Abstract
Regulation of the sleep-waking cycle is complex, involving multiple neurological circuits and diverse endogenous molecules. Interplay among assorted neuroanatomical and neurochemical systems such as acetylcholine, dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin, histamine, and hypocretin maintain the waking (W) state. The sleep-onset is governed by the interacting forces of the sleep drive, which steadily increases with duration of W, and circadian fluctuations. Sleeppromoting neurons located in the anterior hypothalamus release GABA and inhibit wake-promoting regions in the hypothalamus and brainstem and participate in the generation of slow wave sleep (SWS). During rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, brainstem regions typically inhibited during W and SWS become active. In this regard, ascending projections from cholinergic neurons in the brainstem activate the thalamus which in turn increases the firing of the neurons in the cortex. Finally, sleep-promoting substances that accumulate in the brain during natural or prolonged W implicate a further complexity in the mechanism of modulation of the sleep-wake cycle. This review provides a broad understanding of our present knowledge in the field of sleep research.
Keywords: Sleep-wake cycle, neurotransmitter, brainstem, lateral hypothalamus, cortex, histamine
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets
Title: Mechanisms of Sleep-Wake Cycle Modulation
Volume: 8 Issue: 4
Author(s): Eric Murillo-Rodriguez, Oscar Arias-Carrion, Katya Sanguino-Rodriguez, Mauricio Gonzalez-Arias and Reyes Haro
Affiliation:
Keywords: Sleep-wake cycle, neurotransmitter, brainstem, lateral hypothalamus, cortex, histamine
Abstract: Regulation of the sleep-waking cycle is complex, involving multiple neurological circuits and diverse endogenous molecules. Interplay among assorted neuroanatomical and neurochemical systems such as acetylcholine, dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin, histamine, and hypocretin maintain the waking (W) state. The sleep-onset is governed by the interacting forces of the sleep drive, which steadily increases with duration of W, and circadian fluctuations. Sleeppromoting neurons located in the anterior hypothalamus release GABA and inhibit wake-promoting regions in the hypothalamus and brainstem and participate in the generation of slow wave sleep (SWS). During rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, brainstem regions typically inhibited during W and SWS become active. In this regard, ascending projections from cholinergic neurons in the brainstem activate the thalamus which in turn increases the firing of the neurons in the cortex. Finally, sleep-promoting substances that accumulate in the brain during natural or prolonged W implicate a further complexity in the mechanism of modulation of the sleep-wake cycle. This review provides a broad understanding of our present knowledge in the field of sleep research.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Murillo-Rodriguez Eric, Arias-Carrion Oscar, Sanguino-Rodriguez Katya, Gonzalez-Arias Mauricio and Haro Reyes, Mechanisms of Sleep-Wake Cycle Modulation, CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets 2009; 8 (4) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/187152709788921654
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/187152709788921654 |
Print ISSN 1871-5273 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1996-3181 |
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
Related Articles
-
Biochemical and Therapeutic Effects of Antioxidants in the Treatment of Alzheimers Disease, Parkinsons Disease, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Current Drug Targets - CNS & Neurological Disorders Molecular Mechanisms of Pancreatic Cancer Dissemination: The Role of the Chemokine System
Current Pharmaceutical Design Reduction of Sympathetic Hyperactivity by Agents that Inhibit the Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System
Current Hypertension Reviews The Role of Diabetes Mellitus in Sexual and Reproductive Health: An Overview of Pathogenesis, Evaluation, and Management
Current Diabetes Reviews “Tripping out” with the TRP Superfamily and TRPV1 for Novel Neuroprotection
Current Neurovascular Research Allosteric Modulation of Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors
Current Neuropharmacology Gut Permeability and Microbiota in Parkinson’s Disease: Role of Depression, Tryptophan Catabolites, Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress and Melatonergic Pathways
Current Pharmaceutical Design Stress Related Neuroendocrine Influences in Ovarian Cancer
Current Cancer Therapy Reviews Cannabinoid Receptor Activation and the Endocannabinoid System in the Gastrointestinal Tract
Current Neuropharmacology Cranial Ultrasound - Optimizing Utility in the NICU
Current Pediatric Reviews The Role of SPECT and MRI for Pre and Postoperative Evaluation of Childhood Moyamoya Disease: Case Report and Review of Literature
Current Medical Imaging Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Iron in Parkinsons Disease
Current Medical Imaging Microglia-Neuron Interaction in Inflammatory and Degenerative Diseases: Role of Cholinergic and Noradrenergic Systems
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Animal Models Used for the Evaluation of Antiretroviral Therapies
Current HIV Research Prosodic Impairment in Dementia: Review of the Literature
Current Alzheimer Research Metals and Parkinson's Disease: Mechanisms and Biochemical Processes
Current Medicinal Chemistry Cannabinoids for the Treatment of Schizophrenia: An Overview
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry A Genetic Dissection of Antipsychotic Induced Movement Disorders
Current Medicinal Chemistry Nutraceuticals against Neurodegeneration: A Mechanistic Insight
Current Neuropharmacology cAMP Signalling in the Kinetoplastid Protozoa
Current Molecular Medicine