Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Vascular Pharmacology

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1570-1611
ISSN (Online): 1875-6212

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Review Article

Arterial Stiffness as a Cardiovascular Risk Factor for the Development of Preeclampsia and Pharmacopreventive Options

Author(s): Christos Anthoulakis*, Apostolos Mamopoulos, David Rousso, Asterios Karagiannis, Apostolos Athanasiadis, Grigoris Grimbizis and Vasilios Athyros

Volume 20, Issue 1, 2022

Published on: 26 November, 2021

Page: [52 - 61] Pages: 10

DOI: 10.2174/1570161119666211006114258

Price: $65

Abstract

Arterial Stiffness (AS) describes the rigidity of the arterial walls. Epidemiological studies have shown that increased AS is an independent predictive marker of Cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality in both pregnant and non-pregnant women. Preeclampsia (PE), a form of pregnancy-induced hypertension, affects approximately 5% of pregnancies worldwide. Preeclamptic women have a higher risk of CV Disease (CVD), mainly because PE damages the heart’s ability to relax between contractions. Different pharmacological approaches for the prevention of PE have been tested in clinical trials (e.g., aspirin, enoxaparin, metformin, pravastatin, and sildenafil citrate). In current clinical practice, only low-dose aspirin is used for PE pharmacoprevention. However, low-dose aspirin does not prevent term PE, which is the most common form of PE. Compromised vascular integrity precedes the onset of PE and therefore, AS assessment may constitute a promising predictive marker of PE. Several non-invasive techniques have been developed to assess AS. Compared with normotensive pregnancies, both Carotid-Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity (cfPWV) and Augmentation Index (AIx) are increased in PE. In view of simplicity, reliability, and reproducibility, there is an interest in oscillometric AS measurements in pregnancies complicated by PE.

Keywords: Aspirin, blood pressure, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, preeclampsia, pregnancy complications, pulse wave analysis, vascular stiffness.

« Previous Next »
[1]
Mackenzie IS, Wilkinson IB, Cockcroft JR. Assessment of arterial stiffness in clinical practice. QJM 2002; 95(2): 67-74.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/95.2.67] [PMID: 11861952]
[2]
Mitchell GF, Hwang S-J, Vasan RS, et al. Arterial stiffness and cardiovascular events: The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 2010; 121(4): 505-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.886655] [PMID: 20083680]
[3]
Greenland P, Alpert JS, Beller GA, et al. 2010 ACCF/AHA guideline for assessment of cardiovascular risk in asymptomatic adults: A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 56(25): e50-e103.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2010.09.001] [PMID: 21144964]
[4]
Chae CU, Pfeffer MA, Glynn RJ, Mitchell GF, Taylor JO, Hennekens CH. Increased pulse pressure and risk of heart failure in the elderly. JAMA 1999; 281(7): 634-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.281.7.634] [PMID: 10029125]
[5]
Doumas M, Papademetriou V, Athyros V, Karagiannis A. Arterial stiffness and emerging biomarkers: Still a long journey to go. Angiology 2015; 66(10): 901-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003319715594291] [PMID: 26162400]
[6]
Katsiki N, Athyros VG, Karagiannis A, Mikhailidis DP. Characteristics other than the diagnostic criteria associated with metabolic syndrome: An overview. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2014; 12(4): 627-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/15701611113119990131] [PMID: 23627982]
[7]
Zanoli L, Lentini P, Briet M, et al. Arterial stiffness in the heart disease of CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol 2019; 30(6): 918-28.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2019020117] [PMID: 31040188]
[8]
Brown MA, Magee LA, Kenny LC, et al. The hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: ISSHP classification, diagnosis & management recommendations for international practice. Pregnancy Hypertens 2018; 13: 291-310.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.preghy.2018.05.004] [PMID: 29803330]
[9]
Magee LA, Pels A, Helewa M, Rey E, von Dadelszen P. Diagnosis, evaluation, and management of the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: Executive summary. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2014; 36(7): 575-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1701-2163(15)30533-8] [PMID: 25184972]
[10]
Hausvater A, Giannone T, Sandoval Y-HG, et al. The association between preeclampsia and arterial stiffness. J Hypertens 2012; 30(1): 17-33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0b013e32834e4b0f] [PMID: 22134391]
[11]
Namugowa A, Iputo J, Wandabwa J, Meeme A, Buga GAB. Comparison of arterial stiffness in preeclamptic and normotensive pregnant women from a semi-rural region of South Africa. Clin Exp Hypertens 2017; 39(3): 277-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10641963.2016.1254227] [PMID: 28448179]
[12]
Torrado J, Farro I, Zócalo Y, et al. Preeclampsia is associated with increased central aortic pressure, elastic arteries stiffness and wave reflections, and resting and recruitable endothelial dysfunction. Int J Hypertens 2015; 2015: 720683.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/720683] [PMID: 26351578]
[13]
Kim S, Lim HJ, Kim JR, Oh KJ, Hong JS, Suh JW. Longitudinal change in arterial stiffness after delivery in women with preeclampsia and normotension: A prospective cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2020; 20(1): 685.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12884-020-03374-0] [PMID: 33176736]
[14]
Osman MW, Nath M, Breslin E, et al. Association between arterial stiffness and wave reflection with subsequent development of placental-mediated diseases during pregnancy: Findings of a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hypertens 2018; 36(5): 1005-14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000001664] [PMID: 29334489]
[15]
Robb AO, Mills NL, Din JN, et al. Influence of the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and preeclampsia on arterial stiffness. Hypertension 2009; 53(6): 952-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.130898] [PMID: 19398652]
[16]
Elvan-Taşpinar A, Bots ML, Franx A, Bruinse HW, Engelbert RHH. Stiffness of the arterial wall, joints and skin in women with a history of pre-eclampsia. J Hypertens 2005; 23(1): 147-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004872-200501000-00025] [PMID: 15643137]
[17]
Lampinen KH, Rönnback M, Kaaja RJ, Groop P-H. Impaired vascular dilatation in women with a history of pre-eclampsia. J Hypertens 2006; 24(4): 751-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.hjh.0000217859.27864.19] [PMID: 16531805]
[18]
Rönnback M, Lampinen K, Groop P-H, Kaaja R. Pulse wave reflection in currently and previously preeclamptic women. Hypertens Pregnancy 2005; 24(2): 171-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/PRG-200059871] [PMID: 16036401]
[19]
Pàez O, Alfie J, Gorosito M, et al. Parallel decrease in arterial distensibility and in endothelium-dependent dilatation in young women with a history of pre-eclampsia. Clin Exp Hypertens 2009; 31(7): 544-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10641960902890176] [PMID: 19886852]
[20]
Oyama-Kato M, Ohmichi M, Takahashi K, et al. Change in pulse wave velocity throughout normal pregnancy and its value in predicting pregnancy-induced hypertension: A longitudinal study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006; 195(2): 464-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2006.01.104] [PMID: 16647682]
[21]
Hale SA, Badger GJ, McBride C, Magness R, Bernstein IM. Prepregnancy vascular dysfunction in women who subsequently develop hypertension during pregnancy. Pregnancy Hypertens 2013; 3(2): 140-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.preghy.2013.01.006] [PMID: 23772359]
[22]
Magnussen EB, Vatten LJ, Lund-Nilsen TI, Salvesen KA, Davey Smith G, Romundstad PR. Prepregnancy cardiovascular risk factors as predictors of pre-eclampsia: Population based cohort study. BMJ 2007; 335(7627): 978.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39366.416817.BE] [PMID: 17975256]
[23]
Chirinos JA, Segers P, Hughes T, Townsend R. Large-artery stiffness in health and disease: JACC State-of-the-Art Review. J Am Coll Cardiol 2019; 74(9): 1237-63.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2019.07.012] [PMID: 31466622]
[24]
Kaess BM, Rong J, Larson MG, et al. Aortic stiffness, blood pressure progression, and incident hypertension. JAMA 2012; 308(9): 875-81.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/2012.jama.10503] [PMID: 22948697]
[25]
Chirinos JA, Segers P. Noninvasive evaluation of left ventricular afterload: part 2: Arterial pressure-flow and pressure-volume relations in humans. Hypertension 2010; 56(4): 563-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.157339] [PMID: 20733088]
[26]
Katsiki N, Kollari E, Dardas S, et al. Is there an association between carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity and coronary heart disease in patients with coronary artery disease: A pilot study. Open Cardiovasc Med J 2016; 10: 64-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874192401610010064] [PMID: 27347222]
[27]
O’Rourke MF, Safar ME. Relationship between aortic stiffening and microvascular disease in brain and kidney: Cause and logic of therapy. Hypertension 2005; 46(1): 200-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.HYP.0000168052.00426.65] [PMID: 15911742]
[28]
Hirai T, Sasayama S, Kawasaki T, Yagi S. Stiffness of systemic arteries in patients with myocardial infarction. A noninvasive method to predict severity of coronary atherosclerosis. Circulation 1989; 80(1): 78-86.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.80.1.78] [PMID: 2610739]
[29]
van Popele NM, Grobbee DE, Bots ML, et al. Association between arterial stiffness and atherosclerosis: The Rotterdam Study. Stroke 2001; 32(2): 454-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.32.2.454] [PMID: 11157182]
[30]
Avolio AP, Chen SG, Wang RP, Zhang CL, Li MF, O’Rourke MF. Effects of aging on changing arterial compliance and left ventricular load in a northern Chinese urban community. Circulation 1983; 68(1): 50-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.68.1.50] [PMID: 6851054]
[31]
McDonald’s blood flow in arteries. Theoretical, experimental and clinical principles. CRC Press 2011.
[32]
Cecelja M, Chowienczyk P. Dissociation of aortic pulse wave velocity with risk factors for cardiovascular disease other than hypertension: A systematic review. Hypertension 2009; 54(6): 1328-36.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.137653] [PMID: 19884567]
[33]
Benetos A, Adamopoulos C, Bureau JM, et al. Determinants of accelerated progression of arterial stiffness in normotensive subjects and in treated hypertensive subjects over a 6-year period. Circulation 2002; 105(10): 1202-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/hc1002.105135] [PMID: 11889014]
[34]
McEniery CM, Spratt M, Munnery M, et al. An analysis of prospective risk factors for aortic stiffness in men: 20-year follow-up from the Caerphilly prospective study. Hypertension 2010; 56(1): 36-43.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.150896] [PMID: 20530296]
[35]
Cecelja M, Jiang B, Bevan L, Frost ML, Spector TD, Chowienczyk PJ. Arterial stiffening relates to arterial calcification but not to noncalcified atheroma in women. A twin study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 57(13): 1480-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2010.09.079] [PMID: 21435518]
[36]
Cecelja M, Hussain T, Greil G, et al. Multimodality imaging of subclinical aortic atherosclerosis: Relation of aortic stiffness to calcification and plaque in female twins. Hypertension 2013; 61(3): 609-14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.00024] [PMID: 23339166]
[37]
Paini A, Boutouyrie P, Calvet D, Zidi M, Agabiti-Rosei E, Laurent S. Multiaxial mechanical characteristics of carotid plaque: Analysis by multiarray echotracking system. Stroke 2007; 38(1): 117-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.0000251796.38954.b2] [PMID: 17158335]
[38]
Blacher J, Demuth K, Guerin AP, Safar ME, Moatti N, London GM. Influence of biochemical alterations on arterial stiffness in patients with end-stage renal disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1998; 18(4): 535-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.ATV.18.4.535] [PMID: 9555858]
[39]
Christensen T, Neubauer B. Arterial wall stiffness in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. An in vivo study. Acta Radiol 1987; 28(2): 207-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/028418518702800215] [PMID: 2953379]
[40]
Lehto S, Niskanen L, Suhonen M, Rönnemaa T, Laakso M. Medial artery calcification. A neglected harbinger of cardiovascular complications in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1996; 16(8): 978-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.ATV.16.8.978] [PMID: 8696962]
[41]
Loutradis C, Schoina M, Dimitroulas T, et al. Comparison of ambulatory central hemodynamics and arterial stiffness in patients with diabetic and non-diabetic CKD. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2020; 22(12): 2239-49.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jch.14089] [PMID: 33125832]
[42]
Schoina M, Loutradis C, Memmos E, et al. Microcirculatory function deteriorates with advancing stages of chronic kidney disease independently of arterial stiffness and atherosclerosis. Hypertens Res 2021; 44(2): 179-87.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41440-020-0525-y] [PMID: 32728149]
[43]
Zureik M, Bureau JM, Temmar M, et al. Echogenic carotid plaques are associated with aortic arterial stiffness in subjects with subclinical carotid atherosclerosis. Hypertension 2003; 41(3): 519-27.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.HYP.0000054978.86286.92] [PMID: 12623953]
[44]
Cecelja M, Chowienczyk P. Arterial stiffening: Causes and consequences. Artery Res 2012; 7: 22-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.artres.2012.09.001]
[45]
Stewart AD, Jiang B, Millasseau SC, Ritter JM, Chowienczyk PJ. Acute reduction of blood pressure by nitroglycerin does not normalize large artery stiffness in essential hypertension. Hypertension 2006; 48(3): 404-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.HYP.0000237669.64066.c5] [PMID: 16908758]
[46]
Eberth JF, Gresham VC, Reddy AK, Popovic N, Wilson E, Humphrey JD. Importance of pulsatility in hypertensive carotid artery growth and remodeling. J Hypertens 2009; 27(10): 2010-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0b013e32832e8dc8] [PMID: 19584753]
[47]
Kass DA, Shapiro EP, Kawaguchi M, et al. Improved arterial compliance by a novel advanced glycation end-product crosslink breaker. Circulation 2001; 104(13): 1464-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/hc3801.097806] [PMID: 11571237]
[48]
Smith ER, Tomlinson LA, Ford ML, McMahon LP, Rajkumar C, Holt SG. Elastin degradation is associated with progressive aortic stiffening and all-cause mortality in predialysis chronic kidney disease. Hypertension 2012; 59(5): 973-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.187807] [PMID: 22411928]
[49]
Wang M, Zhang J, Telljohann R, et al. Chronic matrix metalloproteinase inhibition retards age-associated arterial proinflammation and increase in blood pressure. Hypertension 2012; 60(2): 459-66.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.112.191270] [PMID: 22689745]
[50]
Yasmin , McEniery CM, Wallace S. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), MMP-2, and serum elastase activity are associated with systolic hypertension and arterial stiffness. ArteriosclerThromb Vasc Biol 2005.
[51]
Yasmin , McEniery CM, O’Shaughnessy KM. Variation in the human matrix metalloproteinase-9 gene is associated with arterial stiffness in healthy individuals. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006; 26: 1799-805.
[52]
Pöllänen PJ, Lehtimäki T, Ilveskoski E, et al. Coronary artery calcification is related to functional polymorphism of matrix metalloproteinase 3: The Helsinki sudden death study. Atherosclerosis 2002; 164(2): 329-35.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9150(02)00107-7] [PMID: 12204805]
[53]
Pöllänen PJ, Karhunen PJ, Mikkelsson J, et al. Coronary artery complicated lesion area is related to functional polymorphism of matrix metalloproteinase 9 gene: An autopsy study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001; 21(9): 1446-50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/hq0901.095545] [PMID: 11557670]
[54]
Basalyga DM, Simionescu DT, Xiong W, Baxter BT, Starcher BC, Vyavahare NR. Elastin degradation and calcification in an abdominal aorta injury model: Role of matrix metalloproteinases. Circulation 2004; 110(22): 3480-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000148367.08413.E9] [PMID: 15545515]
[55]
Booth AD, Wallace S, McEniery CM, et al. Inflammation and arterial stiffness in systemic vasculitis: A model of vascular inflammation. Arthritis Rheum 2004; 50(2): 581-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/art.20002] [PMID: 14872502]
[56]
Mäki-Petäjä KM, Hall FC, Booth AD, et al. Rheumatoid arthritis is associated with increased aortic pulse-wave velocity, which is reduced by anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha therapy. Circulation 2006; 114(11): 1185-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.601641] [PMID: 16952987]
[57]
Vlachopoulos C, Dima I, Aznaouridis K, et al. Acute systemic inflammation increases arterial stiffness and decreases wave reflections in healthy individuals. Circulation 2005; 112(14): 2193-200.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.535435] [PMID: 16186422]
[58]
Mäki-Petäjä KM, Wilkinson IB. Inflammation and large arteries: Potential mechanisms for inflammation-induced arterial stiffness. Artery Res 2012; 6: 59-64.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.artres.2012.03.002]
[59]
Cecelja M, Chowienczyk P. Arterial stiffening: Cause and prevention. Hypertension 2010; 56(1): 29-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.154005] [PMID: 20530292]
[60]
Farrar DJ, Bond MG, Riley WA, Sawyer JK. Anatomic correlates of aortic pulse wave velocity and carotid artery elasticity during atherosclerosis progression and regression in monkeys. Circulation 1991; 83(5): 1754-63.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.83.5.1754] [PMID: 2022028]
[61]
McEniery CM, McDonnell BJ, So A, et al. Aortic calcification is associated with aortic stiffness and isolated systolic hypertension in healthy individuals. Hypertension 2009; 53(3): 524-31.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.126615] [PMID: 19171791]
[62]
Galis ZS, Khatri JJ. Matrix metalloproteinases in vascular remodeling and atherogenesis: The good, the bad, and the ugly. Circ Res 2002; 90(3): 251-62.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/res.90.3.251] [PMID: 11861412]
[63]
Ray JG, Vermeulen MJ, Schull MJ, Redelmeier DA. Cardiovascular health after maternal placental syndromes (CHAMPS): Population-based retrospective cohort study. Lancet 2005; 366(9499): 1797-803.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67726-4] [PMID: 16298217]
[64]
Rolnik DL, Nicolaides KH, Poon LC. Prevention of preeclampsia with aspirin. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2020; S0002-9378(20) 30873-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2020.08.045] [PMID: 32835720]
[65]
ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 202: Gestational hypertension and preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol 2019; 133: e1-e25.
[66]
Roberts JM, Pearson G, Cutler J, Lindheimer M. NHLBI working group on research on hypertension during pregnancy. Summary of the NHLBI working group on research on hypertension during pregnancy. Hypertension 2003; 41(3): 437-45.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.HYP.0000054981.03589.E9] [PMID: 12623940]
[67]
Smith DD, Costantine MM. The role of statins in the prevention of preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2020; S0002-9378(20) 30868-1.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2020.08.040] [PMID: 32818477]
[68]
Duley L. Pre-eclampsia and the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Br Med Bull 2003; 67: 161-76.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldg005] [PMID: 14711762]
[69]
Lisonkova S, Joseph KS. Incidence of preeclampsia: Risk factors and outcomes associated with early- versus late-onset disease. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2013; 209(6): 544.e1-544.e12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2013.08.019] [PMID: 23973398]
[70]
Irgens HU, Reisaeter L, Irgens LM, Lie RT. Long term mortality of mothers and fathers after pre-eclampsia: Population based cohort study. BMJ 2001; 323(7323): 1213-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.323.7323.1213] [PMID: 11719411]
[71]
Yu CKH, Khouri O, Onwudiwe N, Spiliopoulos Y, Nicolaides KH. Prediction of pre-eclampsia by uterine artery Doppler imaging: Relationship to gestational age at delivery and small-for-gestational age. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2008; 31(3): 310-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/uog.5252] [PMID: 18241089]
[72]
Roberts JM, Cooper DW. Pathogenesis and genetics of pre-eclampsia. Lancet 2001; 357(9249): 53-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(00)03577-7] [PMID: 11197372]
[73]
Seely EW, Solomon CG. Insulin resistance and its potential role in pregnancy-induced hypertension. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88(6): 2393-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2003-030241] [PMID: 12788833]
[74]
Greer IA. Thrombosis in pregnancy: Updates in diagnosis and management. Hematology (Am Soc Hematol Educ Program) 2012; 2012: 203-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/asheducation.V2012.1.203.3798262] [PMID: 23233582]
[75]
Chappell LC, Enye S, Seed P, Briley AL, Poston L, Shennan AH. Adverse perinatal outcomes and risk factors for preeclampsia in women with chronic hypertension: A prospective study. Hypertension 2008; 51(4): 1002-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.107565] [PMID: 18259010]
[76]
McDonald SD, Malinowski A, Zhou Q, Yusuf S, Devereaux PJ. Cardiovascular sequelae of preeclampsia/eclampsia: A systematic review and meta-analyses. Am Heart J 2008; 156(5): 918-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2008.06.042] [PMID: 19061708]
[77]
Mongraw-Chaffin ML, Cirillo PM, Cohn BA. Preeclampsia and cardiovascular disease death: Prospective evidence from the child health and development studies cohort. Hypertension 2010; 56(1): 166-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.150078] [PMID: 20516394]
[78]
Melchiorre K, Giorgione V, Thilaganathan B. The placenta and preeclampsia: Villain or victim? Am J Obstet Gynecol 2021; S0002-9378(20)31198-4. [Online ahead of print.].
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2020.10.024] [PMID: 33771361]
[79]
Jauniaux E, Watson AL, Hempstock J, Bao Y-P, Skepper JN, Burton GJ. Onset of maternal arterial blood flow and placental oxidative stress. A possible factor in human early pregnancy failure. Am J Pathol 2000; 157(6): 2111-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64849-3] [PMID: 11106583]
[80]
de Alwis N, Binder NK, Beard S, et al. Novel approaches to combat preeclampsia: From new drugs to innovative delivery. Placenta 2020; 102: 10-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.placenta.2020.08.022] [PMID: 32980138]
[81]
Altman D, Carroli G, Duley L, et al. Do women with pre-eclampsia, and their babies, benefit from magnesium sulphate? The Magpie Trial: A randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2002; 359(9321): 1877-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08778-0] [PMID: 12057549]
[82]
Committee Opinion No 652: Magnesium sulfate use in obstetrics. Obstet Gynecol 2016; 127(1): e52-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000001267] [PMID: 26695587]
[83]
Doyle LW, Crowther CA, Middleton P, Marret S. Antenatal magnesium sulfate and neurologic outcome in preterm infants: A systematic review. Obstet Gynecol 2009; 113(6): 1327-33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181a60495] [PMID: 19461430]
[84]
McGoldrick E, Stewart F, Parker R, Dalziel SR. Antenatal corticosteroids for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020; 12: CD004454.
[PMID: 33368142]
[85]
Sotiriadis A, Makrydimas G, Papatheodorou S, Ioannidis JP, McGoldrick E. Corticosteroids for preventing neonatal respiratory morbidity after elective caesarean section at term. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; 8: CD006614.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006614.pub3] [PMID: 30075059]
[86]
Tranquilli AL, Dekker G, Magee L, et al. The classification, diagnosis and management of the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: A revised statement from the ISSHP. Pregnancy Hypertens 2014; 4(2): 97-104.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.preghy.2014.02.001] [PMID: 26104417]
[87]
Bellos I, Pergialiotis V, Papapanagiotou A, Loutradis D, Daskalakis G. Comparative efficacy and safety of oral antihypertensive agents in pregnant women with chronic hypertension: A network metaanalysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2020; 223(4): 525-37.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2020.03.016] [PMID: 32199925]
[88]
Koumaras C, Tzimou M, Stavrinou E, et al. Role of antihypertensive drugs in arterial ‘de-stiffening’ and central pulsatile hemodynamics. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2012; 12(3): 143-56.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/11599040-000000000-00000] [PMID: 22540323]
[89]
Koumaras C, Tziomalos K, Stavrinou E, et al. Effects of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors and beta-blockers on markers of arterial stiffness. J Am Soc Hypertens 2014; 8(2): 74-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jash.2013.09.001] [PMID: 24139833]
[90]
Perneby C, Vahter M, Åkesson A, Bremme K, Hjemdahl P. Thromboxane metabolite excretion during pregnancy--influence of preeclampsia and aspirin treatment. Thromb Res 2011; 127(6): 605-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.2011.01.005] [PMID: 21316743]
[91]
Duley L, Meher S, Hunter KE, Seidler AL, Askie LM. Antiplatelet agents for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2019; 2019(10): CD004659.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004659.pub3] [PMID: 31684684]
[92]
Hoffman MK, Goudar SS, Kodkany BS, et al. Low-dose aspirin for the prevention of preterm delivery in nulliparous women with a singleton pregnancy (ASPIRIN): A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2020; 395(10220): 285-93.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32973-3] [PMID: 31982074]
[93]
Akolekar R, Syngelaki A, Poon L, Wright D, Nicolaides KH. Competing risks model in early screening for preeclampsia by biophysical and biochemical markers. Fetal Diagn Ther 2013; 33(1): 8-15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000341264] [PMID: 22906914]
[94]
Rolnik DL, Wright D, Poon LC, et al. Aspirin versus placebo in pregnancies at high risk for preterm preeclampsia. N Engl J Med 2017; 377(7): 613-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1704559] [PMID: 28657417]
[95]
Wright D, Poon LC, Rolnik DL, et al. Aspirin for Evidence-Based Preeclampsia Prevention trial: Influence of compliance on beneficial effect of aspirin in prevention of preterm preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2017; 217(6): 685.e1-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2017.08.110] [PMID: 28888591]
[96]
Poon LC, Wright D, Rolnik DL, et al. Aspirin for evidence-based preeclampsia prevention trial: Effect of aspirin in prevention of preterm preeclampsia in subgroups of women according to their characteristics and medical and obstetrical history. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2017; 217(5): 585.e1-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2017.07.038] [PMID: 28784417]
[97]
Brandes RP. Endothelial dysfunction and hypertension. Hypertension 2014; 64(5): 924-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.03575] [PMID: 25156167]
[98]
Harrison DG, Guzik TJ, Lob HE, et al. Inflammation, immunity, and hypertension. Hypertension 2011; 57(2): 132-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.163576] [PMID: 21149826]
[99]
Roberts JM, Hubel CA. The two stage model of preeclampsia: Variations on the theme. Placenta 2009; 30(Suppl A): S32-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.placenta.2008.11.009]
[100]
Sacks GP, Studena K, Sargent K, Redman CW. Normal pregnancy and preeclampsia both produce inflammatory changes in peripheral blood leukocytes akin to those of sepsis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998; 179(1): 80-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9378(98)70254-6] [PMID: 9704769]
[101]
Morris JM, Gopaul NK, Endresen MJ, et al. Circulating markers of oxidative stress are raised in normal pregnancy and pre-eclampsia. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1998; 105(11): 1195-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1998.tb09974.x] [PMID: 9853769]
[102]
Panaitescu AM, Akolekar R, Kametas N, Syngelaki A, Nicolaides KH. Impaired placentation in women with chronic hypertension who develop pre-eclampsia. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2017; 50(4): 496-500.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/uog.17517] [PMID: 28470791]
[103]
Wright D, Rolnik DL, Syngelaki A, et al. Aspirin for Evidence-Based Preeclampsia Prevention trial: Effect of aspirin on length of stay in the neonatal intensive care unit. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2018; 218(6): 612.e1-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2018.02.014] [PMID: 29505771]
[104]
Tan MY, Poon LC, Rolnik DL, et al. Prediction and prevention of small-for-gestational-age neonates: Evidence from SPREE and ASPRE. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2018; 52(1): 52-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/uog.19077] [PMID: 29704277]
[105]
Llurba E, Bella M, Burgos J, et al. Early Prophylactic enoxaparin for the prevention of preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction: A randomized trial. Fetal Diagn Ther 2020; 47(11): 824-33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000509662] [PMID: 33472201]
[106]
Onda K, Tong S, Beard S, et al. Proton pump inhibitors decrease soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 and soluble endoglin secretion, decrease hypertension, and rescue endothelial dysfunction. Hypertension 2017; 69(3): 457-68.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.08408] [PMID: 28115513]
[107]
Cluver CA, Hannan NJ, van Papendorp E, et al. Esomeprazole to treat women with preterm preeclampsia: A randomized placebo controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2018; 219(4): 388.e1-388.e17.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2018.07.019] [PMID: 30055127]
[108]
Kaitu’u-Lino TJ, Brownfoot FC, Beard S, et al. Combining metformin and esomeprazole is additive in reducing sFlt-1 secretion and decreasing endothelial dysfunction - implications for treating preeclampsia. PLoS One 2018; 13(2): e0188845.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0188845] [PMID: 29466360]
[109]
Brownfoot FC, Hastie R, Hannan NJ, et al. Metformin as a prevention and treatment for preeclampsia: Effects on soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 and soluble endoglin secretion and endothelial dysfunction. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2016; 214(3): 356.e1-356.e15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2015.12.019] [PMID: 26721779]
[110]
Brownfoot FC, Tong S, Hannan NJ, et al. Effects of pravastatin on human placenta, endothelium, and women with severe preeclampsia. Hypertension 2015; 66(3): 687-97.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.05445] [PMID: 26222708]
[111]
Brownfoot FC, Tong S, Hannan NJ, Hastie R, Cannon P, Kaitu’u-Lino TJ. Effects of simvastatin, rosuvastatin and pravastatin on soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt-1) and soluble endoglin (sENG) secretion from human umbilical vein endothelial cells, primary trophoblast cells and placenta. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2016; 16: 117.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12884-016-0902-3] [PMID: 27207105]
[112]
Brownfoot FC, Hannan NJ, Cannon P, et al. Sulfasalazine reduces placental secretion of antiangiogenic factors, up-regulates the secretion of placental growth factor and rescues endothelial dysfunction. EBioMedicine 2019; 41: 636-48.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.02.013] [PMID: 30824385]
[113]
Onda K, Tong S, Nakahara A, et al. Sofalcone upregulates the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2/heme oxygenase-1 pathway, reduces soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1, and quenches endothelial dysfunction: Potential therapeutic for preeclampsia. Hypertension 2015; 65(4): 855-62.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.04781] [PMID: 25667213]
[114]
Hannan NJ, Brownfoot FC, Cannon P, et al. Resveratrol inhibits release of soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase (sFlt-1) and soluble endoglin and improves vascular dysfunction - implications as a preeclampsia treatment. Sci Rep 2017; 7(1): 1819.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-01993-w] [PMID: 28500309]
[115]
Hannan NJ, Binder NK, Beard S, Nguyen T-V, Kaitu’u-Lino TJ, Tong S. Melatonin enhances antioxidant molecules in the placenta, reduces secretion of soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFLT) from primary trophoblast but does not rescue endothelial dysfunction: An evaluation of its potential to treat preeclampsia. PLoS One 2018; 13(4): e0187082.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0187082] [PMID: 29641523]
[116]
Groom KM, McCowan LM, Mackay LK, et al. Enoxaparin for the prevention of preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction in women with a history: A randomized trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2017; 216(3): 296.e1-296.e14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2017.01.014] [PMID: 28153659]
[117]
Kalafat E, Sukur YE, Abdi A, Thilaganathan B, Khalil A. Metformin for prevention of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in women with gestational diabetes or obesity: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2018; 52(6): 706-14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/uog.19084] [PMID: 29749110]
[118]
Alqudah A, McKinley MC, McNally R, et al. Risk of pre-eclampsia in women taking metformin: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabet Med 2018; 35(2): 160-72.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dme.13523] [PMID: 29044702]
[119]
Syngelaki A, Nicolaides KH, Balani J, et al. Metformin versus placebo in obese pregnant women without diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 2016; 374(5): 434-43.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1509819] [PMID: 26840133]
[120]
Costantine MM, Cleary K, Hebert MF, et al. Safety and pharmacokinetics of pravastatin used for the prevention of preeclampsia in high-risk pregnant women: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2016; 214(6): 720.e1-720.e17.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2015.12.038] [PMID: 26723196]
[121]
Lefkou E, Mamopoulos A, Dagklis T, Vosnakis C, Rousso D, Girardi G. Pravastatin improves pregnancy outcomes in obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome refractory to antithrombotic therapy. J Clin Invest 2016; 126(8): 2933-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI86957] [PMID: 27454295]
[122]
Ahmed A, Williams DJ, Cheed V, et al. Pravastatin for early-onset pre-eclampsia: A randomised, blinded, placebo-controlled trial. BJOG 2020; 127(4): 478-88.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.16013] [PMID: 31715077]
[123]
Mendoza M, Ferrer-Oliveras R, Bonacina E, et al. Evaluating the effect of pravastatin in early-onset fetal growth restriction: A nonrandomized and historically controlled pilot study. Am J Perinatol 2021; 38(14): 1472-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1713651] [PMID: 32615618]
[124]
Trapani A Jr, Gonçalves LF, Trapani TF, Vieira S, Pires M, Pires MMS. Perinatal and hemodynamic evaluation of sildenafil citrate for preeclampsia treatment: A randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 2016; 128(2): 253-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000001518] [PMID: 27400005]
[125]
Maher MA, Sayyed TM, Elkhouly N. Sildenafil citrate therapy for oligohydramnios: A randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 2017; 129(4): 615-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000001928] [PMID: 28277352]
[126]
Paauw ND, Terstappen F, Ganzevoort W, Joles JA, Gremmels H, Lely AT. Sildenafil during pregnancy: A preclinical meta-analysis on fetal growth and maternal blood pressure. Hypertension 2017; 70(5): 998-1006.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.09690] [PMID: 28893896]
[127]
Hawkes N. Trial of Viagra for fetal growth restriction is halted after baby deaths. BMJ 2018; 362: k3247.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k3247] [PMID: 30045911]
[128]
Sharp A, Cornforth C, Jackson R, et al. Maternal sildenafil for severe fetal growth restriction (STRIDER): A multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Lancet Child Adolesc Health 2018; 2(2): 93-102.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(17)30173-6] [PMID: 30169244]
[129]
Pels A, Jakobsen JC, Ganzevoort W, et al. Detailed statistical analysis plan for the Dutch STRIDER (Sildenafil The Rapy In Dismal prognosis Early-onset fetal growth Restriction) randomised clinical trial on sildenafil versus placebo for pregnant women with severe early onset fetal growth restriction. Trials 2019; 20(1): 42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13063-018-3136-z] [PMID: 30635020]
[130]
Groom KM, Ganzevoort W, Alfirevic Z, Lim K, Papageorghiou AT. Clinicians should stop prescribing sildenafil for fetal growth restriction (FGR): Comment from the STRIDER Consortium. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2018; 52(3): 295-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/uog.19186] [PMID: 30079989]
[131]
Savvidou MD, Kaihura C, Anderson JM, Nicolaides KH. Maternal arterial stiffness in women who subsequently develop pre-eclampsia. PLoS One 2011; 6(5): e18703.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0018703] [PMID: 21559278]
[132]
Franz MB, Burgmann M, Neubauer A, et al. Augmentation index and pulse wave velocity in normotensive and pre-eclamptic pregnancies. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2013; 92(8): 960-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aogs.12145] [PMID: 23590597]
[133]
Khalil A, Cowans NJ, Spencer K, Goichman S, Meiri H, Harrington K. First-trimester markers for the prediction of pre-eclampsia in women with a-priori high risk. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2010; 35(6): 671-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/uog.7559] [PMID: 20069559]
[134]
Khalil A, Akolekar R, Syngelaki A, Elkhouli M, Nicolaides KH. Maternal hemodynamics at 11-13 weeks’ gestation and risk of pre-eclampsia. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2012; 40(1): 28-34.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/uog.11183] [PMID: 22565361]
[135]
Kalafat E, Thilaganathan B. Cardiovascular origins of preeclampsia. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2017; 29(6): 383-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/GCO.0000000000000419] [PMID: 28961633]
[136]
Carty DM, Neisius U, Rooney LK, Dominiczak AF, Delles C. Pulse wave analysis for the prediction of preeclampsia. J Hum Hypertens 2014; 28(2): 98-104.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jhh.2013.64] [PMID: 23863803]
[137]
Thadhani R, Ecker JL, Kettyle E, Sandler L, Frigoletto FD. Pulse pressure and risk of preeclampsia: A prospective study. Obstet Gynecol 2001; 97(4): 515-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006250-200104000-00007] [PMID: 11275020]
[138]
Cooper KM, Barrett T, McBride CA, et al. Subclinical cardiac stiffness is associated with arterial stiffness in healthy young nulligravid women: Potential links to preeclampsia. Pregnancy Hypertens 2019; 18: 49-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.preghy.2019.09.001] [PMID: 31525709]
[139]
Grand’Maison S, Pilote L, Okano M, Landry T, Dayan N. Markers of vascular dysfunction after hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Hypertension 2016; 68(6): 1447-58.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.07907] [PMID: 27754864]
[140]
Bellamy L, Casas J-P, Hingorani AD, Williams DJ. Pre-eclampsia and risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer in later life: Systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2007; 335(7627): 974.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39335.385301.BE] [PMID: 17975258]
[141]
Wilkinson IB, MacCallum H, Flint L, Cockcroft JR, Newby DE, Webb DJ. The influence of heart rate on augmentation index and central arterial pressure in humans. J Physiol 2000; 525(Pt 1): 263-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7793.2000.t01-1-00263.x] [PMID: 10811742]
[142]
Baulmann J, Schillings U, Rickert S, et al. A new oscillometric method for assessment of arterial stiffness: Comparison with tonometric and piezo-electronic methods. J Hypertens 2008; 26(3): 523-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0b013e3282f314f7] [PMID: 18300864]
[143]
Ikonomidis I, Aboyans V, Blacher J, et al. The role of ventricular-arterial coupling in cardiac disease and heart failure: Assessment, clinical implications and therapeutic interventions. A consensus document of the European society of cardiology working group on aorta & peripheral vascular diseases, European association of cardiovascular imaging, and heart failure association. Eur J Heart Fail 2019; 21(4): 402-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.1436] [PMID: 30859669]
[144]
Lehmann ED, Riley WA, Clarkson P, Gosling RG. Non-invasive assessment of cardiovascular disease in diabetes mellitus. Lancet 1997; 350(Suppl. 1): SI14-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(97)90023-4] [PMID: 9250278]
[145]
Laurent S, Boutouyrie P, Asmar R, et al. Aortic stiffness is an independent predictor of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in hypertensive patients. Hypertension 2001; 37(5): 1236-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.HYP.37.5.1236] [PMID: 11358934]
[146]
Laurent S, Cockcroft J, Van Bortel L, et al. Expert consensus document on arterial stiffness: Methodological issues and clinical applications. Eur Heart J 2006; 27(21): 2588-605.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehl254] [PMID: 17000623]
[147]
Mancia G, De Backer G, Dominiczak A, et al. 2007 Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: The Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2007; 28(12): 1462-536.
[PMID: 17562668]
[148]
Blacher J, Asmar R, Djane S, London GM, Safar ME. Aortic pulse wave velocity as a marker of cardiovascular risk in hypertensive patients. Hypertension 1999; 33(5): 1111-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.HYP.33.5.1111] [PMID: 10334796]
[149]
Boutouyrie P, Tropeano AI, Asmar R, et al. Aortic stiffness is an independent predictor of primary coronary events in hypertensive patients: A longitudinal study. Hypertension 2002; 39(1): 10-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/hy0102.099031] [PMID: 11799071]
[150]
Willum-Hansen T, Staessen JA, Torp-Pedersen C, et al. Prognostic value of aortic pulse wave velocity as index of arterial stiffness in the general population. Circulation 2006; 113(5): 664-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.579342] [PMID: 16461839]
[151]
Blacher J, Guerin AP, Pannier B, Marchais SJ, Safar ME, London GM. Impact of aortic stiffness on survival in end-stage renal disease. Circulation 1999; 99(18): 2434-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.99.18.2434] [PMID: 10318666]
[152]
Meaume S, Benetos A, Henry OF, Rudnichi A, Safar ME. Aortic pulse wave velocity predicts cardiovascular mortality in subjects >70 years of age. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001; 21(12): 2046-50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/hq1201.100226] [PMID: 11742883]
[153]
Shoji T, Emoto M, Shinohara K, et al. Diabetes mellitus, aortic stiffness, and cardiovascular mortality in end-stage renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2001; 12(10): 2117-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/ASN.V12102117] [PMID: 11562410]
[154]
Vlachopoulos C, Aznaouridis K, O’Rourke MF, Safar ME, Baou K, Stefanadis C. Prediction of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality with central haemodynamics: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Heart J 2010; 13(1): 865-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehq024]
[155]
Karamanoglu M, Gallagher DE, Avolio AP, O’Rourke MF. Pressure wave propagation in a multibranched model of the human upper limb. Am J Physiol 1995; 269(4 Pt 2): H1363-9.
[PMID: 7485569]
[156]
Pannier BM, Avolio AP, Hoeks A, Mancia G, Takazawa K. Methods and devices for measuring arterial compliance in humans. Am J Hypertens 2002; 15(8): 743-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0895-7061(02)02962-X] [PMID: 12160200]
[157]
Pannier B, Guérin AP, Marchais SJ, Safar ME, London GM. Stiffness of capacitive and conduit arteries: Prognostic significance for end-stage renal disease patients. Hypertension 2005; 45(4): 592-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.HYP.0000159190.71253.c3] [PMID: 15753232]
[158]
Oylumlu M, Oylumlu M, Yuksel M, et al. A simple method for the assessment of arterial stiffness in pre-eclamptic patients. Clin Exp Hypertens 2014; 36(8): 531-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10641963.2014.913608] [PMID: 24786588]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
26
2
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy