Synthesis, Characterization, Applications, and Toxicity of Green
Synthesized Nanoparticles

João   Marcos Pereira    Galúcio; Sorrel   Godinho Barbosa   de Souza; Arthur   Abinader   Vasconcelos; Alan   Kelbis Oliveira    Lima; Kauê   Santana    da Costa; Hugo      de Campos Braga; Paulo   Sérgio   Taube
doi:10.2174/1389201022666210521102307
Abstract

Nanotechnology is a cutting-edge area with numerous industrial applications. Nanoparticles are structures that have dimensions ranging from 1 – 100 nm, which significantly exhibit different mechanical, optical, electrical, and chemical properties when compared with their larger counterparts. Synthetic routes that use natural sources, such as plant extracts, honey, and microorganisms, are environmentally friendly and low-cost methods that can be used to obtain nanoparticles. These methods of synthesis generate products that are more stable and less toxic than those obtained using conventional methods. Nanoparticles formed by titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, silver, gold, and copper, as well as cellulose nanocrystals, are among the nanostructures obtained by green synthesis that have shown interesting applications in several technological industries. Several analytical techniques have also been used to analyze the size, morphology, hydrodynamics, diameter, and chemical functional groups involved in the stabilization of the nanoparticles as well as to quantify and evaluate their formation. Despite their pharmaceutical, biotechnological, cosmetic, and food applications, studies have detected their harmful effects on human health and the environment, and thus, caution must be taken in uses involving living organisms. The present review aims to present an overview of the applications, the structural properties, and the green synthesis methods that are used to obtain nanoparticles, and special attention is given to those obtained from metal ions. The review also presents the analytical methods used to analyze, quantify, and characterize these nanostructures.
Keywords: Metal nanoparticles, green synthesis, toxicity, analytical methods, nanomaterials, nanostructures.
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DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389201022666210521102307	Print ISSN 1389-2010
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher	Online ISSN 1873-4316
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology

Synthesis, Characterization, Applications, and Toxicity of Green Synthesized Nanoparticles

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