Long-Term Protective Effects of Methamphetamine Preconditioning Against Single-Day Methamphetamine Toxic Challenges

A.      B. Hodges; B.      Ladenheim; M.      T. McCoy; G.      Beauvais; N.      Cai; I.      N. Krasnova; J.      L. Cadet

doi:10.2174/157015911795017344

Abstract

Methamphetamine (METH) use is associated with neurotoxic effects which include decreased levels of dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT) and their metabolites in the brain. We have shown that escalating METH dosing can protect against METH induced neurotoxicity in rats sacrificed within 24 hours after a toxic METH challenge. The purpose of the current study was to investigate if the protective effects of METH persisted for a long period of time. We also tested if a second challenge with a toxic dose of METH would cause further damage to monoaminergic terminals. Saline-pretreated rats showed significant METH-induced decreases in striatal DA and 5-HT levels in rats sacrificed 2 weeks after the challenge. Rats that received two METH challenges showed no further decreases in striatal DA or 5-HT levels in comparison to the single METH challenge. In contrast, METH-pretreated rats showed significant protection against METH-induced striatal DA and 5-HT depletion. In addition, the METH challenge causes substantial decreases in cortical 5-HT levels which were not further potentiated by a second drug challenge. METH preconditioning provided almost complete protection against METH – induced 5-HT depletion. These results are consistent with the idea that METH pretreatment renders the brain refractory to METH-induced degeneration of brain monoaminergic systems.

Keywords: Methamphetamine, striatum, dopamine, preconditioning, METH-induced neurodegenerative, Monoamine Depletion, Tympanic Temperature, 3,4-dihyroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), DA, DOPAC, HVA, 5-HT