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Current Chinese Chemistry

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ISSN (Print): 2666-0016
ISSN (Online): 2666-0008

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Review Article

C-Methylation Of Organic Substrates. A Comprehensive Overview. Part IVa. Methylating Agents Other Than Methane, Methanol, and Methyl Metals

Author(s): Saad Moulay*

Volume 2, Issue 1, 2022

Published on: 04 August, 2021

Article ID: e040821195251 Pages: 40

DOI: 10.2174/2666001601666210804114443

Price: $65

Abstract

C-Methylation of organic substrates was accomplished with a number of methylating agents other than methane, methanol, and methyl metals. They include methyl halides (MeX, X = I, Br, Cl, F), methyl-containing halogenated reagents, methyl peroxides, dimethyl carbonate (DMC), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF), diazomethane, formate salts, trioxane, CO/H2, CO2/H2, and dimethyl ether (DME). Under particular conditions, some methyl- containing molecules such as polymethylbenzenes, methylhydrazine, tris(diethylamino) sulfonium difluorotrimethylsilicate, methyl tosylate, long-chain alkyl alcohols, and acetic acid unexpectedly C-methylated a variety of organic substrates. A few cases of C-methylation were only reported to occur in the absence of catalysts. Otherwise, transition metal complexes as catalysts in conjunction with specific ligands and bases were ubiquitously present in most C-methylation reactions. Of the reactions, Suzuki-Miyaura-type cross-coupling remained of paramount importance in making 11CH3-bearing positron emission tomography tracers (PETs), one of the best applications of such methylation. Methylation proceeded at C(aromatic)-X, C(sp3)-X C(sp2)-X, and C(sp)-X of substrates (X = H, halogen). Ortho-methylation was regioselectively observed with aromatic substrates when they bear moieties such as pyridyl, pyrimidyl, amide, and imine functionalities, which were accordingly coined ‘ortho-directing groups’.

Keywords: Dimethyl carbonate, dimethyl ether, methylation, methyl halides, peroxides, polymethylbenzenes.

Graphical Abstract

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