Abstract
Presently, one of the biggest predicaments in developing countries is the ever-growing local demand for electrical energy in the face of limited availability of locally derived natural resources. The Middle Eastern country of Jordan provides for an apt example of this. Domestically, Jordan generates a very limited amount of its own electrical energy output. Contributing 2.4% of its total energy consumption, Jordan has been driven by the need to diversify its reliance on alternative energy sources. One such alternative is that of renewable energy with its potential to cater to local supply and demand for electricity. Off-grid energy generating technologies can provide a more reliable supply and extending its reach into remote and rural areas. These technologies provide the added benefits of being more environmentally sustainable, cost-efficient, and can operate independently, not reliant on multiple public utilities. Against this backdrop, this study evaluates the benefits of gasification technology, providing for a renewable energy source that can meet the needs for a reliable supply whilst simultaneously distributing power to remote rural areas. It does this by scrutinizing existing investigative works and experimentations premised on the gasification of carbonaceous material for the purpose of producing syngas that can then be used as an energy source. In this gasification process, the most common material typically used is biomass. However, such technologies and their accompanying processes are not without their challenges. These include, but are not limited to, low energy density, low heating value, higher tar content, and an unstable supply. In an attempt to overcome these associated issues, biomass and coal are often synergized in a singular process referred to as ‘co-gasification’. While the combination of biomass and coal vastly improved the process of co-gasification, various other factors aid this process. These include flow geometry, where the gasifier can be categorized into several forms: an entrained flow gasifier, a moving bed gasifier, and a fluidized bed gasifier. Further factors included a gasification agent, operating conditions (i.e. temperature, pressure), heating rate, feedstock composition, fuel blending ratio, and particle size, influenced by the percentage of gases and ratio produced between CO, CO2, CH4, and H2. This study therefore provides a comparative analysis between a co-gasification process and normal gasification to determine not only the elements that impact these processes, but also what can be improved for ultimately optimizing gasification.
Keywords: Energy, environment, solar energy, gasification process, synthesis gas, co-gasification.
Graphical Abstract
[1]
J.O. Jaber, W. Awad, T.A. Rahmeh, A.A. Alawin, S. Al-Lubani, and S.A. Dalu, "Renewable energy education in faculties of engineering in Jordan: relationship between demographics and level of knowledge of senior students", Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 73, pp. 452-459, 2017.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.141]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.141]
[2]
M.R. Gomaa, R.J. Mustafa, and N. Al-Dmour, "Solar thermochemical conversion of carbonaceous materials into syngas by co-gasification", J. Clean. Prod., vol. 248, p. 119185, 2019.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119185]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119185]
[3]
M.R. Gomaa, N. Al-Dmour, H.A. Al-Rawashdeh, and M. Shalby, "Theoretical model of a fluidized bed solar reactor design with the aid of MCRT method and synthesis gas production", Renew. Energy, vol. 148, pp. 91-102, 2020.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.12.010]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.12.010]
[4]
Z. Al-Hamamre, M. Saidan, M. Hararah, K. Rawajfeh, H.E. Alkhasawneh, and M. Al-Shannag, "Wastes and biomass materials as sustainable-renewable energy resources for Jordan", Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 67, pp. 295-314, 2017.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.09.035]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.09.035]
[5]
A. Al-Salaymeh, Z. Al-Hamamre, F. Sharaf, and M. Abdelkader, "Technical and economical assessment of the utilization of photovoltaic systems in residential buildings: the case of Jordan", Energy Convers. Manage., vol. 51, no. 8, pp. 1719-1726, 2010.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2009.11.026]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2009.11.026]
[6]
M.R. Gomaa, H. Rezk, R.J. Mustafa, and M. Al-Dhaifallah, "Evaluating the environmental impacts and energy performance of a wind farm system utilizing the life-cycle assessment method: a practical case study", Energies, vol. 12, no. 17, p. 3263, 2019.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12173263]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12173263]
[7]
M.R. Gomaa, M. Al-Dhaifallah, A. Alahmer, and H. Rezk, "Design, modeling and experimental investigation of active water cooling concentrating photovoltaic system", Sustainability, vol. 12, no. 13, p. 5392, 2020.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12135392]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12135392]
[8]
M.R. Gomaa, M.A. Mohamed, H. Rezk, M. Al-Dhaifallah, and M.J. Al Shammri, "Energy performance analysis of on-grid solar photovoltaic system- a practical case study", Int. J. Renew. Energy Res., vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 1292-1301, 2019.
[9]
Z. Al-Hamamre, A. Al-Mater, F. Sweis, and K. Rawajfeh, "Assessment of the status and outlook of biomass energy in Jordan", Energy Convers. Manage., vol. 77, pp. 183-192, 2014.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2013.09.041]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2013.09.041]
[10]
H.A. Al-Rawashdeh, M.R. Gomaa, R.J. Mustafa, and A.O. Hasan, "Efficiency and exergy enhancement of ORC powered by recovering flue gases-heat system in cement industrials: a case study", Int. Rev. Mech. Eng., vol. 13, no. 3, p. 185, 2019.
[11]
D. Wilhelm, D. Simbeck, A. Karp, and R. Dickenson, "Syngas production for gas-to-liquids applications: technologies, issues and outlook", Fuel Process. Technol., vol. 71, no. 1-3, pp. 139-148, 2001.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3820(01)00140-0]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3820(01)00140-0]
[12]
M. Ammar, M.A. Mutalib, S. Yusup, A. Inayat, M. Shahbaz, and B. Ali, "Influence of effective parameters on product gas ratios in sorption enhanced gasification", Procedia Engr., vol. 148, pp. 735-741, 2016.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.06.605]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.06.605]
[13]
L. Ding, Z. Dai, Q. Guo, and G. Yu, "Effects of in-situ interactions between steam and coal on pyrolysis and gasification characteristics of pulverized coals and coal water slurry", Appl. Energy, vol. 187, pp. 627-639, 2017.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.11.086]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.11.086]
[14]
H.J. Jeong, S.S. Park, and J. Hwang, "Co-gasification of coal-Biomass blended char with CO2 at temperatures of 900-1100° C", Fuel, vol. 116, pp. 465-470, 2014.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2013.08.015]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2013.08.015]
[15]
Y. Zhang, X-M. Zhang, D. Fan, and Y-C. Song, "A promising approach to co-processing calcium-rich coal and an aqueous condensate from biomass carbonization", Fuel, vol. 133, pp. 82-88, 2014.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2014.05.007]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2014.05.007]
[16]
P. McKendry, "Energy production from biomass (Part 3): Gasification technologies", Bioresour. Technol., vol. 83, no. 1, pp. 55-63, 2002.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(01)00120-1] [PMID: 12058831]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(01)00120-1] [PMID: 12058831]
[17]
I. Janajreh, and M. Al-Shrah, "Numerical and experimental investigation of downdraft gasification of wood chips", Energy Convers. Manage., vol. 65, pp. 783-792, 2013.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2012.03.009]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2012.03.009]
[18]
R.W. Breault, "Gasification processes old and new: A basic review of the major technologies", Energies, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 216-240, 2010.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en3020216]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en3020216]
[19]
I. Ahmed, and A. Gupta, "Syngas yield during pyrolysis and steam gasification of paper", Appl. Energy, vol. 86, no. 9, pp. 1813-1821, 2009.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.01.025]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.01.025]
[20]
E. Furimsky, "Gasification in petroleum refinery of 21st century", Oil Gas Sci. Technol., vol. 54, no. 5, pp. 597-618, 1999.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2516/ogst:1999051]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2516/ogst:1999051]
[21]
A. Valero, and S. Usón, "Oxy-co-gasification of coal and Biomass in an integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power plant", Energy, vol. 31, no. 10-11, pp. 1643-1655, 2006.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2006.01.005]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2006.01.005]
[22]
P. Mondal, G. Dang, and M. Garg, "Syngas production through gasification and cleanup for downstream applications—Recent developments", Fuel Process Technol., vol. 92, no. 8, pp. 1395-1410, 2011.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2011.03.021]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2011.03.021]
[23]
K. Umeki, K. Yamamoto, T. Namioka, and K. Yoshikawa, "High temperature steam-only gasification of woody Biomass", Appl. Energy, vol. 87, no. 3, pp. 791-798, 2010.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.09.035]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.09.035]
[24]
F. Li, and L-S. Fan, "Clean coal conversion processes–progress and challenges", Energy Environ. Sci., vol. 1, no. 2, 2008.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b809218b]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b809218b]
[25]
W. Xiang, S. Chen, Z. Xue, and X. Sun, "Investigation of coal gasification hydrogen and electricity co-production plant with three-reactors chemical looping process", Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, vol. 35, no. 6, pp. 8580-8591, 2010.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.04.167]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.04.167]
[26]
S. Umemoto, S. Kajitani, S. Hara, and M. Kawase, "Proposal of a new soot quantification method and investigation of soot formation behavior in coal gasification", Fuel, vol. 167, pp. 280-287, 2016.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.11.074]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.11.074]
[27]
Y.T. Kim, D.K. Seo, and J. Hwang, "Study of the effect of coal type and particle size on char–CO2 gasification via gas analysis", Energy Fuels, vol. 25, no. 11, pp. 5044-5054, 2011.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef200745x]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef200745x]
[28]
S. Kajitani, Y. Zhang, S. Umemoto, M. Ashizawa, and S. Hara, "Co-gasification reactivity of coal and woody biomass in high-temperature gasification", Energy Fuels, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 145-151, 2009.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef900526h]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef900526h]
[29]
A.J. Minchener, "Coal gasification for advanced power generation", Fuel, vol. 84, no. 17, pp. 2222-2235, 2005.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2005.08.035]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2005.08.035]
[30]
A-G. Collot, "Matching gasification technologies to coal properties", Int. J. Coal Geol., vol. 65, no. 3-4, pp. 191-212, 2006.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2005.05.003]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2005.05.003]
[31]
H. Katalambula, and R. Gupta, "Low-grade coals: A review of some prospective upgrading technologies", Energy Fuels, vol. 23, no. 7, pp. 3392-3405, 2009.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef801140t]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef801140t]
[32]
S.V. Jangam, M. Karthikeyan, and A. Mujumdar, "A critical assessment of industrial coal drying technologies: Role of energy, emissions, risk and sustainability", Dry. Technol., vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 395-407, 2011.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07373937.2010.498070]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07373937.2010.498070]
[33]
J. Yu, A. Tahmasebi, Y. Han, F. Yin, and X. Li, "A review on water in low rank coals: the existence, interaction with coal structure and effects on coal utilization", Fuel Process. Technol., vol. 106, pp. 9-20, 2013.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2012.09.051]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2012.09.051]
[34]
R. Saidur, E. Abdelaziz, A. Demirbas, M. Hossain, and S. Mekhilef, "A review on Biomass as a fuel for boilers", Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 2262-2289, 2011.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.02.015]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.02.015]
[35]
M. Asadullah, "Barriers of commercial power generation using biomass gasification gas: a review", Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 29, pp. 201-215, 2014.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.08.074]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.08.074]
[36]
L.E. Taba, M.F. Irfan, W.A.M.W. Daud, and M.H. Chakrabarti, "The effect of temperature on various parameters in coal, Biomass and CO-gasification: A review", Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 16, no. 8, pp. 5584-5596, 2012.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.06.015]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.06.015]
[37]
B. Piriou, G. Vaitilingom, B. Veyssière, B. Cuq, and X. Rouau, "Potential direct use of solid biomass in internal combustion engines", Pror. Energy Combust. Sci., vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 169-188, 2013.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2012.08.001]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2012.08.001]
[38]
S. Sansaniwal, K. Pal, M. Rosen, and S. Tyagi, "Recent advances in the development of biomass gasification technology: A comprehensive review", Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 72, pp. 363-384, 2017.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.038]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.038]
[39]
T. Abbasi, and S. Abbasi, "Biomass energy and the environmental impacts associated with its production and utilization", Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 919-937, 2010.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2009.11.006]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2009.11.006]
[40]
S.V. Vassilev, D. Baxter, L.K. Andersen, and C.G. Vassileva, "An overview of the chemical composition of Biomass", Fuel, vol. 89, no. 5, pp. 913-933, 2010.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2009.10.022]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2009.10.022]
[41]
N. Sriram, and M. Shahidehpour, "Renewable biomass energy", Power Engineering Society General Meeting, 2005
[42]
B.N. Murthy, A.N. Sawarkar, N.A. Deshmukh, T. Mathew, and J.B. Joshi, "Petroleum coke gasification: A review", Can. J. Chem. Eng., vol. 92, no. 3, pp. 441-468, 2014.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cjce.21908]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cjce.21908]
[43]
N.S. Yuzbasi, and N. Selçuk, "Air and oxy-fuel combustion behaviour of petcoke/lignite blends", Fuel, vol. 92, no. 1, pp. 137-144, 2012.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2011.08.026]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2011.08.026]
[44]
S.J. Yoon, Y-C. Choi, S-H. Lee, and J-G. Lee, "Thermogravimetric study of coal and petroleum coke for co-gasification", Korean J. Chem. Eng., vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 512-517, 2007.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11814-007-0090-y]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11814-007-0090-y]
[45]
J. Fermoso, B. Arias, and M.V. Gil, "Co-gasification of different rank coals with biomass and petroleum coke in a high-pressure reactor for H(2)-rich gas production", Bioresour. Technol., vol. 101, no. 9, pp. 3230-3235, 2010.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.12.035] [PMID: 20061144]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.12.035] [PMID: 20061144]
[46]
P. Basu, and P. Kaushal, "Modeling of pyrolysis and gasification of biomass in fluidized beds: a review", Chemical Prod. Process Model., vol. 4, no. 1, 2009. [Epub ahead of print]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1934-2659.1338]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1934-2659.1338]
[47]
G. Schuster, G. Löffler, K. Weigl, and H. Hofbauer, "Biomass steam gasification--an extensive parametric modeling study", Bioresour. Technol., vol. 77, no. 1, pp. 71-79, 2001.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(00)00115-2] [PMID: 11211078]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(00)00115-2] [PMID: 11211078]
[48]
S. Czernik, J. Scahill, and J. Diebold, "The production of liquid fuel by fast pyrolysis of biomass", J. Sol. Energy Eng., vol. 117, no. 1, pp. 2-6, 1995.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2847714]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2847714]
[49]
J. Ratnadhariya, and S. Channiwala, "Three zone equilibrium and kinetic free modeling of biomass gasifier-a novel approach", Renew. Energy, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 1050-1058, 2009.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2008.08.001]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2008.08.001]
[50]
C. Higman, and S. Tam, "Advances in coal gasification, hydrogenation, and gas treating for the production of chemicals and fuels", Chem. Rev., vol. 114, no. 3, pp. 1673-1708, 2014.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr400202m] [PMID: 24144161]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr400202m] [PMID: 24144161]
[51]
V.S. Sikarwar, M. Zhao, P. Clough, J. Yao, X. Zhong, and M.Z. Memon, "An overview of advances in biomass gasification", Energy Environ. Sci., vol. 9, no. 10, pp. 2939-2977, 2016.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C6EE00935B]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C6EE00935B]
[52]
N.M. Laurendeau, "Heterogeneous kinetics of coal char gasification and combustion", Pror. Energy Combust. Sci., vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 221-270, 1978.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-1285(78)90008-4]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-1285(78)90008-4]
[53]
A. Susastriawan, and H. Saptoadi, "Small-scale downdraft gasifiers for biomass gasification: a review", Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 76, pp. 989-1003, 2017.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.03.112]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.03.112]
[54]
A. Bouillon, J.C. Lancelot, V. Collot, P.R. Bovy, and S. Rault, "Synthesis of novel halopyridinylboronic acids and esters. Part 3: 2, or 3-Halopyridin-4-yl-boronic acids and esters", Tetrahedron, vol. 58, no. 22, pp. 4369-4373, 2002.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4020(02)00416-7]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4020(02)00416-7]
[55]
C. Loha, M.K. Karmakar, S. De, and P.K. Chatterjee, Gasifiers: types, operational principles, and commercial forms coal and biomass gasification., Springer, pp. 63-91, 2018.
[56]
N.P. Cheremisinoff, and J. Rezaiyan, "Gasification technologies: a primer for engineers and scientists", CRC press, p. 85, 2005.
[57]
J.J. Hernández, G. Aranda-Almansa, and C. Serrano, "Co-gasification of biomass wastes and coal-coke blends in an entrained flow gasifier: an experimental study", Energy Fuels, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 2479-2488, 2010.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef901585f]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef901585f]
[58]
H.A. Long, and T. Wang, "Case studies for biomass/coal co-gasification in IGCC applications", Turbine Technical Conf. Exposit, pp. 547-561, 2012.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/GT2011-45512]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/GT2011-45512]
[59]
A. Tremel, and H. Spliethoff, "Gasification kinetics during entrained flow gasification-Part II: intrinsic char reaction rate and surface area development", Fuel, vol. 107, pp. 653-661, 2013.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2012.10.053]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2012.10.053]
[60]
L. Briesemeister, M. Kremling, S. Fendt, and H. Spliethoff, "Air-blown entrained-flow gasification of biomass: influence of operating conditions on tar generation", Energy Fuels, vol. 31, no. 10, pp. 10924-11032, 2017.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.7b01801]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.7b01801]
[61]
P.O. Morf, Secondary reactions of tar during thermochemical biomass conversion., ETH Zurich, 2001.
[62]
T. Srivastava, "Renewable energy (gasification)", Adv. Electron Electr. Eng., vol. 3, pp. 1243-1250, 2013.
[63]
A.K. Rajvanshi, Biomass gasification alternative energy in agriculture, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 82-102, 1986.
[64]
N. Couto, A. Rouboa, V. Silva, E. Monteiro, and K. Bouziane, "Influence of the biomass gasification processes on the final composition of syngas", Energy Procedia, vol. 36, pp. 596-606, 2013.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2013.07.068]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2013.07.068]
[65]
J.P. Ciferno, and J.J. Marano, Benchmarking biomass gasification technologies for fuels, chemicals and hydrogen production US Department of Energy., Nat. Energy Technol. Lab, 2002.
[66]
T.M. Ismail, and M.A. El-Salam, "Parametric studies on biomass gasification process on updraft gasifier high temperature air gasification", Appl. Therm. Eng., vol. 112, pp. 1460-1473, 2017.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.10.026]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.10.026]
[67]
E. Dahlquist, Technologies for converting biomass to useful energy: combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, torrefaction and fermentation., CRC Press, 2013.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b14561]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b14561]
[68]
A. Gómez-Barea, and B. Leckner, "Modeling of biomass gasification in fluidized bed", Pror. Energy Combust. Sci., vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 444-509, 2010.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2009.12.002]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2009.12.002]
[69]
N.A. Ingle, and S.S. Lakade, "Design and development of downdraft gasifier to generate producer gas", Energy Procedia, vol. 90, pp. 423-431, 2016.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2016.11.209]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2016.11.209]
[70]
S. Bunchan, T. Poowadin, and K. Trairatanasirichai, "A study of throat size effect on downdraft biomass gasifier efficiency", Energy Procedia, vol. 138, pp. 745-750, 2017.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.10.213]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.10.213]
Related Books
Recent Developments in Artificial Intelligence and Communication Technologies
Emerging Technologies and Applications for a Smart and Sustainable World
Solar Thermal Systems: Thermal Analysis and its Application
Image Processing in Renewable Energy Resources: Opportunities and Challenges
Recent Advances in Renewable Energy
6G Wireless Communications and Mobile Networking
Thermal Cycles of Heat Recovery Power Plants
Article Metrics
42
3