PMID: 17284860]
[69]
Malafaia G, Serafim TD, Silva ME, Pedrosa ML, Rezende SA. Protein-energy malnutrition decreases immune response to Leishmania chagasi vaccine in BALB/c mice. Parasite Immunol 2009; 31(1): 41-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3024.2008.01069.x] [PMID: 19121082]
[70]
Merino-Sanjuán M, Catalán-Latorre A, Nácher A, Miralles-Arnau S, Jiménez-Torres NV. Animal model of undernutrition for the evaluation of drug pharmacokinetics. Nutr Hosp 2011; 26(6): 1296-304.
[PMID: 22411375]
[71]
Taiwo OO, Thomas KD. Plasma biochemical parameters in Nigerian children with protein energy malnutrition. East Afr Med J 1992; 69(8): 428-32.
[PMID: 1396208]
[72]
de Belchior AC, Angeli JK, Faria Tde O, et al. Post-weaning protein malnutrition increases blood pressure and induces endothelial dysfunctions in rats. PLoS One 2012; 7(4)e34876
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0034876] [PMID: 22529948]
[73]
Kang P, Yao Y, Yang J, Shen B, Zhou Z, Pei F. An animal model of Kashin-Beck disease induced by a low-nutrition diet and exposure to T-2 toxin. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2013; 21(8): 1108-15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2013.05.005] [PMID: 23701828]
[74]
da Silva Lima F, Rogero MM, Ramos MC, Borelli P, Fock RA. Modulation of the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signalling pathway by glutamine in peritoneal macrophages of a murine model of protein malnutrition. Eur J Nutr 2013; 52(4): 1343-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00394-012-0443-0] [PMID: 22923035]
[75]
Núñez IN, Galdeano CM, Carmuega E, Weill R, de Moreno de LeBlanc A, Perdigón G. Effect of a probiotic fermented milk on the thymus in Balb/c mice under non-severe protein-energy malnutrition. Br J Nutr 2013; 110(3): 500-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007114512005302] [PMID: 23286742]
[76]
Jacobi SK, Moeser AJ, Blikslager AT, et al. Acute effects of rotavirus and malnutrition on intestinal barrier function in neonatal piglets. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19(31): 5094-102.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v19.i31.5094] [PMID: 23964143]
[77]
Taylor A, Cao W, Zaki S, Samabhara S, Katz J, Gangappa S. Protein energy malnutrition decreases immunity and increases susceptibility to influenza infection. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 668e4
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.09.201]
[78]
Molrine DC, Polk DB, Ciamarra A, Phillips N, Ambrosino DM. Impaired human responses to tetanus toxoid in vitamin A-deficient SCID mice reconstituted with human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Infect Immun 1995; 63(8): 2867-72.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.63.8.2867-2872.1995] [PMID: 7622207]
[79]
Mushtaq BS, Hussain MB, Omer R, et al. Moringa Oleifera in malnutrition: a comprehensive review. Curr Drug Discov Technol 2021; 18(2): 235-43.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570163816666191105162722] [PMID: 31692437]
[80]
Rivadeneira DE, Grobmyer SR, Naama HA, et al. Malnutrition-induced macrophage apoptosis. Surgery 2001; 129(5): 617-25.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/msy.2001.112963] [PMID: 11331454]
[81]
Nikoopour E, Singh B. Reciprocity in microbiome and immune system interactions and its implications in disease and health. Inflamm Allergy Drug Targets 2014; 13(2): 94-104.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871528113666140330201056] [PMID: 24678760]
[82]
Mejía-Naranjo W, Sánchez-Gomez M. Protein malnutrition up-regulates growth hormone receptor expression in rat splenic B lymphocytes. Biomedica 2004; 24(4): 403-12.
[PMID: 15678804]
[83]
Leite SN, Jordãeo AA, de Andrade TAM, Dos Santos Masson D, Frade MAC. Modelos experimentais de desnutrição e sua influência no trofismo cutâneo. An Bras Dermatol 2011; 86(4): 681-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0365-05962011000400009] [PMID: 21987133]
[84]
Bolick DT, Chen T, Alves LAO, et al. Intestinal cell kinase is a novel participant in intestinal cell signaling responses to protein malnutrition. PLoS One 2014; 9(9)e106902
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0106902] [PMID: 25184386]
[85]
Garas LC, Feltrin C, Hamilton MK, et al. Milk with and without lactoferrin can influence intestinal damage in a pig model of malnutrition. Food Funct 2016; 7(2): 665-78.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C5FO01217A] [PMID: 26751615]
[86]
Garas LC, Hamilton MK, Dawson MW, et al. Lysozyme-rich milk mitigates effects of malnutrition in a pig model of malnutrition and infection. Br J Nutr 2018; 120(10): 1131-48.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007114518002507] [PMID: 30400999]
[87]
Chetty KN, Brown K, Walker J, Woods L. Effects of chlordecone and malnutrition on immune response in rats. Life Sci 1993; 52(18): PL175-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(93)90114-I] [PMID: 7683362]
[88]
Costa TBD, Morais NG, Pedrosa ALF, et al. Neonatal malnutrition programs the oxidant function of macrophages in response to Candida albicans. Microb Pathog 2016; 95: 68-76.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2016.02.012] [PMID: 27001703]
[89]
Saka A, Ojuawo AI, Jimoh M, Biliaminu SA, Olatunbosun L. Assessment of iron deficiency in malnutrition: the value of serum ferritin. Tanta Med J 2019; 47(1): 39-44.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/tmj.tmj_6_16]
[90]
Young RJ, Edwards HM, Gillis MB. Studies on zinc in poultry nutrition: 2. zinc requirement and deficiency symptoms of chicks. Poult Sci 1958; 37(5): 1100-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps.0371100]
[91]
Carbone F, La Rocca C, De Candia P, et al. Metabolic control of immune tolerance in health and autoimmunity. Semin Immunol 2016; 28(5): 491-504.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smim.2016.09.006] [PMID: 27720234]
[92]
Verhagen LM, Warris A, Hermans PW, del Nogal B, de Groot R, de Waard JH. High prevalence of acute respiratory tract infections among Warao Amerindian children in Venezuela in relation to low immunization coverage and chronic malnutrition. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2012; 31(3): 255-62.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/INF.0b013e31823eed8e] [PMID: 22094640]
[93]
Ekunwe EO. Malnutrition and seroconversion following measles immunization. J Trop Pediatr 1985; 31(6): 290-1.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tropej/31.6.290] [PMID: 3937902]
[94]
Coovadia HM, Parent MA, Loening WE, et al. An evaluation of factors associated with the depression of immunity in malnutrition and in measles. Am J Clin Nutr 1974; 27(6): 665-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/27.6.665] [PMID: 4208453]
[95]
Chandra RK, Chandra S, Gupta S. Antibody affinity and immune complexes after immunization with tetanus toxoid in protein-energy malnutrition. Am J Clin Nutr 1984; 40(1): 131-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/40.1.131] [PMID: 6430061]
[96]
Hoang T, Agger EM, Cassidy JP, Christensen JP, Andersen P. Protein energy malnutrition during vaccination has limited influence on vaccine efficacy but abolishes immunity if administered during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Infect Immun 2015; 83(5): 2118-26.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.03030-14] [PMID: 25754202]
[97]
Keusch GT. The history of nutrition: malnutrition, infection and immunity. J Nutr 2003; 133(1): 336S-40S.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/133.1.336S] [PMID: 12514322]
[98]
Castillo-Duran C, Heresi G, Fisberg M, Uauy R. Controlled trial of zinc supplementation during recovery from malnutrition: effects on growth and immune function. Am J Clin Nutr 1987; 45(3): 602-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/45.3.602] [PMID: 3103416]
[99]
Rosted E, Prokofieva T, Sanders S, Schultz M. Serious consequences of malnutrition and delirium in frail older patients. J Nutr Gerontol Geriatr 2018; 37(2): 105-16.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21551197.2018.1470055] [PMID: 29792577]
[100]
Bell CL, Lee AS, Tamura BK. Malnutrition in the nursing home. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2015; 18(1): 17-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MCO.0000000000000130] [PMID: 25394167]
[101]
Min M, Patel B, Han S, et al. Exocrine Pancreatic insufficiency and malnutrition in chronic pancreatitis: identification, treatment, and consequences. Pancreas 2018; 47(8): 1015-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MPA.0000000000001137] [PMID: 30074926]
[102]
Leiva Badosa E, Badia Tahull M, Virgili Casas N, et al. Hospital malnutrition screening at admission: malnutrition increases mortality and length of stay. Nutr Hosp 2017; 34(4): 907-13.
[PMID: 29095016]
[103]
Marshall S, Bauer J, Isenring E. The consequences of malnutrition following discharge from rehabilitation to the community: a systematic review of current evidence in older adults. J Hum Nutr Diet 2014; 27(2): 133-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jhn.12167] [PMID: 24289811]
[104]
Saunders J, Smith T. Malnutrition: causes and consequences. Clin Med (Lond) 2010; 10(6): 624-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7861/clinmedicine.10-6-624] [PMID: 21413492]
[105]
Santos EW, Oliveira DC, Silva GB, et al. Hematological alterations in protein malnutrition. Nutr Rev 2017; 75(11): 909-19.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nux041] [PMID: 29025154]
[106]
Zadak Z, Hyspler R, Ticha A, Vlcek J. Polypharmacy and malnutrition. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2013; 16(1): 50-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MCO.0b013e32835b612e] [PMID: 23201650]
[107]
Moulias R, Devillechabrolle A, Lesourd B, et al. Respective roles of immune and nutritional factors in the priming of the immune response in the elderly. Mech Ageing Dev 1985; 31(2): 123-37.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0047-6374(85)80023-3] [PMID: 3877221]
[108]
Alberda C, Graf A, McCargar L. Malnutrition: etiology, consequences, and assessment of a patient at risk. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2006; 20(3): 419-39.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpg.2006.01.006] [PMID: 16782522]
[109]
Kaikani W, Bachmann P. Consequences of a comorbidity often neglected in oncology: malnutrition. Bull Cancer 2009; 96(6): 659-64.
[PMID: 19493855]
[110]
Correia MITD, Perman MI, Waitzberg DL. Hospital malnutrition in Latin America: a systematic review. Clin Nutr 2017; 36(4): 958-67.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2016.06.025] [PMID: 27499391]
[111]
Narayan J, John D, Ramadas N. Malnutrition in India: status and government initiatives. J Public Health Policy 2019; 40(1): 126-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41271-018-0149-5] [PMID: 30353132]
[112]
Kumar V, Rathore K, Jain P, Ahmed Z. Biological activity of bauhinia racemose against diabetes and interlinked disorders like obesity and hyperlipidemia. Clinical Phytoscience 2017; 3: 7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40816-017-0044-9]
[113]
Kumar V, Jain P, Rathore K, Ahmed Z. Biological evaluation of pupalia lappacea for antidiabetic, antiadipogenic, and hypolipidemic activity both in vitro and in vivo. Scientifica (Cairo) 2016; 20161062430
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1062430] [PMID: 26942038]
[114]
Jain P. Secondary metabolites for antiulcer activity. Nat Prod Res 2016; 30(6): 640-56.
[PMID: 25920371]
[115]
Rathore K, Singh V, Jain P, Rao SP, Ahmed Z, Thakur VS. In-vitro and In-vivo antiadipogenic, antidiabetic and hypolipidemic activity of Diospyros melanoxylon (Roxb.). J Ethnopharmacol 2014; 155: 1171-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.06.050] [PMID: 25010927]
[116]
Singh P, Jain P, Pandey R, Shukla SS. Phytotherapeutic review on diabetes. Spatula DD 2016; 5(4): 1.
[117]
Sharwan G, Jain P, Pandey R, Shukla SS. Toxicity and safety profiles of methanolic extract of Pistacia integerrima J. L. Stewart ex Brandis (PI) for Wistar rats. J Pharmacopuncture 2016; 19(3): 253-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3831/KPI.2016.19.027] [PMID: 27695635]
[118]
Jain P, Pandey R, Shukla SS. Reproductive and developmental toxicity study of talisadya churna: an ancient polyherbal formulation. IAJPR 2016; 6(5): 5641-53.
[119]
Jain P, Pandey R, Shukla SS. Acute and subacute toxicity studies of polyherbal formulation talisadya churna in experimental animal model. MJPMS 2015; 1(1): 7-10.
[120]
Sharwan G, Jain P, Pandey R, Shukla SS. Toxicity profile of traditional herbal medicine. J Ayu Herb Med 2015; 1(3): 81-90.
[121]
Jain P, Rao SP, Singh V, Pandey R, Shukla SS. Acute and subacute toxicity studies of an ancient ayurvedic formulation: agnimukha churna. Columbia J Pharm Sci 2014; (1): 18-22.
[122]
Subramanian SV, Subramanyam MA. Limits to economic growth: why direct investments are needed to address child undernutrition. J Korean Med Sci 2015; 30(2)(Suppl. 2): S131-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2015.30.S2.S131] [PMID: 26617445]
[123]
Ramakrishnan U, Lowe A, Vir S, et al. Public health interventions, barriers, and opportunities for improving maternal nutrition in India. Food Nutr Bull 2012; 33(2)(Suppl.): S71-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15648265120332S105] [PMID: 22913108]
[124]
Chaturvedi A, Patwari AK, Soni D, et al. Progress of children with severe acute malnutrition in the malnutrition treatment centre rehabilitation program: evidence from a prospective study in Jharkhand, India. Nutr J 2018; 17(1): 69.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12937-018-0378-2] [PMID: 30021572]
[125]
Aguayo VM, Aneja S, Badgaiyan N, Singh K. Mid upper-arm circumference is an effective tool to identify infants and young children with severe acute malnutrition in India. Public Health Nutr 2015; 18(17): 3244-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1368980015000543] [PMID: 25757562]
[126]
Aguayo VM, Badgaiyan N, Singh K. How do the new WHO discharge criteria for the treatment of severe acute malnutrition affect the performance of therapeutic feeding programmes? New evidence from India. Eur J Clin Nutr 2015; 69(4): 509-13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2014.197] [PMID: 25226818]
[127]
Burza S, Mahajan R, Marino E, et al. Community-based management of severe acute malnutrition in India: new evidence from Bihar. Am J Clin Nutr 2015; 101(4): 847-59.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.114.093294] [PMID: 25833981]
[128]
Prost A, Nair N, Copas A, et al. Mortality and recovery following moderate and severe acute malnutrition in children aged 6-18 months in rural Jharkhand and Odisha, Eastern India: A cohort study. PLoS Med 2019; 16(10)e1002934
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002934] [PMID: 31613883]
[129]
Joe W, Rajaram R, Subramanian SV. Understanding the null-to-small association between increased macroeconomic growth and reducing child undernutrition in India: role of development expenditures and poverty alleviation. Matern Child Nutr 2016; 12(1)(Suppl. 1): 196-209.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12256] [PMID: 27187916]
[130]
Subramanyam MA, Kawachi I, Berkman LF, Subramanian SV. Is economic growth associated with reduction in child undernutrition in India? PLoS Med 2011; 8(3)e1000424
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000424] [PMID: 21408084]
[131]
Nandy S, Irving M, Gordon D, Subramanian SV, Smith GD. Poverty, child undernutrition and morbidity: new evidence from India. Bull World Health Organ 2005; 83(3): 210-6.
[PMID: 15798845]
[132]
Savanur MS, Ghugre PS. Magnitude of undernutrition in children aged 2 to 4 years using CIAF and conventional indices in the slums of Mumbai city. J Health Popul Nutr 2015; 33: 3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s41043-015-0017-x] [PMID: 26825557]
[133]
Sinha DP, Bang FB. Protein and calorie malnutrition, cell-mediated immunity, and B.C.G. vaccination in children from rural West Bengal. Lancet 1976; 2(7985): 531-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(76)91791-8] [PMID: 60620]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
16
1
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy