Abstract
A silent monster, breast cancer, is a challenging medical task for researchers. Breast cancer is a leading cause of death in women with respect to other cancers. A case of breast cancer is diagnosed among women every 19 seconds, and every 74 seconds, a woman dies of breast cancer somewhere in the world. Several risk factors, such as genetic and environmental factors, favor breast cancer development. This review tends to provide deep insights regarding the genetics of breast cancer along with multiple diagnostic and therapeutic approaches as problem-solving negotiators to prevent the progression of breast cancer. This assembled data mainly aims to discuss omics-based approaches to provide enthralling diagnostic biomarkers and emerging novel therapies to combat breast cancer. This review article intends to pave a new path for the discovery of effective treatment options.
Keywords: Breast cancer, omics, genes, diagnosis, biomarkers, therapy.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13304-017-0424-1] [PMID: 28260181]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.JAA.0000580524.95733.3d] [PMID: 31513033]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000016024] [PMID: 31192953]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-15-0578] [PMID: 26667886]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kww145] [PMID: 27923781]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13277-016-5168-x] [PMID: 27448308]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5152/tjbh.2015.2711] [PMID: 28331724]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12282-018-0857-5] [PMID: 29651637]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12539-016-0145-z] [PMID: 26782783]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature17676] [PMID: 27135926]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrc.2015.4] [PMID: 26667849]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2017.12.027] [PMID: 29292214]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S123437] [PMID: 28860754]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.7545954] [PMID: 7545954]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.2270482] [PMID: 2270482]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/GIM.0b013e3181d38f2f] [PMID: 20216074]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.8091231] [PMID: 8091231]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/ol.2018.8627] [PMID: 29928384]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/362849a0] [PMID: 8479523]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.83.1.130] [PMID: 3001719]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/352345a0] [PMID: 1852210]
[PMID: 10447004]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hmg/5.4.433] [PMID: 8845835]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2017.07.090] [PMID: 28759753]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.275.5308.1943] [PMID: 9072974]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2049-3002-1-18] [PMID: 24280377]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature20132] [PMID: 27799657]
[PMID: 14693748]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng1641] [PMID: 16170316]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.12598] [PMID: 24467436]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/carcin/17.9.1891] [PMID: 8824510]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41389-017-0025-3] [PMID: 29362397]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10689-015-9849-1] [PMID: 26545608]
[PMID: 9622076]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13277-010-0061-5] [PMID: 20563767]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3000271] [PMID: 8198545]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hmg/3.10.1873] [PMID: 7849715]
[PMID: 2035527]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-4731(87)90341-4] [PMID: 3501040]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00284486] [PMID: 3679212]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0888-7543(92)90316-K] [PMID: 1572656]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jmg.39.4.225] [PMID: 11950848]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20080578] [PMID: 18725524]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4143/crt.2012.44.2.121] [PMID: 22802750]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrd3979] [PMID: 23629504]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmhimx.2017.03.003] [PMID: 29382490]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/355632a0] [PMID: 1538749]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wrna.1364] [PMID: 27198714]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.01487] [PMID: 15564372]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.CD-11-0209] [PMID: 22096659]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300985813502820] [PMID: 24045890]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms17101712] [PMID: 27754357]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12935-015-0185-1] [PMID: 25960691]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/cbt.23296] [PMID: 23291983]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20194940] [PMID: 31590453]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10555-015-9551-7] [PMID: 25721950]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2010.08.009] [PMID: 20708002]
[PMID: 28560055]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2011.02.013] [PMID: 21376230]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389557515666150324123208] [PMID: 25807941]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/or.2011.1611] [PMID: 22200848]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2009.07.011] [PMID: 19665978]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00018-012-1128-9] [PMID: 22926415]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI39104C1] [PMID: 19487818]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2016.00066] [PMID: 27148472]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10555-007-9094-7] [PMID: 17717633]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/BSR20190621] [PMID: 31160488]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41388-018-0230-3] [PMID: 29706655]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12282-017-0793-9] [PMID: 28721656]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.29558] [PMID: 31985056]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.24522] [PMID: 29581865]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2018.4265] [PMID: 29431182]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13046-017-0614-1] [PMID: 29037220]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2018.05.033] [PMID: 29803789]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2741/s427] [PMID: 25961689]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gad.17446611] [PMID: 21890647]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature07672] [PMID: 19182780]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/2012/541786]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2013.02.012] [PMID: 23498938]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/carcin/23.11.1885] [PMID: 12419837]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0014-5793(98)01211-3] [PMID: 9804181]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gks071] [PMID: 22362738]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biochi.2011.07.004] [PMID: 21807064]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep06591] [PMID: 25307233]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2013.10.020] [PMID: 24184505]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1003705] [PMID: 23990798]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gad.1983810] [PMID: 21123648]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2007.05.022] [PMID: 17604720]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature08975] [PMID: 20393566]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1151526] [PMID: 18029452]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/rna.8.3.14800] [PMID: 21532345]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tig.2007.09.001] [PMID: 17977614]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/gb-2013-14-11-r131] [PMID: 24289259]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms14011278] [PMID: 23306151]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scisignal.2000568] [PMID: 20124551]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/cdd.2013.110] [PMID: 23933812]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcb.27276] [PMID: 30129051]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcb.27982] [PMID: 30556250]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.abb.2018.10.021] [PMID: 30389444]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41419-019-1741-8] [PMID: 31243265]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.5609] [PMID: 26378045]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1261/rna.2528811] [PMID: 21460236]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1242458] [PMID: 21037809]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10876-018-01491-7]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21691401.2018.1511573]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3322/caac.21349] [PMID: 27253694]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10876-019-01668-8]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10876-019-01681-x]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.12.030] [PMID: 25545217]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(02)00818-5] [PMID: 12147435]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2394-4722.2017.35]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.als.2016.11.004]
[PMID: 23157138]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3322/caac.20114] [PMID: 21617154]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9020483] [PMID: 32050675]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5306/wjco.v5.i5.901] [PMID: 25493228]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0960-9776(09)70276-0] [PMID: 19914546]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1011-1344(96)07373-3] [PMID: 9002262]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lsm.20662] [PMID: 18798287]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/era.12.147] [PMID: 23253225]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pcmedi/pby011] [PMID: 30687562]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1513964]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3121/cmr.4.3.218] [PMID: 16988102]
[PMID: 9406237]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2325/jbcs.13.8] [PMID: 16518057]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/028418699432815] [PMID: 10522756]
[PMID: 25419154]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2006.03.027] [PMID: 16697956]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23723556.2015.1040144] [PMID: 27314085]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0905056106] [PMID: 19850869]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S127329] [PMID: 28392694]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/PGPM.S167886] [PMID: 31213877]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10876-019-01588-7]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2015.02.015] [PMID: 25748930]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.2892] [PMID: 25528771]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrclinonc.2015.61] [PMID: 25850553]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI74883] [PMID: 25961456]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/mt.2016.42] [PMID: 26916284]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/CritRevEukaryotGeneExpr.2018022771] [PMID: 30055543]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10876-019-01624-6]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10876-019-01591-y]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2017.10.015]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/nnm.12.87] [PMID: 22931450]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21691401.2018.1489265]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3685671]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40097-018-0267-4]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10876-019-01583-y]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17518253.2017.1360400]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C5BM00161G] [PMID: 26291480]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2016.06.011] [PMID: 27352638]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.07.079] [PMID: 28774852]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smll.201600635] [PMID: 27150247]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2017.01.002] [PMID: 28087376]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2016.05.008] [PMID: 27234306]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.05.051] [PMID: 27268228]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2016.04.030] [PMID: 27157744]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cpr.12296] [PMID: 27641938]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/slct.201701178]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b14851] [PMID: 29058874]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S121249] [PMID: 28096667]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C6RA11658B]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S187886] [PMID: 30613144]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2016.03.101] [PMID: 27524038]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms17091534] [PMID: 27649147]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep30729] [PMID: 27491622]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2016.02.014] [PMID: 27013132]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cbic.201600357] [PMID: 27535363]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2016.02.002] [PMID: 26850146]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b06759]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C6TB01259K] [PMID: 32263509]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cpr.12488] [PMID: 30039515]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13046-019-1443-1] [PMID: 31661003]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbn.2016.2319] [PMID: 29368881]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17425247.2016.1208650] [PMID: 27401941]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13277-015-3867-3] [PMID: 26286831]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C6NR09099K] [PMID: 28144662]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1208/s12248-015-9780-2] [PMID: 25956384]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/btm2.10003] [PMID: 29313004]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.01.084] [PMID: 23415642]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3322/caac.21332] [PMID: 26742998]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/micc.12228] [PMID: 26237291]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajps.2014.09.004]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11051-017-4042-0]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S142739] [PMID: 28860767]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.8b03900] [PMID: 30016073]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41416-018-0235-2] [PMID: 30361524]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3906/sag-1412-67] [PMID: 27511525]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbn.2015.2087] [PMID: 26295142]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajps.2015.08.011]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2016.11.073] [PMID: 27987688]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b01148] [PMID: 28402673]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma9060406] [PMID: 28773528]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cjoc.201500839]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym8040156] [PMID: 30979251]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2016.02.010] [PMID: 26952542]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/mp100207t] [PMID: 20973534]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbn.2016.2135] [PMID: 27301171]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2043-6254/aa5e33]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.01.040] [PMID: 26802496]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23020378] [PMID: 29439409]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C7BM00008A] [PMID: 28401206]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C5NR07855E] [PMID: 26880518]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10876-019-01671-z]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-26790-x] [PMID: 29849103]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2014.11.003] [PMID: 25555353]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10090657] [PMID: 31466383]
[PMID: 29165068]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2020.00864] [PMID: 32612947]
[PMID: 26170631]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00044-016-1752-2]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1742-4682-10-3] [PMID: 23286827]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S63096] [PMID: 24899801]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1386207321666180213092018] [PMID: 29436999]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2018.10.005] [PMID: 30291844]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2376-130X.1000112]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S101929] [PMID: 27226709]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570159X16666180315142137] [PMID: 29542412]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/97816810860331180101]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(94)91578-4] [PMID: 7907678]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0203495] [PMID: 30212483]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molonc.2013.12.018] [PMID: 24462521]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-12-0707] [PMID: 23512991]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-15963-9] [PMID: 29162860]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13058-018-0949-3] [PMID: 29566768]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2017.174] [PMID: 28632727]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/onc.2017.164] [PMID: 28581518]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1568026619666191112104217] [PMID: 31721711]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.27999] [PMID: 30569503]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612822666151125000550] [PMID: 26601966]