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Current Neurovascular Research

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1567-2026
ISSN (Online): 1875-5739

Cardiac Dys-Synchronization and Arrhythmia in Hyperhomocysteinemia

Author(s): Karni S. Moshal, Clacy K. Camel, Ganesh K. Kartha, Mesia M. Steed, Neetu Tyagi, Utpal Sen, Y. James Kang, David Lominadze, Claudio Maldonado and Suresh C. Tyagi

Volume 4, Issue 4, 2007

Page: [289 - 294] Pages: 6

DOI: 10.2174/156720207782446324

Price: $65

Abstract

Although cardiac synchronization is important in maintaining myocardial performance, the mechanism of dys-synchronization in ailing to failing myocardium is unclear. It is known that the cardiac myocyte contracts and relaxes individually; however, it synchronizes only when connected to one another by low resistance communications called gap junction protein (connexins) and extra cellular matrix (ECM). Therefore, the remodeling of connexins and ECM in heart failure plays an important role in cardiac conduction, synchronization and arrhythmias. This review for the first time addresses the role of systemic accumulation of homocysteine (Hcy) in vasospasm, pressure and volume overload heart failure, hypertension and cardiac arrhythmias. The attenuation of calcium-dependent mitochondrial (mt), endothelial and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (mtNOS, eNOS and nNOS) by Hcy plays a significant role in cardiac arrhythmias. The signal transduction mechanisms in Hcy-induced matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activation in cardiac connexin remodeling are discussed.

Keywords: Heart failure, calpain, hypertension, vascular remodeling, ECM, calcium channel, tachycardia, bradycardia, arrhythmia, LVH


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