Abstract
Innate immunity responds to various pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) to evaluate the biological nature of foreign materials by using limited numbers of receptors. Analyses of interactions between PAMPs and its receptors are essential to understand the molecular basis regarding how we discriminate self and non-self materials. Upon infection of horseshoe crabs, an arthropod species, rapid hemolymph coagulation is induced to engulf invading microorganisms by a cascade-type reaction. The reaction is very sensitive to lipopolysaccharide and (1→3)-β-D-glucans on Gramnegative bacteria and fungi, respectively, and hence is utilized as assay reagents that detect and quantitate these PAMPs with a name of “limulus test.” In this mini-review, recognition of (1→3)-β-D-glucans by a unique serine protease zymogen factor G of horseshoe crab is described. Molecular dissection and detailed kinetic analyses have revealed that multivalent binding to polymers of a simple target structure is one of the principles that allows stable and specific recognition of PAMPs by pattern recognition receptors in innate immunity.
Keywords: Innate Immunity, Pattern Recognition, Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern, (1”3)-β-D-Glucan, Horseshoe Crab, Hemolymph Coagulation, Limulus Test, Factor G
Current Pharmaceutical Design
Title: Molecular Basis for Invertebrate Innate Immune Recognition of (1→3)-β- D-Glucan as A Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern
Volume: 12 Issue: 32
Author(s): T. Muta
Affiliation:
Keywords: Innate Immunity, Pattern Recognition, Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern, (1”3)-β-D-Glucan, Horseshoe Crab, Hemolymph Coagulation, Limulus Test, Factor G
Abstract: Innate immunity responds to various pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) to evaluate the biological nature of foreign materials by using limited numbers of receptors. Analyses of interactions between PAMPs and its receptors are essential to understand the molecular basis regarding how we discriminate self and non-self materials. Upon infection of horseshoe crabs, an arthropod species, rapid hemolymph coagulation is induced to engulf invading microorganisms by a cascade-type reaction. The reaction is very sensitive to lipopolysaccharide and (1→3)-β-D-glucans on Gramnegative bacteria and fungi, respectively, and hence is utilized as assay reagents that detect and quantitate these PAMPs with a name of “limulus test.” In this mini-review, recognition of (1→3)-β-D-glucans by a unique serine protease zymogen factor G of horseshoe crab is described. Molecular dissection and detailed kinetic analyses have revealed that multivalent binding to polymers of a simple target structure is one of the principles that allows stable and specific recognition of PAMPs by pattern recognition receptors in innate immunity.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Muta T., Molecular Basis for Invertebrate Innate Immune Recognition of (1→3)-β- D-Glucan as A Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern, Current Pharmaceutical Design 2006; 12 (32) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161206778743529
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161206778743529 |
Print ISSN 1381-6128 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4286 |
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Initiation of the Immune Response by Extracellular Hsp72: Chaperokine Activity of Hsp72
Current Immunology Reviews (Discontinued) Clinical Application of Sorafenib for Treating Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Beyond
Clinical Cancer Drugs Effectiveness of Two Novel Anionic and Cationic Platinum Complexes in the Treatment of Osteosarcoma
Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Drug Therapy of Neuropathic Pain: Current Developments and Future Perspectives
Current Drug Targets Identification and Induction of Cytochrome P450s Involved in the Metabolism of Flavone-8-Acetic Acid in Mice
Drug Metabolism Letters MDM4 (MDMX) and its Transcript Variants
Current Genomics Recent Advances in the Research and Development of B-Raf Inhibitors
Current Medicinal Chemistry In Vivo Application and Tracking of Baculovirus
Current Gene Therapy Radiological Assessment of Giant Cell Tumour of Bone in the Sacrum: From Diagnosis to Treatment Response Evaluation
Current Medical Imaging The Potential of T Cell Immunoglobulin and Mucin-Domain Containing-3 (Tim-3) in Designing Novel Immunotherapy for Bladder Cancer
Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets Pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine as a Scaffold for the Design and Synthesis of Anti- Tumour Drugs
Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Active Targeted Drug Delivery for Microbes Using Nano-Carriers
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Ribosome Inactivating Proteins (RIPs) from Momordica charantia for Anti Viral Therapy
Current Molecular Medicine Transient Opening of the Blood-Brain Barrier by Vasoactive Peptides to Increase CNS Drug Delivery: Reality Versus Wishful Thinking?
Current Neuropharmacology Dose-Intensive Chemotherapy with Stem Cell Support as a Treatment Strategy for Bone and Soft-Tissue Sarcomas
Current Stem Cell Research & Therapy Functional Role of miR-34 Family in Human Cancer
Current Drug Targets The Role of Fibroblast Growth Factors in Tumor Growth
Current Cancer Drug Targets Estrogen Receptor Beta (ERβ) Expression in Different Subtypes of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma
Current Respiratory Medicine Reviews HIV-1 Integrase Binding to its Cellular Partners: A Perspective from Computational Biology
Current Pharmaceutical Design Nanomaterials for Photohyperthermia: A Review
Current Pharmaceutical Design