Generic placeholder image

Cardiovascular & Hematological Agents in Medicinal Chemistry

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1871-5257
ISSN (Online): 1875-6182

Review Article

A Review on Impact of Medicinal Plants on the Treatment of Oral and Dental Diseases

Author(s): Balakrishnan Arumugam*, Arunambiga Subramaniam and Praveena Alagaraj

Volume 18, Issue 2, 2020

Page: [79 - 93] Pages: 15

DOI: 10.2174/1871525718666200219140729

Price: $65

Abstract

Plants play a vital role in the general wellbeing of an individual. Globally plants are habitually used by the people for the treatment and prevention of various ailments. There is an increased attempt made from ancient days to prevent the disease occurrence rather than to treat it. Through the development of modern scientific procedures, it is now identified that the usage of plants in different forms promotes the health of the patient. Oral and dental hygiene is the primary factor of a human being to lead a healthy life. Poor diet, nutrition and improper hygienic practices lead to teeth and gum diseases, dental cavities and plaque etc., Use of herbal extracts and their products in day-to-day life is a promising and interesting alternative to synthetic compounds to control oral diseases. The present review summarizes the usage of medicinal plants in the treatment and prevention of oral and dental diseases in different aspects.

Keywords: Herbs, hygiene, medicinal plants, oral and dental diseases, oral hygiene, therapeutic.

« Previous
Graphical Abstract

[1]
Petersen, P.E.; Bourgeois, D.; Ogawa, H.; Estupinan-Day, S.; Ndiaye, C. The global burden of oral diseases and risks to oral health. Bull. World Health Organ., 2005, 83(9), 661-669.
[PMID: 16211157]
[2]
Almas, K.; Al-Lafi, T.R.; Thomson, W.M. The natural toothbrush. World Health Forum, 1995, 16(2), 206-210.
[PMID: 7794468]
[3]
Mombelli, A.; Van Oosten, M.A.C.; Schürch, Jr E.; Lang, N.P. The microbiota associated with successful or failing osseointegrated titanium implants; Oral Microb. Immunol, 1987, pp. 145-151.
[4]
Jenkinson, H.F.; Lamont, R.J. Oral microbial communities in sickness and in health. Trends Microbiol., 2005, 13(12), 589-595.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2005.09.006] [PMID: 16214341]
[5]
Featherstone, J.D. The science and practice of caries prevention. J. Am. Dent. Assoc., 2000, 131(7), 887-899.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.2000.0307] [PMID: 10916327]
[6]
Groppo, F.C.; Bergamaschi, C.D.C.; Cogo, K.; Franz‐Montan, M.; Motta, R.H.L.; Andrade, E.D.D. Use of phytotherapy in dentistry. Phytother. Res., 2008, 22(8), 993-998.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2471] [PMID: 18570269]
[7]
Badria, F.A.; Zidan, O.A. Natural products for dental caries prevention. J. Med. Food, 2004, 7(3), 381-384.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2004.7.381] [PMID: 15383236]
[8]
Mirbod, S.M.; Ahing, S.I. Tobacco-associated lesions of the oral cavity: Part I. Nonmalignant lesions. J. Can. Dent. Assoc., 2000, 66(5), 252-256.
[PMID: 10833868]
[9]
Wanda, C.; Consalves, W.C. Common oral lesions: Part I Superficial mucosallesions. Am. Fam. Physician, 2007, 7, 501-506.
[10]
Socransky, S.S.; Haffajee, A.D. Dental biofilms: Difficult therapeutic targets. Periodontol, 2002, 28, 12-55.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0757.2002.280102.x]
[11]
Li, X.; Kolltveit, K.M.; Tronstad, L.; Olsen, I. Systemic diseases caused by oral infection. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 2000, 13(4), 547-558.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CMR.13.4.547] [PMID: 11023956]
[12]
Dewhirst, F.E.; Chen, T.; Izard, J.; Paster, B.J.; Tanner, A.C.; Yu, W.H.; Lakshmanan, A.; Wade, W.G. The human oral microbiome. J. Bacteriol., 2010, 192(19), 5002-5017.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JB.00542-10] [PMID: 20656903]
[13]
Sakamoto, M.; Umeda, M.; Benno, Y. Molecular analysis of human oral microbiota. J. Periodontal Res., 2005, 40(3), 277-285.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0765.2005.00793.x] [PMID: 15853975]
[14]
Patil, S. Oral microbial flora in health. World J. Dent., 2013, 4(4), 262-266.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10015-1242]
[15]
Korayem, M.; Westbay, G.; Kleinberg, I. Constituents of salivary supernatant responsible for stimulation of oxygen uptake by the bacteria in human salivary sediment. Arch. Oral Biol., 1990, 35(2), 145-152.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-9969(90)90176-B] [PMID: 2344290]
[16]
Lopez, L.; Berkowitz, R.J.; Moss, M.E.; Weinstein, P. Mutans streptococci prevalence in Puerto Rican babies with cariogenic feeding behaviors. Pediatr. Dent., 2000, 22(4), 299-301.
[PMID: 10969436]
[17]
Marsh, P.D.; Martin, M.V.; Lewis, M.A.; Williams, D. Oral Microbiology; Elsevier Health Sciences: Philadelphia, 2009, pp. 5-17.
[18]
Michalek, S.M.; Hirasawa, M.; Kiyono, H.; Ochiai, K.; McGhee, J.R. Oral ecology and virulence of Lactobacillus casei and Streptococcus mutans in gnotobiotic rats. Infect. Immun., 1981, 33(3), 690-696.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.33.3.690-696.1981] [PMID: 6793515]
[19]
Jean, F.M. Biochemical Test for Identification of Medical Bactria, 3rd ed; Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: Philadelphia, 2000, pp. 72-79.
[20]
Loesche, W.J. Role of Streptococcus mutans in human dental decay. Microbiol. Rev., 1986, 50(4), 353-380.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.50.4.353-380.1986] [PMID: 3540569]
[21]
Holt, J.; Krieg, N.; Sneath, P.; Staley, J.; Williams, S. Bergey’s manual of determinative bacteriology, 9th ed.; ; Williams & Wilkins: Baltimore, MA, USA,, 1994, 02, p. p. 5017..
[22]
Lamont, R.J.; Demuth, D.R.; Davis, C.A.; Malamud, D.; Rosan, B. Salivary-agglutinin-mediated adherence of Streptococcus mutans to early plaque bacteria. Infect. Immun., 1991, 59(10), 3446-3450.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.59.10.3446-3450.1991] [PMID: 1894355]
[23]
Davey, M.E.; O’toole, G.A. Microbial biofilms: From ecology to molecular genetics. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev., 2000, 64(4), 847-867.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.64.4.847-867.2000] [PMID: 11104821]
[24]
Marsh, P.D. Dental plaque as a biofilm and a microbial community - implications for health and disease. BMC Oral Health, 2006, 6(Suppl. 1), S14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1472-6831-6-S1-S14] [PMID: 16934115]
[25]
Trahan, L. Xylitol: A review of its action on mutans streptococci and dental plaque-Its clinical significance. Int. Dent. J., 1995, 45(1)(Suppl. 1), 77-92.
[PMID: 7607748]
[26]
Marsh, P.D. Are dental diseases examples of ecological catastrophes? Microbiology, 2003, 149(Pt 2), 279-294.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.26082-0] [PMID: 12624191]
[27]
de Soet, J.J.; Holbrook, W.P.; van Amerongen, W.E.; Schipper, E.; Homburg, C.H.E.; de Graaff, J. Prevalence of Streptococcus sobrinus in relation to dental caries in children from Iceland and the Netherlands. ASDC J. Dent. Child., 1990, 57(5), 337-342.
[PMID: 2212191]
[28]
Tanzer, J.M.; Livingston, J.; Thompson, A.M. The microbiology of primary dental caries in humans. J. Dent. Educ., 2001, 65(10), 1028-1037.
[PMID: 11699974]
[29]
Balakrishnan, M.; Simmonds, R.S.; Tagg, J.R. Dental caries is a preventable infectious disease. Aust. Dent. J., 2000, 45(4), 235-245.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1834-7819.2000.tb00257.x] [PMID: 11225524]
[30]
Zisu, B.; Shah, N.P. Effects of pH, temperature, supplementation with whey protein concentrate, and adjunct cultures on the production of exopolysaccharides by Streptococcus thermophilus 1275. J. Dairy Sci., 2003, 86(11), 3405-3415.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73944-7] [PMID: 14672169]
[31]
Monsan, P.; Bozonnet, S.; Albenne, C.; Joucla, G.; Willemot, R.M.; Remaud-Simeon, M. Homopolysaccharides from lactic acid bacteria. Int. Dairy J., 2001, 11, 675-685.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0958-6946(01)00113-3]
[32]
Jeng, J.H.; Chang, M.C.; Hahn, L.J. Role of areca nut in betel quid-associated chemical carcinogenesis: Current awareness and future perspectives. Oral Oncol., 2001, 37(6), 477-492.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1368-8375(01)00003-3] [PMID: 11435174]
[33]
Petersen, P.E. The World Oral Health Report 2003: Continuous improvement of oral health in the 21st century--the approach of the WHO Global Oral Health Programme. Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol., 2003, 31(Suppl. 1), 3-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j..2003.com122.x] [PMID: 15015736]
[34]
Petersen, P.E. Global data on incidence of oral cancer. Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol., 2005, 33, 397-399.
[PMID: 16262606]
[35]
La Vecchia, C.; Tavani, A.; Franceschi, S.; Levi, F.; Corrao, G.; Negri, E. Epidemiology and prevention of oral cancer. Oral Oncol., 1997, 33(5), 302-312.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1368-8375(97)00029-8] [PMID: 9415327]
[36]
Margaix-Muñoz, M.; Bagán, J.V.; Jiménez, Y.; Sarrión, M.G.; Poveda-Roda, R. Graft-versus-host disease affecting oral cavity. A review. J. Clin. Exp. Dent., 2015, 7(1), e138-e145.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4317/jced.51975] [PMID: 25810826]
[37]
Brandão, C.F.; Oliveira, V.M.B.; Santos, A.R.R.M.; da Silva, T.M.M.; Vilella, V.Q.C.; Simas, G.G.P.P.; Carvalho, L.R.S.; Carvalho, R.A.C.; Ladeia, A.M.T. Association between sickle cell disease and the oral health condition of children and adolescents. BMC Oral Health, 2018, 18(1), 169.
[38]
Javed, F.; Correa, F.O.; Nooh, N.; Almas, K.; Romanos, G.E.; Al-Hezaimi, K. Orofacial manifestations in patients with sickle cell disease. Am. J. Med. Sci., 2013, 345(3), 234-237.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MAJ.0b013e318265b146] [PMID: 22990048]
[39]
Reznik, D.A. Oral manifestations of HIV disease. Top. HIV Med., 2005, 13(5), 143-148.
[PMID: 16377852]
[40]
Curtis, J. Effective tooth brushing and flossing; Web. MD, 2007, pp. 12-24.
[41]
Touger-Decker, R.; van Loveren, C. Sugars and dental caries. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 2003, 78(4), 881S-892S.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/78.4.881S] [PMID: 14522753]
[42]
Krasse, B.; Edwardsson, S.; Svensson, I.; Trell, L. Implantation of caries-inducing streptococci in the human oral cavity. Arch. Oral Biol., 1967, 12(2), 231-236.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-9969(67)90042-8] [PMID: 5228188]
[43]
Scheutzel, P. Etiology of dental erosion-intrinsic factors. Eur. J. Oral Sci., 1996, 104(2 (Pt 2)), 178-190.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0722.1996.tb00066.x] [PMID: 8804885]
[44]
Zero, D.T. Etiology of dental erosion-extrinsic factors. Eur. J. Oral Sci., 1996, 104(2 (Pt 2)), 162-177.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0722.1996.tb00065.x] [PMID: 8804884]
[45]
Onnur, O.; Izzet, F.; Mustafa, U. Effect of smoking on oral cavity. J. Exp. Clin. Med., 2017, 34(1), 3-7.
[46]
Rajasekharan, S.; Pushpangadan, P.; Biju, S.D. Folk Medicines of Kerala - A Study on Native Traditional Folk Healing Art and its Practitioners; ; Deep Publications: New Delhi,, 1996. Jain, S.K. .
[47]
Sikarwar, R.L.S. Ethnogynaecological uses of plants new to India. Ethno. Botany, 2002, 14, 112-115.
[48]
Pradeep Kumar, R. Ethno medicinal plants used for oral health care in India. Int. J. Herb. Med., 2014, 2(1), 81-87.
[49]
Devi, B.P.; Ramasubramaniaraja, R. Dental caries and medicinal plants - An overview. J. Pharma Res., 2009, 2, 1669-1675.
[50]
Dash, T.R.; Singh, N.; Gupta, D.; Panwar, E.; Ramisetty, S. Role of medicinal herbs in oral health management. Int. J. Dent. Med. Res., 2014, 1(2), 113-119.
[51]
Kumar, G.; Jalaluddin, M.; Rout, P.; Mohanty, R.; Dileep, C.L. Emerging trends of herbal care in dentistry. J. Clin. Diagn. Res., 2013, 7(8), 1827-1829.
[PMID: 24086929]
[52]
Wolinsky, Le.; Mania, S.; Nachnani, S.; Ling, S. The inhibiting effect of aqueous Azadirachta Indica (Neem) extract upon bacterial properties influencing in-vitro plaque formation. J. Dent. Res., 1996, 75, 816-822.
[53]
Chava, V.R.; Manjunath, S.M.; Rajanikanth, A.V.; Sridevi, N. The efficacy of neem extract on four microorganisms responsible for causing dental caries viz Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus mitis and Streptococcus sanguis: An In-vitro study. J. Contemp. Dent. Pract., 2012, 13, 769-772.
[54]
Dhanya Kumar, N.M.; Sidhu, P. The antimicrobial activity of . Azardirachta indica, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Cinnamum zeylanicum, Syzygium aromaticum, Accacia nilotica on Streptococcus mutans and Enterococcus faecalis- An In-vitro study. Editorial 5 Original Res.,, 23(1), 18.
[55]
Lakshmi, T.; Aravind Kumar, S. Antibacterial evaluation of Azadirachta indica ethanolic leaf extract against selected acidogenic oral bacteria causing dental plaque in fixed orthodontic appliance patients - An in vitro study. J. Bot. Res., 2012, 1, 30-40.
[56]
Bhambal, A.; Kothari, A.S.; Saxena, S.; Jain, M. Comparative effect of Neem stick and toothbrush on plaque removal and gingival health - A clinical trial. J. Adv. Oral. Res., 2011, 2, 51-56.
[57]
Alzohairy, M.A. Alzohairy. Therapeutics role of Azadirachta indica (Neem) and their active constituents in diseases prevention and treatment. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med., 2016.
[59]
Tangade, P.S.; Mathur, A.; Tirth, A.; Kabasi, S. Anti-gingivitis effects of Acacia arabica-containing toothpaste. Chin. J. Dent. Res., 2012, 15(1), 49-53.
[PMID: 22866283]
[60]
Ramalingam, K.; Amaechi, B.T. Antimicrobial effect of herbal extract of Acacia arabica with triphala on the biofilm forming cariogenic microorganisms. J. Ayurveda Integr. Med., 2018, pp. 1-8.
[61]
Roqaiya, M.; Begum, W.; Jahufer, R. Acacia arabica (Babool) - A review on ethnobotanical and unani traditional uses as well as phytochemical and pharmacological properties. Int. J. Pharm. Phytopharmacol. Res., 2015, 4(6), 315-321.
[63]
Bhalerao, S.A.; Sharma, A.S. Ethenomedicinal, phytochemical and pharmacological profile of Ficus religiosa Roxb. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci., 2014, 3(11), 528-538.
[65]
Ripu, M.K.; Rainer, W.B. Ficus (Fig) species in Nepal: A review of diversity and indigenous uses. Lyonia., 2006, 11, 85-87.
[66]
Joseph, B.; Justin, S.R. Phytopharmacological and phytochemical properties of three Ficus species - An overview. Int. J. Pharma Bio Sci., 2010, 1(4)
[67]
Grison-Pigé, L.; Hossaert-McKey, M.; Greeff, J.M.; Bessière, J.M. Fig volatile compounds--A first comparative study. Phytochemistry, 2002, 61(1), 61-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00213-3] [PMID: 12165303]
[69]
Health benefits of cardamom.,, Avaliable from: . http://www.com/health_benefits_of_cardamom.html/
[70]
Aneja, K.R.; Joshi, R. Antimicrobial activity of Amomum subulatum and Elettaria cardamomum against dental caries causing microorganisms. Ethnobotan. Leaflets, 2009, 13, 840-849.
[71]
Cohen, L.M.; Collins, F.L., Jr; Vanderveen, J.W.; Weaver, C.C. The effect of chewing gum flavor on the negative affect associated with tobacco abstinence among dependent cigarette smokers. Addict. Behav., 2010, 35(11), 955-960.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2010.06.010] [PMID: 20598808]
[72]
Dhulap, S.; Anita, M.; Hirwani, R. Phyto-pharmacology of Elettaria cardamomum.Pharmacogn. Rev., , 2008, 1: 2 (4), 27-27.
[74]
Srinath, J.; Lakshmi, T. Application of spices in dentistry-A literature review. Int. J. Drug Dev. Res., 2014, 6(2), 1-9.
[75]
Shaymaa, K. Al-Joubori, Wesal A.; Al-Obaidi, B. . Effect of cinnamon extracts on streptococci and mutans streptococci, in comparison to chlorhexidine gluconate. J. Bagh. College Dentistry, , 2011, 23(1)
[76]
Chaudhary, S.S.; Tariq, M.; Zaman, R.; Imtiyaz, S. The in vitro anti-acne activity of two unani drugs. Anc. Sci. Life, 2013, 33(1), 35-38.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0257-7941.134594] [PMID: 25161328]
[77]
Jafri, H.; Ansari, F.A.; Ahmad, I. Prospects of essential oils in controlling pathogenic biofilm. In: New Look to Phytomedicine, Advancements in Herbal Products as Novel Drug Leads; Academic Press: Cambridge, United States, 2019, pp. 203-236.
[78]
EMA (European Medicines Agency). Assessment report on Cinnamomum verum J. S. Presl, cortex and Corticis aetheroleum; Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products, 2011.
[79]
Mittal, M. Gupta, N.; Palak Parashar.; Mehra, V. Phytochemical evaluation and pharmacological activity of Syzygium aromaticum: A comprehensive review. Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci., 2014, 6(8), 67-72.
[80]
Cai, L.; Wu, C.D. Compounds from Syzygium aromaticum possessing growth inhibitory activity against oral pathogens. J. Nat. Prod., 1996, 59(10), 987-990.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np960451q] [PMID: 8904847]
[81]
Pachori, R.R.; Kulkarni, N.S.; Bodhankar, M.G.; Aithal, S.C. Antimicrobial studies of herbs and shrubs against dental pathogens. J. Empiric. Biol.,, 1(1), 10-16.
[82]
Cortés-Rojas, D.F.; de Souza, C.R.; Oliveira, W.P. Clove (Syzygium aromaticum): A precious spice. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed., 2014, 4(2), 90-96.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(14)60215-X] [PMID: 25182278]
[83]
Gulçin, I.; Elmastaş, M.; Aboul-Enein, H.Y. Antioxidant activity of clove oil-A powerful antioxidant source. Arab. J. Chem., 2012, 5(4), 489-499.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2010.09.016]
[84]
Cohen, M.M. Tulsi - Ocimum sanctum: A herb for all reasons. J. Ayurveda Integr. Med., 2014, 5(4), 251-259.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0975-9476.146554] [PMID: 25624701]
[85]
Bhateja, S.; Arora, G. Therapeutic benefits of holy basil (Tulsi) in general and oral medicine: A review. Int. J. Res. Ayurveda Pharm., 2012, 3(6), 761-764.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7897/2277-4343.03611]
[86]
Singh, S.; Taneja, M.; Majumdar, D.K. Biological activities of Ocimum sanctum L. fixed oil--an overview. Indian J. Exp. Biol., 2007, 45(5), 403-412.
[PMID: 17569280]
[88]
Marwa, A.A. Fayed. Mentha piperita L. - A promising dental care herb mainly against cariogenic bacteria. Univ. J. Pharmaceut. Res., 2019, 4(3), 33-38.
[89]
Herro, E.; Jacob, S.E. Mentha piperita (peppermint). Dermatitis, 2010, 21(6), 327-329.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2310/6620.2011.10080] [PMID: 21144345]
[90]
Gruenwald, J.; Brendler, T.; Jaenicke, C. PDR for Herbal Medicines, 4th ed.; ; Thomson, Reuters: New York, , 2007, p. 640.
[91]
Leung, A.Y. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients used in food, drugs and cosmetics; John Wiley & Sons: New York, 1980, p. 231.
[92]
Dolzhenko, Y.; Bertea, C.M.; Occhipinti, A.; Bossi, S.; Maffei, M.E. UV-B modulates the interplay between terpenoids and flavonoids in peppermint (Mentha x piperita L.). J. Photochem. Photobiol. B, 2010, 100(2), 67-75.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2010.05.003] [PMID: 20627615]
[93]
Peppermint.. www.drugs.com., 2017. Accessed on: August 2016.
[94]
European Medicines Agency. Community Herbal Monograph on Mentha piperita L., aetheroleum (PDF); Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products, 2007.
[95]
Pawar Vinitha, A.; Bhagat, T.B.; Toshniwal, M.R. Formulation and evaluation of dental gel containing essential oil of coriander against oral pathogens. Int. Res. J. Pharm., 2013, 4(10), 48-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7897/2230-8407.041012]
[96]
Geetha, R.V. Pillay, S.R. In vitro evaluation of antibacterial activity of Coriandrum sativum extract in reducing Streptococcus mutans count. Drug Invent. Today, 2018, 10(2), 2909-2912.
[97]
Parthasarathy, V.A.; Chempakam, B.; Zachariah, T.J. Coriander.Chemistry of spices; CAB International: United Kingdom, 2008, pp. 190-206.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781845934057.0190]
[98]
Neena, I.E.; Ganesh, E.; Poornima, P.; Korishettar, R. An ancient herb aloevera in dentistry: A review. J. Oral Res. Rev., 2015, 7(1), 25.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2249-4987.160174]
[99]
Hamman, J.H. Composition and applications of Aloe vera leaf gel. Molecules, 2008, 13(8), 1599-1616.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules13081599] [PMID: 18794775]
[100]
Surjushe, A. Resham Vasani.; Saple, D.G. Aloevera: A short review. Indian J. Dermatol., 2008, 53(4), 163-166.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0019-5154.44785] [PMID: 19882025]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy