Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1389-5575
ISSN (Online): 1875-5607

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Review Article

Natural Polysaccharides with Immunomodulatory Activities

Author(s): Yue Zhao, Bocheng Yan, Zhaoyu Wang, Mingjing Li* and Wei Zhao*

Volume 20, Issue 2, 2020

Page: [96 - 106] Pages: 11

DOI: 10.2174/1389557519666190913151632

Price: $65

Abstract

Natural polysaccharide is a kind of natural macromolecular which can be extracted from plants, fungi, algae, animals, and bacteria. The monosaccharide compositions and glucosidic bonds of polysaccharides from different origins vary substantially. Natural polysaccharides have been shown to possess complex, important and multifaceted biological activities including antitumor, anticoagulant, antioxidative, antiviral, immunomodulatory, antihyperlipidemic and antihepatotoxic activities. Their properties are mainly due to their structural characteristics. It is necessary to develop polysaccharide immunomodulators with potential for preventive or therapeutic action. The present paper summarizes the structural features, immunostimulatory activity and the immunomodulatory mechanisms of natural polysaccharides. In particular, it also provides an overview of representative natural polysaccharide immunomodulators.

Keywords: Natural polysaccharides, immunomodulator, receptor, antigen-specific, activity, structure-function relationship.

« Previous Next »
Graphical Abstract

[1]
Liu, Y.; Zeng, G. Cancer and innate immune system interactions: Translational potentials for cancer immunotherapy. J. Immunother., 2012, 35(4), 299-308.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/CJI.0b013e3182518e83] [PMID: 22495387]
[2]
D’Elia, R.V.; Harrison, K.; Oyston, P.C.; Lukaszewski, R.A.; Clark, G.C. Targeting the “cytokine storm” for therapeutic benefit. Clin. Vaccine Immunol., 2013, 20(3), 319-327.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CVI.00636-12] [PMID: 23283640]
[3]
Masi, A.; Glozier, N.; Dale, R.; Guastella, A.J. The immune system, cytokines, and biomarkers in autism spectrum disorder. Neurosci. Bull., 2017, 33(2), 194-204.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12264-017-0103-8] [PMID: 28238116]
[4]
Feng, H.; McDonough, S.P.; Fan, J.; Yang, S.; Zhao, X.; Lu, Y.; Gan, Y.; Yi, X.; Chang, Y.F. Phosphorylated radix cyathulae officinalis polysaccharides act as adjuvant via promoting dendritic cell maturation. Molecules, 2017, 22(1), 22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules22010106] [PMID: 28075416]
[5]
Wu, S.; Fu, X.; Brennan, M.A.; Brennan, C.S.; Chun, C. The effects of different purifying methods on the chemical properties, in vitro anti-tumor and immunomodulatory activities of abrus cantoniensis polysaccharide fractions. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2016, 17(4), 511.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms17040511] [PMID: 27058538]
[6]
Xiong, S.L.; Li, A.; Huang, N.; Lu, F.; Hou, D. Antioxidant and immunoregulatory activity of different polysaccharide fractions from tuber of ophiopogon japonicus. Carbohydr. Polym., 2011, 86, 1273-1280.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.06.025]
[7]
Kim, Y.S.; Ryu, J.H.; Han, S.J.; Choi, K.H.; Nam, K.B.; Jang, I.H.; Lemaitre, B.; Brey, P.T.; Lee, W.J. Gram-negative bacteria-binding protein, a pattern recognition receptor for lipopolysaccharide and beta-1,3-glucan that mediates the signaling for the induction of innate immune genes in Drosophila melanogaster cells. J. Biol. Chem., 2000, 275(42), 32721-32727.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M003934200] [PMID: 10827089]
[8]
Means, T.K.; Golenbock, D.T.; Fenton, M.J. Structure and function of Toll-like receptor proteins. Life Sci., 2000, 68(3), 241-258.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0024-3205(00)00939-5] [PMID: 11191641]
[9]
Kim, H.S.; Shin, B.R.; Lee, H.K.; Park, Y.S.; Liu, Q.; Kim, S.Y.; Lee, M.K.; Hong, J.T.; Kim, Y.; Han, S.B. Dendritic cell activation by polysaccharide isolated from Angelica dahurica. Food Chem. Toxicol., 2013, 55, 241-247.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2012.12.007] [PMID: 23246459]
[10]
Schepetkin, I.A.; Kouakou, K.; Yapi, A.; Kirpotina, L.N.; Jutila, M.A.; Quinn, M.T. Immunomodulatory and hemagglutinating activities of acidic polysaccharides isolated from Combretum racemosum. Int. Immunopharmacol., 2013, 15(3), 628-637.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2013.01.015] [PMID: 23380150]
[11]
Zhang, X.; Qi, C.; Guo, Y.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, Y. Toll-like receptor 4-related immunostimulatory polysaccharides: Primary structure, activity relationships, and possible interaction models. Carbohydr. Polym., 2016, 149, 186-206.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.04.097] [PMID: 27261743]
[12]
Li, W.; Yajima, T.; Saito, K.; Nishimura, H.; Fushimi, T.; Ohshima, Y.; Tsukamoto, Y.; Yoshikai, Y. Immunostimulating properties of intragastrically administered Acetobacter-derived soluble branched (1,4)-beta-D-glucans decrease murine susceptibility to Listeria monocytogenes. Infect. Immun., 2004, 72(12), 7005-7011.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.72.12.7005-7011.2004] [PMID: 15557623]
[13]
Xie, S.Z.; Hao, R.; Zha, X.Q.; Pan, L.H.; Liu, J.; Luo, J.P. Polysaccharide of Dendrobium huoshanense activates macrophages via toll-like receptor 4-mediated signaling pathways. Carbohydr. Polym., 2016, 146, 292-300.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.03.059] [PMID: 27112877]
[14]
Wang, G.; Zhu, L.; Yu, B.; Chen, K.; Liu, B.; Liu, J.; Qin, G.; Liu, C.; Liu, H.; Chen, K. Exopolysaccharide from Trichoderma pseudokoningii induces macrophage activation. Carbohydr. Polym., 2016, 149, 112-120.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.04.093] [PMID: 27261736]
[15]
Yu, L.; Sun, G.; Wei, J.; Wang, Y.; Du, C.; Li, J. Activation of macrophages by an exopolysaccharide isolated from antarctic psychrobacter sp. B-3. Chin. J. Oceanology Limnol., 2016, 34, 1064-1071.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00343-016-4393-x]
[16]
Gough, P.J.; Gordon, S. The role of scavenger receptors in the innate immune system. Microbes Infect., 2000, 2(3), 305-311.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1286-4579(00)00297-5] [PMID: 10758407]
[17]
Krieger, M.; Herz, J. Structures and functions of multiligand lipoprotein receptors: Macrophage scavenger receptors and LDL receptor-related protein (LRP). Annu. Rev. Biochem., 1994, 63, 601-637.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bi.63.070194.003125] [PMID: 7979249]
[18]
Brown, M.S.; Goldstein, J.L. Lipoprotein metabolism in the macrophage: Implications for cholesterol deposition in atherosclerosis. Annu. Rev. Biochem., 1983, 52, 223-261.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bi.52.070183.001255] [PMID: 6311077]
[19]
Murphy, J.E.; Tedbury, P.R.; Homer-Vanniasinkam, S.; Walker, J.H.; Ponnambalam, S. Biochemistry and cell biology of mammalian scavenger receptors. Atherosclerosis, 2005, 182(1), 1-15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.03.036] [PMID: 15904923]
[20]
Leung, M.Y.; Liu, C.; Koon, J.C.; Fung, K.P. Polysaccharide biological response modifiers. Immunol. Lett., 2006, 105(2), 101-114.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.imlet.2006.01.009] [PMID: 16554097]
[21]
Brown, G.D.; Taylor, P.R.; Reid, D.M.; Willment, J.A.; Williams, D.L.; Martinez-Pomares, L.; Wong, S.Y.C.; Gordon, S. Dectin-1 is a major β-glucan receptor on macrophages. J. Exp. Med., 2002, 196(3), 407-412.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20020470] [PMID: 12163569]
[22]
Zamze, S.; Martinez-Pomares, L.; Jones, H.; Taylor, P.R.; Stillion, R.J.; Gordon, S.; Wong, S.Y. Recognition of bacterial capsular polysaccharides and lipopolysaccharides by the macrophage mannose receptor. J. Biol. Chem., 2002, 277(44), 41613-41623.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M207057200] [PMID: 12196537]
[23]
Ross, G.D.; Vĕtvicka, V. CR3 (CD11b, CD18): A phagocyte and NK cell membrane receptor with multiple ligand specificities and functions. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 1993, 92(2), 181-184.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2249.1993.tb03377.x] [PMID: 8485905]
[24]
Fujita, T.; Matsushita, M.; Endo, Y. The lectin-complement pathway--its role in innate immunity and evolution. Immunol. Rev., 2004, 198, 185-202.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.0123.x] [PMID: 15199963]
[25]
Synytsya, A.; Novák, M. Structural diversity of fungal glucans. Carbohydr. Polym., 2013, 92(1), 792-809.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.09.077] [PMID: 23218369]
[26]
Usui, S.; Tomono, Y.; Sakai, M.; Kiho, T.; Ukai, S. Preparation and antitumor activities of beta-(1-->6) branched (1-->3)-beta-D-glucan derivatives. Biol. Pharm. Bull., 1995, 18(12), 1630-1636.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/bpb.18.1630] [PMID: 8787778]
[27]
Vannucci, L.; Krizan, J.; Sima, P.; Stakheev, D.; Caja, F.; Rajsiglova, L.; Horak, V.; Saieh, M. Immunostimulatory properties and antitumor activities of glucans.(Review) Int. J. Oncol., 2013, 43(2), 357-364[review].
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2013.1974] [PMID: 10.3892/ijo.2013.1974]
[28]
Tzianabos, A.O. Polysaccharide immunomodulators as therapeutic agents: structural aspects and biologic function. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 2000, 13(4), 523-533.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CMR.13.4.523] [PMID: 11023954]
[29]
Ferreira, S.S.; Passos, C.P.; Madureira, P.; Vilanova, M.; Coimbra, M.A. Structure-function relationships of immunostimulatory polysaccharides: A review. Carbohydr. Polym., 2015, 132, 378-396.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.05.079] [PMID: 26256362]
[30]
Wei, W.; Feng, L.; Bao, W.R.; Ma, D.L.; Leung, C.H.; Nie, S.P.; Han, Q.B. Structure characterization and immunomodulating effects of polysaccharides isolated from dendrobium officinale. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2016, 64(4), 881-889.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5b05180] [PMID: 26752248]
[31]
Li, X.J.; Bao, W.R.; Leung, C.H.; Ma, D.L.; Zhang, G.; Lu, A.P.; Wang, S.C.; Han, Q.B. Chemical structure and immunomodulating activities of an alpha-glucan purified from lobelia chinensis lour. Molecules, 2016, 21(6), 21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules21060779] [PMID: 27314319]
[32]
Castro-Alves, V.C.; Gomes, D.; Menolli, N., Jr; Sforça, M.L.; Nascimento, J.R. Characterization and immunomodulatory effects of glucans from Pleurotus albidus, a promising species of mushroom for farming and biomass production. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 2017, 95, 215-223.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.11.059] [PMID: 27876596]
[33]
Rösch, C.; Meijerink, M.; Delahaije, R.J.B.M.; Taverne, N.; Gruppen, H.; Wells, J.M.; Schols, H.A. Immunomodulatory properties of oat and barley β-glucan populations on bone marrow derived dendritic cells. J. Funct. Foods, 2016, 26, 279-289.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2016.07.023]
[34]
Chlubnová, I.; Sylla, B.; Nugier-Chauvin, C.; Daniellou, R.; Legentil, L.; Kralová, B.; Ferrières, V. Natural glycans and glycoconjugates as immunomodulating agents. Nat. Prod. Rep., 2011, 28(5), 937-952.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c1np00005e] [PMID: 21380417]
[35]
Ruszova, E.; Pavek, S.; Hajkova, V.; Jandova, S.; Velebny, V.; Papezikova, I.; Kubala, L. Photoprotective effects of glucomannan isolated from Candida utilis. Carbohydr. Res., 2008, 343(3), 501-511.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carres.2007.11.010] [PMID: 18067882]
[36]
Leung, M.Y.L.; Liu, C.; Zhu, L.F.; Hui, Y.Z.; Yu, B.; Fung, K.P. Chemical and biological characterization of a polysaccharide biological response modifier from Aloe vera L. var. chinensis (Haw.) Berg. Glycobiology, 2004, 14(6), 501-510.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/glycob/cwh050] [PMID: 14739149]
[37]
Jiang, P.; Yuan, L.; Huang, G.; Wang, X.; Li, X.; Jiao, L.; Zhang, L. Zhang, L. Structural properities and immunoenhancement of an exopolysaccharide produced by Phellinus pini. Int. J. Biol. Macromol, 2016, 93(Pt A), 566-571.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.09.020] [PMID: 27612645]
[38]
Kim, M.H.; Joo, H.G. Immunostimulatory effects of fucoidan on bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. Immunol. Lett., 2008, 115(2), 138-143.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.imlet.2007.10.016] [PMID: 18077003]
[39]
Wang, W.T.; Zhou, J.H.; Xing, S.T.; Guan, H.S. Immunomodulating action of marine algae sulfated polysaccharideson normal and immunosuppressed mice. Zhongguo Yaolixue Yu Dulixue Zazhi, 1994.
[40]
Shimizu, J.; Funada, U.; Mano, H.; Matahira, Y.; Kawaguchi, M.; Wada, M. Proportion of murine cytotoxic t cells is increased by high molecular-weight fucoidan extracted from okinawa mozuku (cladosiphon okamuranus). J. Health Sci., 2005, 51, 394-397.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/jhs.51.394]
[41]
Waldron, K.W.; Faulds, C.B. 1.05 – cell wall polysaccharides: Composition and structure; Comprehensive Glycoscience, 2007, pp. 181-201.
[42]
Silva, I.R.; Jers, C.; Meyer, A.S.; Mikkelsen, J.D. Rhamnogalacturonan I modifying enzymes: An update. N. Biotechnol., 2016, 33(1), 41-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nbt.2015.07.008] [PMID: 26255130]
[43]
Michaelsen, T.E.; Gilje, A.; Samuelsen, A.B.; Høgåsen, K.; Paulsen, B.S. Interaction between human complement and a pectin type polysaccharide fraction, PMII, from the leaves of Plantago major L. Scand. J. Immunol., 2000, 52(5), 483-490.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3083.2000.00801.x] [PMID: 11119247]
[44]
Venkateshaiah, S.U.; Eswaraiah, M.S.; Annaiah, H.N.; Dharmesh, S.M. Antimetastatic pectic polysaccharide from Decalepis hamiltonii; galectin-3 inhibition and immune-modulation. Clin. Exp. Metastasis, 2017, 34(2), 141-154.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10585-017-9836-z] [PMID: 28160109]
[45]
Yu, K.W.; Kiyohara, H.; Matsumoto, T.; Yang, H.C.; Yamada, H. Structural characterization of intestinal immune system modulating new arabino-3, 6-galactan from rhizomes of atractylodes lancea dc. Carbohydr. Polym., 2001, 46, 147-156.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0144-8617(00)00294-0]
[46]
Kim, H.; Hong, H.D.; Suh, H.J.; Shin, K.S. Structural and immunological feature of rhamnogalacturonan I-rich polysaccharide from Korean persimmon vinegar. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 2016, 89, 319-327.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.04.060] [PMID: 27131731]
[47]
Yu, Q.; Nie, S.P.; Li, W.J.; Zheng, W.Y.; Yin, P.F.; Gong, D.M.; Xie, M.Y. Macrophage immunomodulatory activity of a purified polysaccharide isolated from Ganoderma atrum. Phytother. Res., 2013, 27(2), 186-191.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.4698] [PMID: 22511240]
[48]
Lee, K.Y.; Jeon, Y.J. Polysaccharide isolated from Poria cocos sclerotium induces NF-kappaB/Rel activation and iNOS expression in murine macrophages. Int. Immunopharmacol., 2003, 3(10-11), 1353-1362.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1567-5769(03)00113-9] [PMID: 12946432]
[49]
Sansone, M.; Sansone, A.C.M.B.; Shiga, T.M.; Nascimento, J.R.O.D. The water-soluble non-starch polysaccharides from bananas display immunomodulatory properties on cultured macrophages. Food Res. Int., 2016, 87, 125-133.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2016.07.003] [PMID: 29606233]
[50]
Li, R.; Chen, W-c.; Wang, W-p.; Tian, W-y.; Zhang, X-g. Extraction, characterization of astragalus polysaccharides and its immune modulating activities in rats with gastric cancer. Carbohydr. Polym., 2009, 78, 738-742.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2009.06.005]
[51]
Yi, Y.; Zhang, M.W.; Liao, S.T.; Zhang, R.F.; Deng, Y.Y.; Wei, Z.C.; Tang, X.J.; Zhang, Y. Structural features and immunomodulatory activities of polysaccharides of longan pulp. Carbohydr. Polym., 2012, 87, 636-643.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.08.034]
[52]
Huang, Y.; Jiang, C.; Hu, Y.; Zhao, X.; Shi, C.; Yu, Y.; Liu, C.; Tao, Y.; Pan, H.; Feng, Y.; Liu, J.; Wu, Y.; Wang, D. Immunoenhancement effect of rehmannia glutinosa polysaccharide on lymphocyte proliferation and dendritic cell. Carbohydr. Polym., 2013, 96(2), 516-521.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.04.018] [PMID: 23768595]
[53]
Nair, P.K.; Rodriguez, S.; Ramachandran, R.; Alamo, A.; Melnick, S.J.; Escalon, E.; Garcia, P.I., Jr; Wnuk, S.F.; Ramachandran, C. Immune stimulating properties of a novel polysaccharide from the medicinal plant Tinospora cordifolia. Int. Immunopharmacol., 2004, 4(13), 1645-1659.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2004.07.024] [PMID: 15454117]
[54]
Yang, X.; Guo, D.; Zhang, J.; Wu, M. Characterization and antitumor activity of pollen polysaccharide. Int. Immunopharmacol., 2007, 7(4), 427-434.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2006.10.003] [PMID: 17321465]
[55]
Yamada, H.; Nagai, T.; Cyong, J.C.; Otsuka, Y. Mode of complement activation by acidic heteroglycans from the leaves of artemisia princeps pamp. Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo), 1991, 39, 2077-2081.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/cpb.39.2077]
[56]
Peng, Q.; Liu, H.; Lei, H.; Wang, X. Relationship between structure and immunological activity of an arabinogalactan from Lycium ruthenicum. Food Chem., 2016, 194, 595-600.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.08.087] [PMID: 26471597]
[57]
Liu, F.; Ooi, V.E.; Fung, M.C. Analysis of immunomodulating cytokine mRNAs in the mouse induced by mushroom polysaccharides. Life Sci., 1999, 64(12), 1005-1011.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0024-3205(99)00027-2] [PMID: 10210283]
[58]
Liu, F.; Fung, M.C.; Ooi, V.E.; Chang, S.T. Induction in the mouse of gene expression of immunomodulating cytokines by mushroom polysaccharide-protein complexes. Life Sci., 1996, 58(21), 1795-1803.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(96)00163-4] [PMID: 8637405]
[59]
Fang, Q.; Wang, J.F.; Zha, X.Q.; Cui, S.H.; Cao, L.; Luo, J.P. Immunomodulatory activity on macrophage of a purified polysaccharide extracted from Laminaria japonica. Carbohydr. Polym., 2015, 134, 66-73.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.07.070] [PMID: 26428101]
[60]
Castro-Alves, V.C.; do Nascimento, J.R.O. Polysaccharides from raw and cooked chayote modulate macrophage function. Food Res. Int., 2016, 81, 171-179.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2016.01.017]
[61]
Ramberg, J.E.; Nelson, E.D.; Sinnott, R.A. Immunomodulatory dietary polysaccharides: A systematic review of the literature. Nutr. J., 2010, 9, 54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-9-54] [PMID: 21087484]
[62]
Ning, J.; Zhang, W.; Yi, Y.; Yang, G.; Wu, Z.; Yi, J.; Kong, F. Synthesis of β-(1-->6)-branched β-(1-->3) glucohexaose and its analogues containing an α-(1-->3) linked bond with antitumor activity. Bioorg. Med. Chem., 2003, 11(10), 2193-2203.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0968-0896(03)00118-4] [PMID: 12713829]
[63]
Blaschek, W.; Käsbauer, J.; Kraus, J.; Franz, G. Pythium aphanidermatum: culture, cell-wall composition, and isolation and structure of antitumour storage and solubilised cell-wall (1----3),(1----6)-beta-D-glucans. Carbohydr. Res., 1992, 231, 293-307.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0008-6215(92)84026-O] [PMID: 1394320]
[64]
Kojima, T.; Tabata, K.; Itoh, W.; Yanaki, T. Molecular weight dependence of the antitumor activity of schizophyllan. Agric. Biol. Chem., 1986, 50, 231-232.
[65]
Wang, Y.; Liu, Y.; Yu, H.; Zhou, S.; Zhang, Z.; Wu, D.; Yan, M.; Tang, Q.; Zhang, J. Structural characterization and immuno-enhancing activity of a highly branched water-soluble β-glucan from the spores of Ganoderma lucidum. Carbohydr. Polym., 2017, 167, 337-344.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.03.016] [PMID: 28433170]
[66]
Du, H.; Chen, J.; Tian, S.; Gu, H.; Li, N.; Sun, Y.; Ru, J.; Wang, J. Extraction optimization, preliminary characterization and immunological activities in vitro of polysaccharides from Elaeagnus angustifolia L. pulp. Carbohydr. Polym., 2016, 151, 348-357.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.05.068] [PMID: 27474576]
[67]
Xie, S.Z.; Liu, B.; Zhang, D.D.; Zha, X.Q.; Pan, L.H.; Luo, J.P. Intestinal immunomodulating activity and structural characterization of a new polysaccharide from stems of Dendrobium officinale. Food Funct., 2016, 7(6), 2789-2799.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C6FO00172F] [PMID: 27225227]
[68]
Chen, Y.; Zhang, H.; Wang, Y.; Nie, S.; Li, C.; Xie, M. Acetylation and carboxymethylation of the polysaccharide from Ganoderma atrum and their antioxidant and immunomodulating activities. Food Chem., 2014, 156, 279-288.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.01.111] [PMID: 24629969]
[69]
Chen, T.; Wang, Y.; Li, J.; Su, N.; Surhio, M.M.; Yang, L.; Ye, M. Phthaloyl modification of a polysaccharide from lachnum ym262 and immunomodulatory activity. Process Biochem., 2016, 51, 1599-1609.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2016.08.004]
[70]
Kitamura, S.; Hori, T.; Kurita, K.; Takeo, K.; Hara, C.; Itoh, W.; Tabata, K.; Elgsaeter, A.; Stokke, B.T. An antitumor, branched (1-->3)-β-D-glucan from a water extract of fruiting bodies of Cryptoporus volvatus. Carbohydr. Res., 1994, 263(1), 111-121.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0008-6215(94)00156-1] [PMID: 7982226]
[71]
Misaki, A.; Kawaguchi, K.; Miyaji, H.; Nagae, H.; Hokkoku, S.; Kakuta, M.; Sasaki, T. Structure of pestalotan, a highly branched (1----3)-β-D-glucan elaborated by Pestalotia sp. 815, and the enhancement of its antitumor activity by polyol modification of the side chains. Carbohydr. Res., 1984, 129, 209-227.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0008-6215(84)85313-6] [PMID: 6547877]
[72]
Bohn, J.A.; Bemiller, J.N. (1 linked to 3)-beta-d-glucans as biological response modifiers: A review of structure-functional activity relationships. Carbohydr. Polym., 1995, 28, 3-14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0144-8617(95)00076-3]
[73]
Bobadilla, F.; Rodriguez-Tirado, C.; Imarai, M.; Galotto, M.J.; Andersson, R. Soluble β-1,3/1,6-glucan in seaweed from the southern hemisphere and its immunomodulatory effect. Carbohydr. Polym., 2013, 92(1), 241-248.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.09.071] [PMID: 23218290]
[74]
Wu, D.T.; Meng, L.Z.; Wang, L.Y.; Lv, G.P.; Cheong, K.L.; Hu, D.J.; Guan, J.; Zhao, J.; Li, S.P. Chain conformation and immunomodulatory activity of a hyperbranched polysaccharide from Cordyceps sinensis. Carbohydr. Polym., 2014, 110, 405-414.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.04.044] [PMID: 24906773]
[75]
Kanagawa, M.; Satoh, T.; Ikeda, A.; Adachi, Y.; Ohno, N.; Yamaguchi, Y. Structural insights into recognition of triple-helical beta-glucans by an insect fungal receptor. J. Biol. Chem., 2011, 286(33), 29158-29165.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M111.256701] [PMID: 21697086]
[76]
Zhang, M.; Wu, W.; Ren, Y.; Li, X.; Tang, Y.; Min, T.; Lai, F.; Wu, H. Structural characterization of a novel polysaccharide from lepidium meyenii (maca) and analysis of its regulatory function in macrophage polarization in vitro. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2017, 65(6), 1146-1157.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.6b05218] [PMID: 28117590]
[77]
Liu, W.; Wang, H.; Yu, J.; Liu, Y.; Lu, W.; Chai, Y.; Liu, C.; Pan, C.; Yao, W.; Gao, X. Structure, chain conformation, and immunomodulatory activity of the polysaccharide purified from Bacillus Calmette Guerin formulation. Carbohydr. Polym., 2016, 150, 149-158.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.05.011] [PMID: 27312624]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
70
7
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy