Targeting Microenvironment of Melanoma and Head and Neck Cancers
in Photodynamic Therapy

Ivana       Ratkaj; Martina       Mušković; Nela       Malatesti
doi:10.2174/0929867328666210709113032
Abstract

Background: Photodynamic therapy (PDT), in comparison to other skin cancers, is still far less effective for melanoma, due to the strong absorbance and the role of melanin in cytoprotection. The tumour microenvironment (TME) has a significant role in tumour progression, and the hypoxic TME is one of the main reasons for melanoma progression to metastasis and its resistance to PDT. Hypoxia is also a feature of solid tumours in the head and neck region that indicates negative prognosis.
Objective: The aim of this study was to individuate and describe systematically the main strategies in targeting the TME, especially hypoxia, in PDT against melanoma and head and neck cancers (HNC), and assess the current success in their application.
Methods: PubMed was used for searching, in MEDLINE and other databases, for the most recent publications on PDT against melanoma and HNC in combination with the TME targeting and hypoxia.
Results: In PDT for melanoma and HNC, it is very important to control hypoxia levels, and amongst the different approaches, oxygen self-supply systems are often applied. Vascular targeting is promising, but to improve it, optimal drug-light interval, and formulation to increase the accumulation of the photosensitiser in the tumour vasculature, have to be established. On the other side, the use of angiogenesis inhibitors, such as those interfering with VEGF signalling, is somewhat less successful than expected and needs to be further investigated.
Conclusion: The combination of PDT with immunotherapy by using multifunctional nanoparticles continues to develop and seems to be the most promising for achieving a complete and lasting antitumour effect.
Keywords: Photodynamic therapy, photosensitisers, tumour microenvironment, hypoxia, melanoma, head and neck cancer.
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DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867328666210709113032	Print ISSN 0929-8673
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher	Online ISSN 1875-533X
Current Medicinal Chemistry

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