Abstract
Cardiovascular disease, in spite of the significant interventions that have been made for primary and secondary preventions, is still the main cause of death in men and women in the western world. The prevalence of myocardial infarction in women with normal level of estrogens is very rare and 3-5 times lower than in men. However, this favorable relationship disappears in older women. Thus, the results from several clinical trials regarding the hormone status of women and the occurrence of cardiovascular events have led to the conclusions that estrogens exert a protective effect on atherogenesis, on formation of the atherosclerotic plaque, and, subsequently, on clinical manifestations of atherogenesis. In the last years, after the development of models for studying atherogenesis significant progress has been made, concerning the understanding of evolutionary biological and cellular events, leading to atherogenesis. In this review, atherogenesis (the formation of atherosclerotic plaque and its stages), the factors which advance atherogenesis (environmental and genetic), the effect of estrogens on the stages of atherogenesis, and the effect of estrogens on the factors which promote atherosclerosis will be discussed. Finally, hormone replacement therapy will be briefly described.
Keywords: Atherogenesis, cardiovascular disease, estrogens, genes promoting atherogenesis, hormone replacement therapy, women
Current Vascular Pharmacology
Title: Effects of Estrogens on Atherogenesis
Volume: 9 Issue: 2
Author(s): Genovefa Kolovou, Vasiliki Giannakopoulou, Yannis Vasiliadis and Helen Bilianou
Affiliation:
Keywords: Atherogenesis, cardiovascular disease, estrogens, genes promoting atherogenesis, hormone replacement therapy, women
Abstract: Cardiovascular disease, in spite of the significant interventions that have been made for primary and secondary preventions, is still the main cause of death in men and women in the western world. The prevalence of myocardial infarction in women with normal level of estrogens is very rare and 3-5 times lower than in men. However, this favorable relationship disappears in older women. Thus, the results from several clinical trials regarding the hormone status of women and the occurrence of cardiovascular events have led to the conclusions that estrogens exert a protective effect on atherogenesis, on formation of the atherosclerotic plaque, and, subsequently, on clinical manifestations of atherogenesis. In the last years, after the development of models for studying atherogenesis significant progress has been made, concerning the understanding of evolutionary biological and cellular events, leading to atherogenesis. In this review, atherogenesis (the formation of atherosclerotic plaque and its stages), the factors which advance atherogenesis (environmental and genetic), the effect of estrogens on the stages of atherogenesis, and the effect of estrogens on the factors which promote atherosclerosis will be discussed. Finally, hormone replacement therapy will be briefly described.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Kolovou Genovefa, Giannakopoulou Vasiliki, Vasiliadis Yannis and Bilianou Helen, Effects of Estrogens on Atherogenesis, Current Vascular Pharmacology 2011; 9 (2) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157016111794519327
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157016111794519327 |
Print ISSN 1570-1611 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1875-6212 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
TREATMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE IN CHRONIC AND END STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE
Cardiovascular disease still remains the leading cause of death in Chronic and End Stage Kidney Disease, accounting for more than half of all deaths in dialysis patients. During the past decade, research has been focused on novel therapeutic agents that might delay or even reverse cardiovascular disease and vascular calcification, ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Emerging Role for RBM20 and its Splicing Substrates in Cardiac Function and Heart Failure
Current Pharmaceutical Design An Overview of Innovations in Analysis and Beneficial Health Effects of Wine Polyphenols
Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry Thiazide Diuretics: 50 Years and Beyond
Current Hypertension Reviews Preface
Current Cardiology Reviews Olive Oil and Haemostasis
Current Nutrition & Food Science Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes
Current Pharmaceutical Design The Antioxidants and Pro-Antioxidants Network: An Overview
Current Pharmaceutical Design Investigating the Relationship the Severity of Coronary Artery Disease with Serum Levels of Vitamin D in Men after Eliminating the Effect of Diet
Current Nutrition & Food Science Mediterranean Diet and Hypertension; From the Clinical and Epidemiologic Evidences to Prevention
Current Hypertension Reviews The LDL-Receptor and its Molecular Properties: From Theory to Novel Biochemical and Pharmacological Approaches in Reducing LDL-cholesterol
Current Medicinal Chemistry Solubilization and Antitumor Activity of Oleanolic Acid Lysinate
Current Analytical Chemistry Vitamin D Metabolism Genes in Asthma and Atopy
Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry Flow and Microwave Assisted Synthesis of Medicinally Relevant Indoles
Current Green Chemistry Antioxidant Therapy in Alzheimers Disease: Theory and Practice
Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry Drug Interactions between Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Cardiovascular Treatments (Except Anti-Agregant Therapy)
Anti-Inflammatory & Anti-Allergy Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Pregabalin in Neuropathic Pain: Evidences and Possible Mechanisms
Current Neuropharmacology α-Secretase in Alzheimers Disease and Beyond: Mechanistic, Regulation and Function in the Shedding of Membrane Proteins
Current Alzheimer Research Editorial [Hot topic:Current Hypertension Reviews, Hot Topics “Obesity, Hypertension, and the Metabolic Syndrome” (Guest Editor: Kazuko Masuo)]
Current Hypertension Reviews Effects and Perspectives of Chinese Patent Medicines for Tonifying <i>Qi</i> and Promoting Blood Circulation on Patients with Cerebral Infarction
Current Vascular Pharmacology Improvement in Hypertension Management with Pharmacological and Non- Pharmacological Approaches: Current Perspectives
Current Pharmaceutical Design