A Comprehensive Survey on Current Literature, Standards, Applications
and Projects of Self-Organizing Aerial Ad Hoc Network (AANET) in
Smart Cities

Qutaiba    Ibrahim    Ali; Mustafa    Siham    Qassab
doi:10.2174/2665997201666210218232040
Abstract

In the last few decades, Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has been introduced aiming to bring more comfort to human life by integrating smartness into daily objects, resulting in the idea of the smart city. Guaranteeing the well-being of residents and assessing industry and urban planning from an ecological and sustainable perspective are the main goals for the smart city. Great potentials are brought to the public and civil areas by the Aerial Ad Hoc Network (AANET) concept, especially in applications that are risky to human lives. AANET, like any emerging technology, comes with many challenges that have to be overcome to be employed efficiently. In this paper, we make a detailed survey on current literature, standards, and projects of selforganizing AANET in smart cities. Also, we intend to present a profound knowledge of this active research area by identifying features, design characteristics, architectures, routing protocols, and security aspects for the design and implementation of self-organizing AANET. Furthermore, we discuss existing solutions, indicate assessment metrics along with current applications, and highlight the main research scope for further developments. This article surveys the work done toward AANET-related outstanding issues, intending to encourage further research in this field.
Keywords: Smart city, self-organizing, AANET, FANET, UAV, drones, aircraft.
Graphical Abstract

[1] 
United Nations, The world’s cities in 2016 . Available from:
          http://www.un.org/
[2] 
R. Sánchez-Corcuera, A. Nuñez-Marcos, J. Sesma-Solance, A. Bilbao-Jayo, R. Mulero,  and U. Zulaika, "Smart cities survey: Technologies, application domains and challenges for the cities of the future", Int. J. Distrib. Sens. Netw., vol. 15, p. 1550147719853984, . 2019
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147719853984] 
[3] 
A. Camero,  and E. Alba, Smart City and information technology: A review", cities, vol. 93. pp. 84-94. 2019
[4] 
V. Albino, U. Berardi,  and R.M. Dangelico, "Smart cities: Definitions, dimensions, performance, and initiatives", J. Urban Technol., vol. 22, pp. 3-21, 2015.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10630732.2014.942092] 
[5] 
J. Yan, J. Liu,  and F-M. Tseng, "An evaluation system based on the self-organizing system framework of smart cities: A case study of smart transportation systems in China", Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change, vol. 153, ., 119371. 2020
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2018.07.009] 
[6] 
A. Zanella, N. Bui, A. Castellani, L. Vangelista,  and M. Zorzi, Internet of things for smart cities", IEEE Inter. Thing. j, vol. 1. pp. 22-32. 2014
[7] 
K. Daniel, S. Rohde, N. Goddemeier,  and C. Wietfeld, "Cognitive agent mobility for aerial sensor networks", IEEE Sens. J., vol. 11, pp. 2671-2682, 2011.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2011.2159489] 
[8] 
I. Bekmezci, O.K. Sahingoz,  and Ş. Temel, "Flying ad-hoc networks (FANETs): A survey", Ad Hoc Netw., vol. 11, pp. 1254-1270, 2013.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adhoc.2012.12.004] 
[9] 
L. Gupta, R. Jain,  and G. Vaszkun, "Survey of important issues in UAV communication networks", IEEE Comm. Surv. and Tutor., vol. 18, pp. 1123-1152, 2015.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2015.2495297] 
[10] 
B. Custers, Drones here, there and everywhere introduction and overview.", The Future of Drone Use, pp. 3-20, 2016., 
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-132-6_1] 
[11] 
K-I. Kim, S. Hyeon, S. Yang,  and J. Yi, "Development of simulator for aircraft ad hoc networks",  011 IEEE/AIAA 30th Digital AvionicsSystems Conference, 2011, 
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/DASC.2011.6096075] 
[12] 
V. Kumar, A. Rana,  and S. Kumar, Aircraft Ad-hoc Network (AANET)".Int. J. Adv. Res.Comp. and Comm. Eng., vol. 3, 2014., 
[13] 
C. Giannini, A.A. Shaaban, C. Buratti,  and R. Verdone, "Delay Tolerant Networking for smart city through drones", 2016 International Symposium on Wireless Communication Systems (ISWCS), 2016pp. 603-607 
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ISWCS.2016.7600975] 
[14] 
J. Won, S-H. Seo,  and E. Bertino, "Certificateless cryptographic protocols for efficient drone-based smart city applications", IEEE Access, vol. 5, pp. 3721-3749, 2017.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2684128] 
[15] 
"Nokia", Gartner Symposium/ITxpo 2018., 2018. ,  Available from:
          https://www.nokia.com/about-us/news-and-events/events-calendar/gartner-symposium-itxpo-2018/
[16] 
"PrecisionHawk", Enriching Data, Empowering Action., 2020. ,   Available from:
          https://www.precisionhawk.com/
[17] 
D. Kumar,  and P. Verma, "Routing protocols for MANET, VANET and AANET: a survey", Int. J. Innov. Tech. and Res., vol. 3, pp. 1953-1956, 2015.
[18] 
N.H. Motlagh, M. Bagaa,  and T. Taleb, "UAV-based IoT platform: A crowd surveillance use case", IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 55, pp. 128-134, 2017.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MCOM.2017.1600587CM] 
[19] 
F.A. Administration, FAA Releases 2016 to 2036 Aerospace Forecast.,  2016 ,  Available from:
          https://www.faa.gov/news/updates/?newsId=85227&cid=TW414
[20] 
F. Qi, X. Zhu, G. Mang, M. Kadoch,  and W. Li, "UAV network and IoT in the sky for future smart cities", IEEE Netw., vol. 33, pp. 96-101, 2019.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MNET.2019.1800250] 
[21] 
A. Giyenko,  and Y. Im Cho, "Intelligent UAV in smart cities using IoT",  2016 16th International Conference on Control, Automation
  and Systems (ICCAS), 2016pp. 207-210, 
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICCAS.2016.7832322] 
[22] 
H. Chao, Y. Cao,  and Y. Chen, "Autopilots for small fixed-wing unmanned air vehicles: A survey", 2007 International Conference on Mechatronics and Automation, 2007pp. 3144-3149 
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICMA.2007.4304064] 
[23] 
B.S. Morse, C.H. Engh,  and M.A. Goodrich, "UAV video coverage quality maps and prioritized indexing for wilderness search and rescue", 2010 5th ACM/IEEE Inter. Conf. Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), 2010pp. 227-234 
[24] 
E. Yanmaz, C. Costanzo, C. Bettstetter,  and W. Elmenreich, "A discrete stochastic process for coverage analysis of autonomous UAV networks”, ", 2010.IEEE Globecom Workshops, pp. 1777-1782, 2010.
[25] 
L. To, A. Bati,  and D. Hilliard, "Radar cross section measurements of small unmanned air vehicle systems in non-cooperative field environments", 2009 3rd European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, 2009pp. 3637-3641 
[26] 
A.P. Athreya,  and P. Tague, Network self-organization in the Internet of Things 2013 IEEE international workshop of internet-of-things networking and control. (IoT-NC), pp. 25-33. 2013
[27] 
P. Sharnya,  and J.S. Raj, "Self organizing wireless mesh network", International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies, vol. 3, pp. 486-492, 2013.
[28] 
E.W. Frew,  and T.X. Brown, "Networking issues for small unmanned aircraft systems", J. Intell. Robot. Syst., vol. 54, pp. 21-37, 2009.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10846-008-9253-2] 
[29] 
J. Baillieul,  and P.J. Antsaklis, "Control and communication challenges in networked real-time systems", Proc. IEEE, vol. 95, pp. 9-28, 2007.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2006.887290] 
[30] 
A. Purohit, F. Mokaya,  and P. Zhang, "Demo abstract: Collaborative indoor sensing with the SensorFly aerial sensor network",  2012 ACM/IEEE 11th International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN), 2012pp. 145-146", 
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/IPSN.2012.6920938] 
[31] 
M. Quaritsch, K. Kruggl, D. Wischounig-Strucl, S. Bhattacharya, M. Shah,  and B. Rinner, Networked UAVs as aerial sensor network for disaster management applications", e & i Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik, vol. 127. pp. 56-63. 2010
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00502-010-0717-2] 
[32] 
B. Bellur, M. Lewis,  and F. Templin, "An ad-hoc network for teams of autonomous vehicles", Proceedings of the First Annual Symposium on Autonomous Intelligence Networks and Systems, 2002pp. 1-6 
[33] 
R. Altawy,  and A.M. Youssef, "Security, privacy, and safety aspects of civilian drones: A survey", ACM Transactions on Cyber-Physical Systems, vol. 1, pp. 1-25, 2016.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3001836] 
[34] 
D.M. Marshall, R.K. Barnhart, E. Shappee,  and M.T. Most, Introduction to unmanned aircraft systems., Crc Press, 2015.
[35] 
S. Hayat, E. Yanmaz,  and R. Muzaffar, "Survey on unmanned aerial vehicle networks for civil applications: A communications viewpoint", IEEE Comm. Surv. and Tutor., vol. 18, pp. 2624-2661, 2016.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2016.2560343] 
[36] 
E.W. Frew,  and T.X. Brown, "Airborne communication networks for small unmanned aircraft systems", Proceedings of the IEEE, , vol. vol. 96, 2008 
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2008.2006127] 
[37] 
J. Li, Y. Zhou,  and L. Lamont, "Communication architectures and protocols for networking unmanned aerial vehicles",In: 2013 IEEE Globecom Workshops, (GC Wkshps)., 2013, pp. 1415-1420.
[38] 
F.J. Watkins, R.A. Hinojosa,  and A.M. Oddershede, "Alternative wireless network technology implementation for rural zones", Int. J. Comput. Commun. Control, vol. 8, pp. 161-165, 2012.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.15837/ijccc.2013.1.180] 
[39] 
Y. Wang,  and Y.J. Zhao, "Fundamental issues in systematic design of airborne networks for aviation", 2006 IEEE Aerospace Conference, 2006 
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/AERO.2006.1655882] 
[40] 
J. Xie, Y. Wan, J.H. Kim, S. Fu,  and K. Namuduri, "A survey and analysis of mobility models for airborne networks", IEEE Comm. Surv. and Tutor., vol. 16, pp. 1221-1238, 2013.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/SURV.2013.111313.00138] 
[41] 
S. Morgenthaler, T. Braun, Z. Zhao, T. Staub,  and M. Anwander, "UAVNet: A mobile wireless mesh network using unmanned aerial vehicles”, 2012", IEEE Globecom Workshops, pp. 1603-1608, 2012.
[42] 
S. Rosati, K. Krużelecki, L. Traynard,  and B.R. Mobile, “Speed aware routing for UAV ad-hoc networks”, 2013 IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps), GC Wkshps, pp. 1367-1373. 2013
[43] 
K. Saifullah,  and K-I. Kim,  A new geographical routing protocol for heterogeneous aircraft ad hoc networks Speed-aware routing for UAV ad-hoc networks,” in 2013 IEEE Globecom Workshops GC Wkshps, 2012.
[44] 
M.S.B. Mahmoud,  and N. Larrieu, "An ADS-B based secure geographical routing protocol for aeronautical ad hoc networks", 2013  IEEE 37th Annual Computer Software and Applications Conference  Workshops, 2013, 
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/COMPSACW.2013.74] 
[45] 
Q. Vey, A. Pirovano,  and J. Radzik, "Performance analysis of routing algorithms in AANET with realistic access layer", International Workshop on Communication Technologies for Vehicles, 2016pp. 175-186 
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-38921-9_18] 
[46] 
B. Karp,  and H-T. Kung, "GPSR: Greedy perimeter stateless routing for wireless networks", Proceedings of the 6th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking, 2000pp. 243-254 
[http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1145/345910.345953] 
[47] 
M. Iordanakis, D. Yannis, K. Karras, G. Bogdos, G. Dilintas,  and M. Amirfeiz, "Ad-hoc routing protocol for aeronautical mobile ad-hoc networks", Fifth International Symposium on Communication Systems, Networks and Digital Signal Processing (CSNDSP), 2006pp. 1-5 
[48] 
D. Medina, F. Hoffmann, S. Ayaz,  and C-H. Rokitansky, "Feasibility of an aeronautical mobile ad hoc network over the north atlantic corridor", 2008 5th Annual IEEE Communications Society Conference on Sensor, Mesh and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks, 2008 
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/SAHCN.2008.23] 
[49] 
I. Turnadereli,  and I. Bekmezci, "Performance comparison of MANET routing protocols for UAV ad hoc networks", International  Symposium on Computing in Science & Engineering. Proceedings,
  2013p. 169, 
[50] 
J. Chroboczek, The babel routing protocol.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc6126] 
[51] 
K. Chan, U. Nirmal,  and W. Cheaw, Progress on drone technology and their applications: A comprehensive review", AIP Conference  Proceedings.
[52] 
Z. Liu, Z. Li, B. Liu, X. Fu, I. Raptis,  and K. Ren, "Rise of mini-drones: Applications and issues", Proceedings of the 2015 Workshop on Privacy-Aware Mobile Computing, 2015pp. 7-12 
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2757302.2757303] 
[53] 
J-P. Yaacoub,  and O. Salman, "Security Analysis of Drones Systems: Attacks, Limitations, and Recommendations", Internet of Things. 2020
[54] 
W. Guo, C. Devine,  and S. Wang, "Performance analysis of micro unmanned airborne communication relays for cellular networks", 014 9th international symposium on communication systems, networks & digital sign (CSNDSP), 2014, 
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/CSNDSP.2014.6923909] 
[55] 
S. Henriksen, Unmanned aircraft system control and ATC communications bandwidth requirements., NASA, 2008.
[56] 
Y. Saleem, M.H. Rehmani,  and S. Zeadally, "Integration of cognitive radio technology with unmanned aerial vehicles: issues, opportunities, and future research challenges", J. Netw. Comput. Appl., vol. 50, pp. 15-31, 2015.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnca.2014.12.002] 
[57] 
B. Coifman, M. McCord, R.G. Mishalani,  and K. Redmill, "Surface transportation surveillance from unmanned aerial vehicles", Proc. of the 83rd Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, 2004p. 28 
[58] 
A.Y. Javaid, W. Sun,  and M. Alam, “UAVSim: A simulation testbed for unmanned aerial vehicle network cyber security analysis”, 2013 IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps)., GC Wkshps, pp. 1432-1436. 2013
[59] 
Federal Aviation Administration, Regulations & Policies. Available from:
          https://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/
[60] 
M. Juul, Civil drones in the European Union.
[61] 
R. Stopforth, "Drone licenses-neccesities and requirements", II Ponte, vol. 73, pp. 149-156, 2017.
[62] 
V.S. Campos, European union policies and civil dronesEthics and Civil Drones., Springer: Cham, 2018.
[63] 
A. Miah, Regulating dronesDrones: The Brilliant, the Bad and the Beautiful., Emerald Publishing Limited, 2020.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/978-1-83867-985-920201003] 
[64] 
S. Wright, Ethical and safety implications of the growing use of civilian drone, UK Parliament Website., Science and Technology Committee, 2020.
[65] 
BBC NEWS, Are drones dangerous or harmless fun?, 2015. Available from: 
          https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-34269585
[66] 
Evan Ackerman, Concept Art Hints at the Awesome Future of Drones., 2014. Available from:
          https://spectrum.ieee.org/automaton/robotics/drones/concept-art-hints-at-the-awesome-future-of-drones
[67] 
A.L. Adams, T.A. Schmidt, C.D. Newgard, C.S. Federiuk, M. Christie, S. Scorvo,  and M. DeFreest, "Search is a time-critical event: when search and rescue missions may become futile", Wilderness Environ. Med., vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 95-101, 2007.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1580/06-WEME-OR-035R1.1 ] [PMID: 17590071] 
[68] 
J. Sánchez-García, J. García-Campos, M. Arzamendia, D.G. Reina, S. Toral,  and D. Gregor, "A survey on unmanned aerial and aquatic vehicle multi-hop networks: Wireless communications, evaluation tools and applications", Comput. Commun., vol. 119, pp. 43-65, 2018.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comcom.2018.02.002] 
[69] 
Q. Vey, A. Pirovano, S. Puechmorel,  and J. Radzik, "Performance Assessment of a New Routing Protocol in AANET", International Workshop on Communication Technologies for Vehicles, 2017pp. 3-14 
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56880-5_1] 
[70] 
H. Rivera, L. Urquiza-Aguiar, X. Calderón,  and A. Zambrano, "Performance Evaluation of an AANET in Quito’s Control Area", International Workshop on Communication Technologies for Vehicles, 2019pp. 73-85 
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25529-9_7] 
[71] 
R. Grodi, D.B. Rawat,  and C. Bajracharya, Performance evaluation of unmanned aerial vehicle ad hoc networks., SoutheastCon, 2015.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/SECON.2015.7133020] 
[72] 
D. Korneev, A. Leonov,  and G. Litvinov, Estimation of mini-UAVs network parameters for search and rescue operation scenario with Gauss-Markov mobility model 2018 Systems of Signal Synchronization, Generating and Processing in Telecommunications (SYNCHROINFO), 2018.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/SYNCHROINFO.2018.8457047] 
[73] 
Paul Budde Communication Pty Ltd, Global Smart Infrastructure - Smart Cities and Artificial Intelligence the Way Forward.
[74] 
T. Yang, C.H. Foh, F. Heliot, C.Y. Leow,  and P. Chatzimisios, "Self-organization drone-based unmanned aerial vehicles (uav) networks", ICC 2019-2019 IEEE International Conference on  Communications (ICC), 2019, 
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICC.2019.8761876] 
[75] 
A. Goodchild,  and J. Toy, "Delivery by drone: An evaluation of unmanned aerial vehicle technology in reducing CO2 emissions in the delivery service industry", Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ., vol. 61, pp. 58-67, 2018.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2017.02.017] 
[76] 
K.L. Cook, "The silent force multiplier: The history and role of UAVs in warfare",  2007 IEEE Aerospace Conference, pp. 1-7  2007
[77] 
R. Lafta, M.A. Al-Nuaimi,  and G. Burnham, "Injury and death during the ISIS occupation of Mosul and its liberation: Results from a 40-cluster household survey", PLoS Med., vol. 15, no. 5, p.  e1002567, . 2018
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002567 ] [PMID: 29763433] 
[78] 
F. Mohammed, A. Idries, N. Mohamed, J. Al-Jaroodi,  and I. Jawhar, "Opportunities and challenges of using UAVs for dubai smart city", 6th International Conference on New Technologies, Mobility and Security (NTMS), 2014 
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/NTMS.2014.6814041] 
[79] 
G. Chmaj,  and H. Selvaraj, Distributed processing applications for UAV/drones: a survey.Systems Engineering., Springer, 2015.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08422-0_66] 
[80] 
A. Viseras, T. Wiedemann, C. Manss, V. Karolj, D.S. And Juan Marchal,  and J. Marchal, "Beehive-Inspired Information Gathering with a Swarm of Autonomous Drones", Sensors (Basel), vol. 19, no. 19, p. 4349, 2019.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19194349 ] [PMID: 31597338] 
[81] 
A. Patrik, G. Utama, A.A.S. Gunawan, A. Chowanda, J.S. Suroso,  and R. Shofiyanti, "GNSS-based navigation systems of autonomous drone for delivering items", J. Big Data, vol. 6, p. 53, 2019.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40537-019-0214-3] 
[82] 
H.A. Kurdi, E. Aloboud, M. Alalwan, S. Alhassan, E. Alotaibi,  and G. Bautista, "Autonomous task allocation for multi-UAV systems based on the locust elastic behavior", Appl. Soft Comput., vol. 71, pp. 110-126, 2018.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2018.06.006] 
[83] 
COMETS Project, Real-time coordination and control of multiple heterogeneous unmanned aerial vehicles . Available from:
          http://www.comets-uavs.org/
[84] 
Suaave.org, The SUAAVE consortium., 2020. ,  Available from:
          http://web4.cs.ucl.ac.uk/research/suaave/
[85] 
A. Mairaj, A.I. Baba,  and A.Y. Javaid, "Application specific drone simulators: Recent advances and challenges", Simul. Model. Pract. Theory, vol. 94, pp. 100-117, 2019.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.simpat.2019.01.004] 
[86] 
ARCAS, The ARCAS project., 2020. Available from:
          http://www.arcas-project.eu/
[87] 
J. Willmann, F. Augugliaro, T. Cadalbert, R. D’Andrea, F. Gramazio,  and M. Kohler, "Aerial robotic construction towards a new field of architectural research", Int. J. Archit. Comput., vol. 10, pp. 439-459, 2012.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/1478-0771.10.3.439] 
[88] 
CORDIS, CLOSE-SEARCH: Accurate and safe EGNOS-SoL navigation for UAV-based low-cost SAR operations",  . Available  from:
          https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/248137
[89] 
L. Marconi, C. Melchiorri, M. Beetz, D. Pangercic, R. Siegwart,  and S. Leutenegger, "The SHERPA project: Smart collaboration between humans and ground-aerial robots for improving rescuing activities in alpine environments", 2012 IEEE International Symposium on Safety, Security, and Rescue Robotics (SSRR), 2012pp. 1-4 
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/SSRR.2012.6523905] 
[90] 
ITEC - Institute of Information Technology, SINUS: Selforganizing
  Intelligent Network of UAVs., 2020. ,  Available from:
          https://itec.aau.at/item/sinus/
[91] 
CORDIS, Portable Kit for Detecting Trapped and Buried People in Ruins and Avalanches., 2020.  Available from:
          https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/315007
[92] 
E. Yanmaz, R. Kuschnig,  and C. Bettstetter, "Achieving air-ground communications in 802.11 networks with three-dimensional aerial mobility", 2013 Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM., pp. 120-124, 2013., 
[93] 
 Google project wing., "Project wing",,   Available from:
          https://sites.google.com/site/googprojectwing/
[94] 
E. Ackerman, Amazon Promises Package Delivery By Drone: Is It for Real?.", . Available from
          https://spectrum.ieee.org/automaton/robotics/drones/amazon-prime-air-package-drone-delivery
[95] 
 Ackerman, E.Matternet Wants to Deliver Meds with a Network of Quadrotors. , 2020. Available from:
          https://spectrum.ieee.org/automaton/robotics/medical-robots/mini-uavs-could-be-the-cheapest-way-to-deliver-medicine
[96] 
M. Bernard,  and K. Kondak, "Generic slung load transportation system using small size helicopters", 2009 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, >2009pp. 3258-3264 
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ROBOT.2009.5152382] 
[97] 
B. Yenne, Attack of the drones: A history of unmanned aerial combat., Zenith Imprint, 2004.
[98] 
R. Clarke, "Understanding the drone epidemic", Comput. Law Secur. Rev., vol. 30, pp. 230-246, 2014.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2014.03.002] 
[99] 
T.X. Brown, S. Doshi, S. Jadhav, D. Henkel,  and R-G. Thekkekunnel, "A full scale wireless ad hoc network test bed", Proceedings of ISART, vol. 05, pp. 51-60, 2005.
[100] 
D.B. Johnson,  and D.A. Maltz, Dynamic source routing in ad hoc wireless networksMobile computing., Springer, 1996.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-585-29603-6_5] 
[101] 
V.R. Khare, F.Z. Wang, S. Wu, Y. Deng,  and C. Thompson, "Ad-hoc network of unmanned aerial vehicle swarms for search & destroy tasks", 2008 4th International IEEE Conference Intelligent Systems, 2008 
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/IS.2008.4670440] 
[102] 
M. Hyland, B.E. Mullins, R.O. Baldwin,  and M.A. Temple, "Simulation-based performance evaluation of mobile ad hoc routing protocols in a swarm of unmanned aerial vehicles", 21st International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications Workshops (AINAW’07), 2007pp. 249-256 
[http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1109/AINAW.2007.336] 
[103] 
R. Shirani, M. St-Hilaire, T. Kunz, Y. Zhou, J. Li,  and L. Lamont, "The performance of greedy geographic forwarding in unmanned aeronautical ad-hoc networks",  2011 Ninth Annual Communication Networks and Services Research Conference, 2011pp. 161-166 
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/CNSR.2011.31] 
[104] 
S.A. Hadiwardoyo, J-M. Dricot, C.T. Calafate, J-C. Cano, E. Hernandez-Orallo,  and P. Manzoni, "Uav mobility model for dynamic uav-to-car communications", Proceedings of the 16th ACM International
  Symposium on Performance Evaluation of Wireless Ad
  Hoc, Sensor, & Ubiquitous Networks, 2019pp. 1-6
  ", 
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3345860.3361517] 
[105] 
H. Nawaz,  and H.M. Ali, A study of mobility models for UAV communication networks".3C Tecnología. Glosas de innovación aplicadas a la pyme, 2019, 
[http://dx.doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2019.specialissue2.276-297] 
[106] 
C. Bettstetter, H. Hartenstein,  and X. Pérez-Costa, "Stochastic properties of the random waypoint mobility model", Wirel. Netw., vol. 10, pp. 555-567, 2004.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:WINE.0000036458.88990.e5] 
[107] 
J-D.M.M. Biomo, T. Kunz,  and M. St-Hilaire, "An enhanced Gauss-Markov mobility model for simulations of unmanned aerial ad hoc networks", 7th IFIP Wireless and Mobile Networking Conference (WMNC), 2014 
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/WMNC.2014.6878879] 
[108] 
O. Bouachir, A. Abrassart, F. Garcia,  and N. Larrieu, “A mobility model for UAV ad hoc network”, 2014 international conference on unmanned aircraft systems., ICUAS, pp. 383-388. 2014
[109] 
E. Kuiper,  and S. Nadjm-Tehrani, "Mobility models for UAV group reconnaissance applications", 2006 International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Communications (ICWMC’06), 2006pp. 33-33 
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICWMC.2006.63] 
[110] 
J. Sanchez-Garcia, J. Garcia-Campos, S. Toral, D. Reina,  and F. Barrero, "A self organising aerial ad hoc network mobility model for disaster scenarios", 2015 International Conference on Developments of E-Systems Engineering (DeSE), 2015pp. 35-40 
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/DeSE.2015.12] 
[111] 
B. Shah,  and K-I. Kim, "A survey on three-dimensional wireless ad hoc and sensor networks", Int. J. Distrib. Sens. Netw., vol. 10, p. 616014, . 2014
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/616014] 
[112] 
S. Ghosh,  and A. Nayak, "ACPM: An associative connectivity prediction model for AANET", 2016 Eighth International Conference on Ubiquitous and Future Networks (ICUFN), 2016pp. 605-610 
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICUFN.2016.7537104] 
[113] 
C. Shen, T-H. Chang, J. Gong, Y. Zeng,  and R. Zhang, "Multi-UAV interference coordination via joint trajectory and power control", IEEE Trans. Signal Process., vol. 68, pp. 843-858, 2020.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TSP.2020.2967146] 
[114] 
D. Alejo, J.A. Cobano, G. Heredia,  and A. Ollero, "Collision-free 4D trajectory planning in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for assembly and structure construction", J. Intell. Robot. Syst., vol. 73, pp. 783-795, 2014.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10846-013-9948-x] 
[115] 
S. Srinivasan, H. Latchman, J. Shea, T. Wong,  and J. McNair, "Airborne traffic surveillance systems: video surveillance of highway traffic", Proceedings of the ACM 2nd international workshop
     on Video surveillance & sensor networks, 2004pp. 131-135, 
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1026799.1026821] 
[116] 
K. Ro, J-S. Oh,  and L. Dong, "Lessons learned: Application of small uav for urban highway traffic monitoring", 45th AIAA aerospace
 sciences meeting and exhibit, 2007, 
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2007-596] 
[117] 
G. Granlund, K. Nordberg, J. Wiklund, P. Doherty, E. Skarman,  and E. Sandewall, "Witas: An intelligent autonomous aircraft using active vision", UAV 2000 International Technical Conference and Exhibition , 2000 
[118] 
E. Yanmaz,  and H. Guclu, "Stationary and mobile target detection using mobile wireless sensor networks",  2010 INFOCOM IEEE Conference on Computer Communications Workshops, 2010pp. 1-5 
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/INFCOMW.2010.5466620] 
[119] 
A.E. Gil, K.M. Passino,  and J.B. Cruz Jr, "Stable cooperative surveillance with information flow constraints", IEEE Trans. Contr. Syst. Technol., vol. 16, pp. 856-868, 2008.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2007.916329] 
[120] 
P-M. Olsson, J. Kvarnström, P. Doherty, O. Burdakov,  and K. Holmberg, "Generating UAV communication networks for monitoring and surveillance",  2010 11th international conference on
 control automation robotics & vision, 2010, 
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICARCV.2010.5707968] 
[121] 
J. Schleich, A. Panchapakesan, G. Danoy,  and P. Bouvry, "UAV fleet area coverage with network connectivity constraint", Proceedings of the 11th ACM international symposium on Mobility management and wireless access, 2013pp. 131-138 
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2508222.2508225] 
[122] 
M. Corcoran, Drone Journalism: Newsgathering applications of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in covering conflict, civil unrest and disaster., vol., vol.  201. Flinders University: Adelaide, 2014, p. 202014.
[123] 
M. Abdelkader, M. Shaqura, C.G. Claudel,  and W. Gueaieb, "A UAV based system for real time flash flood monitoring in desert environments using Lagrangian microsensors", 2013 International Conference on Unmanned Aircraft Systems (ICUAS), 2013pp. 25-34 
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICUAS.2013.6564670] 
[124] 
D.W. Casbeer, R.W. Beard, T.W. McLain, S-M. Li,  and R.K. Mehra, "Forest fire monitoring with multiple small UAVs", Proceedings
 of the 2005, ", American Control Conference, 2005pp. 3530-3535 
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ACC.2005.1470520] 
[125] 
Y. Zeng, J. Xu,  and R. Zhang, "Energy minimization for wireless communication with rotary-wing UAV", IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun., vol. 18, pp. 2329-2345, 2019.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TWC.2019.2902559] 
[126] 
F. Augugliaro, A. Mirjan, F. Gramazio, M. Kohler,  and R. D’Andrea, "Building tensile structures with flying machines ", 2013 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, 2013pp. 3487-3492 
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2013.6696853] 
[127] 
Q. Lindsey, D. Mellinger,  and V. Kumar, "Construction with quadrotor teams", Auton. Robots, vol. 33, pp. 323-336, 2012.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10514-012-9305-0] 
[128] 
T. Tomic, K. Schmid, P. Lutz, A. Domel, M. Kassecker,  and E. Mair, "Toward a fully autonomous UAV: Research platform for indoor and outdoor urban search and rescue", IEEE Robot. Autom. Mag., vol. 19, pp. 46-56, 2012.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MRA.2012.2206473] 
[129] 
S. Waharte, N. Trigoni,  and S. Julier, "Coordinated search with a swarm of UAVs", 6th IEEE annual communications society conference on sensor, mesh and ad hoc communications and networks workshops, 2009, 
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/SAHCNW.2009.5172925] 
[130] 
J. Berger,  and J. Happe, "Co-evolutionary search path planning under constrained information-sharing for a cooperative unmanned aerial vehicle team", IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation, 2010pp. 1-8 
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/CEC.2010.5586369] 
[131] 
M.A. Goodrich, B.S. Morse, D. Gerhardt, J.L. Cooper, M. Quigley,  and J.A. Adams, "Supporting wilderness search and rescue using a camera‐equipped mini UAV", J. Field Robot., vol. 25, pp. 89-110, 2008.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rob.20226] 
[132] 
S. Ghafoor, P.D. Sutton, C.J. Sreenan,  and K.N. Brown, "Cognitive radio for disaster response networks: survey, potential, and challenges", IEEE Wirel. Commun., vol. 21, pp. 70-80, 2014.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MWC.2014.6940435] 
[133] 
A. Puri, A survey of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) for traffic surveillance.Department of computer science and engineering., University of South Florida, 2005, pp. 1-29.
[134] 
T. Hormigo,  and J. Araújo, "A micro-UAV system for forest management", Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci, vol. 40, pp. 211-216, 2013. [ISPRS Archives
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-XL-1-W2-211-2013] 
[135] 
N. Zhao, W. Lu, M. Sheng, Y. Chen, J. Tang,  and F.R. Yu, "UAV-assisted emergency networks in disasters", IEEE Wirel. Commun., vol. 26, pp. 45-51, 2019.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MWC.2018.1800160] 
[136] 
J. Scherer, S. Yahyanejad, S. Hayat, E. Yanmaz, T. Andre,  and A. Khan, "An autonomous multi-UAV system for search and rescue", Proceedings of the First Workshop on Micro Aerial Vehicle Networks, Systems, and Applications for Civilian Use, 2015pp. 33-38 
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2750675.2750683] 
[137] 
P. Sujit,  and D. Ghose, "Search using multiple UAVs with flight time constraints", IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst., vol. 40, pp. 491-509, 2004.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TAES.2004.1310000] 
[138] 
 Ronald  Berger, CARGO DRONES: THE FUTURE OF PARCEL DELIVERY. ", Available from:
          https://www.rolandberger.com/en/Point-of-View/Cargo-drones-The-future-of-parcel-delivery.html
[139] 

DHL, "UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES Ready for Take-off?",. Available from:
          https://www.dhl.com/global-en/home/insights-and-innovation/thought-leadership/trend-reports/unmanned-aerial-vehicles.html
[140] 
Unmanned Cargo, Pizza Pie in the Sky! – A Brief History of the Goal to Use Drones to Deliver Pizzas. ", Available from:
          http://unmannedcargo.org/pizza-pie-in-the-sky-the-use-of-drones-to-deliver-pizzas-commercially/
[141] 
THE MORNING ADVERTISER, "BrewDog ‘exploring drone delivery’ in UK". Available from:
          https://www.morningadvertiser.co.uk/Article/2020/06/17/BrewDog-exploring-drone-delivery-in-UK
[142] 
R. D’Andrea, "Guest editorial can drones deliver?", IEEE Trans. Autom. Sci. Eng., vol. 11, pp. 647-648, 2014.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TASE.2014.2326952] 
[143] 
K. Kuru, D. Ansell, W. Khan,  and H. Yetgin, Analysis and optimization of unmanned aerial vehicle swarms in logistics: An intelligent delivery platform. IEEE Access, vol.  7. pp. 15804-15831. 2019
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2892716] 
[144] 
Boletín Oficial del Estado (BOE), "Royal Decree-Law 8/2014, of July 4, approving urgent measures for growth, competitiveness and efficiency",. Available from:
          https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2014-7064
[145] 
S. Hayat, E. Yanmaz,  and C. Bettstetter, "Experimental analysis of multipoint-to-point UAV communications with IEEE 802.11 n and 802.11 ac", 2015 IEEE 26th Annual International Symposium on
 Personal, Indoor, and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC),
 2015pp. 1991-1996, 
Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
21
1
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2665997201666210218232040	Print ISSN 2665-9972
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher	Online ISSN 2665-9964
Current Chinese Computer Science

A Comprehensive Survey on Current Literature, Standards, Applications and Projects of Self-Organizing Aerial Ad Hoc Network (AANET) in Smart Cities

Abstract Play Pause

Graphical Abstract

Related Journals

Related Books

Abstract
