Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

New Emirates Medical Journal

Editor-in-Chief
ISSN (Online): 0250-6882

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Review Article

Non-Respiratory Manifestations of COVID-19 and Pathophysiological Evidences

Author(s): Angeline S. Rajakumar*, Siva R. Green, S. Lokesh, Prasanna Venkatesh and V.K. Gowtham

Volume 2, Issue 1, 2021

Published on: 11 January, 2021

Page: [8 - 12] Pages: 5

DOI: 10.2174/0250688203666210111152702

open_access

Abstract

Globally, COVID-19 is a viral disease that has become a public health challenge in 2020. COVID-19 is caused by a novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV 2, that was first discovered in the Hubei province of China and it commonly manifests as a respiratory illness but also with symptoms ranging from mild myalgia to severe pneumonia. As our primitive understanding of this novel virus has evolved, COVID-19 has been shown to present in atypical non-pulmonary clinical manifestations, such as diarrhea, acute kidney injury, hepatic and cardiovascular abnormalities, blood coagulation and stroke along with loss of some special senses. We consolidated the publicly available information to precisely summarize the knowledge about the significant non-respiratory clinical manifestations of COVID-19.

Keywords: COVID-19, Non-respiratory, Atypical symptoms, Viral disease, Novel virus, Pathophysiology.

[1]
Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet 2020; 395(10223): 497-506.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5] [PMID: 31986264]
[2]
Gu J, Gong E, Zhang B, et al. Multiple organ infection and the pathogenesis of SARS. J Exp Med 2005; 202(3): 415-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20050828] [PMID: 16043521]
[3]
Holshue ML, DeBolt C, Lindquist S, et al. First Case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in the United States. N Engl J Med 2020; 382(10): 929-36.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001191] [PMID: 32004427]
[4]
Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature 2020; 579(7798): 270-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7] [PMID: 32015507]
[5]
Harmer D, Gilbert M, Borman R, Clark KL. Quantitative mRNA expression profiling of ACE 2, a novel homologue of angiotensin converting enzyme. FEBS Lett 2002; 532(1-2): 107-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0014-5793(02)03640-2] [PMID: 12459472]
[6]
Yan R, Zhang Y, Li Y, Xia L, Guo Y, Zhou Q. Structural basis for the recognition of SARS-CoV-2 by full-length human ACE2. Science 2020; 367(6485): 1444-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abb2762] [PMID: 32132184]
[7]
Xiao F, Tang M, Zheng X, Liu Y, Li X, Shan H. Evidence for gastrointestinal infection of SARS-CoV-2. Gastroenterology 2020; 158(6): 1831-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2020.02.055] [PMID: 32142773]
[8]
Gu J, Han B, Wang J. COVID-19: Gastrointestinal manifestations and potential fecal-oral transmission. Gastroenterology 2020; 158(6): 1518-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2020.02.054] [PMID: 32142785]
[9]
Chen L, Lou J, Bai Y, Wang M. COVID-19 disease with positive fecal and negative pharyngeal and sputum viral tests. Am J Gastroenterol 2020; 115(5): 790.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.14309/ajg.0000000000000610] [PMID: 32205644]
[10]
Pan L, Mu M, Yang P, et al. Clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients with digestive symptoms in Hubei, China: a descriptive, cross-sectional, multicenter study. Am J Gastroenterol 2020; 115(5): 766-73.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.14309/ajg.0000000000000620] [PMID: 32287140]
[11]
Mao R, Qiu Y, He J-S, et al. Manifestations and prognosis of gastrointestinal and liver involvement in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 5(7): 667-78.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(20)30126-6] [PMID: 32405603]
[12]
Wu Y, Guo C, Tang L, et al. Prolonged presence of SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA in faecal samples. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 5(5): 434-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(20)30083-2] [PMID: 32199469]
[13]
Jamie S. Hirsch, Jia H. Ng, Daniel W. Ross, Purva Sharma, Hitesh H. Shah, Richard L. Barnett, Azzour D. Hazzan, Steven Fishbane, Kenar D. Jhaveri; on behalf of the Northwell COVID-19 Research Consortium and the Northwell Nephrology COVID-19 Research Consortium. Acute kidney injury in patients hospitalized with COVID-19. Kidney Int 2020.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.kint.2020.05.006]
[14]
Wang HE, Muntner P, Chertow GM, Warnock DG. Acute kidney injury and mortality in hospitalized patients. Am J Nephrol 2012; 35(4): 349-55.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000337487] [PMID: 22473149]
[15]
Cheng Y, Luo R, Wang K, et al. Kidney disease is associated with in-hospital death of patients with COVID-19. Kidney Int 2020; 97(5): 829-38.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2020.03.005] [PMID: 32247631]
[16]
Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet 2020; 395(10223): 507-13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7] [PMID: 32007143]
[17]
Cai Q, Huang D, Yu H, et al. COVID-19: Abnormal liver function tests. J Hepatol 2020; 73(3): 566-74.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2020.04.006] [PMID: 32298767]
[18]
Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, et al. Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med 2020; 382(18): 1708-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2002032] [PMID: 32109013]
[19]
Li J, Fan J-G. Characteristics and Mechanism of Liver Injury in 2019 Coronavirus Disease. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2020; 8(1): 13-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.14218/JCTH.2020.00019] [PMID: 32274341]
[20]
ACC Clinical Bulletin Covid-19 Clinical Guidance For the CV Care Team https://www.acc.org//~/media/Non-Clinical/Files-PDFs-Excel-MS-Word-etc/2020/02/S20028-ACC-Clinical-Bulletin-Coronavirus.pdf
[21]
Long B, Brady WJ, Koyfman A, Gottlieb M. Cardiovascular complications in COVID-19. Am J Emerg Med 2020; 38(7): 1504-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2020.04.048] [PMID: 32317203]
[22]
Chan JW, Ng CK, Chan YH, et al. Short term outcome and risk factors for adverse clinical outcomes in adults with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Thorax 2003; 58(8): 686-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thorax.58.8.686] [PMID: 12885985]
[23]
Booth CM, Matukas LM, Tomlinson GA, et al. Clinical features and short-term outcomes of 144 patients with SARS in the greater Toronto area. JAMA 2003; 289(21): 2801-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.289.21.JOC30885] [PMID: 12734147]
[24]
Eketunde AO, Mellacheruvu SP, Oreoluwa P. A review of postmortem findings in patients with COVID-19. Cureus 2020; 12(7): e9438.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7759/cureus.9438] [PMID: 32864262]
[25]
Xu Z, Shi L, Wang Y, et al. Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet Respir Med 2020; 8(4): 420-2.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30076-X] [PMID: 32085846]
[26]
Madjid M, Safavi-Naeini P, Solomon SD, Vardeny O. Potential effects of coronaviruses on the cardiovascular system: A review. JAMA Cardiol 2020; 5(7): 831-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2020.1286] [PMID: 32219363]
[27]
Bryce Clare. Pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2: Targeting of endothelial cells renders a complex disease with thrombotic microangiopathy and aberrant immune response. The Mount Sinai COVID-19 autopsy experience 2020.
[28]
Li Y, Li M, Wang M, et al. Acute cerebrovascular disease following COVID-19: a single center, retrospective, observational study. Stroke Vasc Neurol 2020; 5(3): 279-84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/svn-2020-000431] [PMID: 32616524]
[29]
Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet 2020; 395(10229): 1054-62.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3] [PMID: 32171076]
[30]
Oxley TJ, Mocco J, Majidi S, et al. Large-vessel stroke as a presenting feature of Covid-19 in the young. N Engl J Med 2020; 382(20)e60
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2009787] [PMID: 32343504]
[31]
Klok F, Kruip M, van der Meer N, Arbuos M, Gommers D, Kant K. Incidence of thrombotic complications in critically ill ICU patients with COVID-19 Thromb Res 2020; (20): 30120-1.
[32]
Mao L, Wang M, Chen S, He Q, Chang J, Hong C, et al. Neurological manifestations of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China A retrospective case series study
[33]
Xie Y, Wang X, Yang P, Zhang S. COVID-19 complicated by acute pulmonary embolism. Radiology. Cardiothoracic Imaging 2020; 2(2)e200067
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/ryct.2020200067]
[34]
Danzi GB, Loffi M, Galeazzi G, Gherbesi E. Acute pulmonary embolism and COVID-19 pneumonia: a random association? Eur Heart J 2020; 41(19): 1858.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa254] [PMID: 32227120]
[35]
Tang N, Li D, Wang X, Sun Z. Abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia. J Thromb Haemost 2020; 18(4): 844-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14768] [PMID: 32073213]
[36]
Tang N, Bai H, Chen X, et al. Anticoagulant treatment is associated with decreased mortality in severe coronavirus disease 2019 patients with coagulopathy. J Thromb Haemost 2020; (Mar): 27.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14817]
[37]
Baig AM, Khaleeq A, Ali U, Syeda H. Evidence of the COVID-19 virus targeting the CNS: tissue distribution, host-virus interaction, and proposed neurotropic mechanisms. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11(7): 995-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00122] [PMID: 32167747]
[38]
Riphagen S, Gomez X, Gonzalez-Martinez C, Wilkinson N, Theocharis P. Hyperinflammatory shock in children during COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet 2020; 395(10237): 1607-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31094-1] [PMID: 32386565]
[39]
Whittaker E, Bamford A, Kenny J, et al. Clinical characteristics of 58 children with a pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2. JAMA 2020; 324(3): 259-69.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.10369] [PMID: 32511692]
[40]
Kontzialis M, Soares BP, Huisman TAGM. Lesions in the splenium of the corpus callosum on MRI in children: a review. J Neuroimaging 2017; 27(6): 549-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jon.12455] [PMID: 28654166]
[41]
Rachel Kaye CW. David Chang, Ken Kazahaya, Jean Brereton, James C. Denneny. COVID-19 Anosmia Reporting Tool: Initial Findings. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2020; 1-3.
[42]
Kim Y . . (Exclusive) Daegu 15% of 3191 confirmed patients lost their sense of smell or taste. Article in Korean Jungang Daily
[43]
Wu P, Duan F, Luo C, et al. Characteristics of ocular findings of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in hubei province, China. JAMA Ophthalmol 2020; 138(5): 575-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2020.1291] [PMID: 32232433]
[44]
Liu Z, Sun CB. Conjunctiva is not a preferred gateway of entry for SARS-CoV-2 to infect respiratory tract. J Med Virol 2020; 92(9): 1410-2.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25859] [PMID: 32275082]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
16
1
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy