Generic placeholder image

Anti-Inflammatory & Anti-Allergy Agents in Medicinal Chemistry

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1871-5230
ISSN (Online): 1875-614X

Mini-Review Article

Covid-19: Urgent Call to Action

Author(s): Amal A. Mohamed, Omnia I. Tantawi, Lamiaa A. Fathalla, Dalia M. Abd El-Hassib, Naglaa El-Toukhy R. El-Toukhy, Wafaa Salah, Mahmoud Elkadeem, Omnia Ezzat and Sherief Abd-Elsalam*

Volume 20, Issue 2, 2021

Published on: 02 December, 2020

Page: [118 - 122] Pages: 5

DOI: 10.2174/1871523019666201202092859

Price: $65

Abstract

Novel Corona Virus 2019 (COVID-19) is a new virus spread rapidly all over the world. It has specific respiratory or gastrointestinal tract symptoms. Its reported complications include respiratory distress, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, and septic shock. Due to heavy cytokines released by the virus; corticosteroids (40-120 mg / day) were given to severe cases to reduce pneumonia. It’s a difficult task to control the spread of SARS-CoV-2, and to invent proper vaccines and treatments. In this review, the existing understanding of fatal, pandemic human coronavirus SARS-Cov2 (COVID-19), with special reference to its diagnosis, origin, transmission, and different approaches to develop its therapeutics, will be discussed.

Keywords: Coronaviruses, virus, cytokines, transmission, control, vaccines.

[1]
Chen Y;, Liu Q;, Guo D;. Emerging coronaviruses: Genome structure, replication, and pathogenesis. J Med Virol 2020; 92(4): 418-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25681] [PMID: 31967327]
[2]
Zumla A, Chan JF, Azhar EI, Hui DS, Yuen KY. Coronaviruses - drug discovery and therapeutic options. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2016; 15(5): 327-47.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrd.2015.37] [PMID: 26868298]
[3]
Mohamed AA, Mohamed N, Mohamoud S, et al. SARS-CoV-2: The path of prevention and control. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2020. [Epub ahead of Print
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871526520666200520112848] [PMID: 32433010]
[4]
WHO. Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection when novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infection is suspected. 2020.
[7]
WHO. Novel Coronavirus(2019-nCoV)SITUATION REPORT-121 2019. https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situationreports/
[8]
Marjot T;, Moon AM;, Cook JA;, Abd-Elsalam S;, Aloman C;, Armstrong MJ;, et al. Outcomes following SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with chronic liver disease: an international registry study. J Hepatol 2021; 74(3): 567-77.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2020.09.024]
[9]
Sarin SK;, Choudhury A;, Lau GK;, et al. APASL COVID Task Force, APASL COVID Liver Injury Spectrum Study (APCOLIS Study-NCT 04345640). Pre-existing liver disease is associated with poor outcome in patients with SARS CoV2 infection; The APCOLIS Study (APASL COVID-19 Liver Injury Spectrum Study). Hepatol Int 2020; 14(5): 690-700.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12072-020-10072-8] [PMID: 32623632]
[10]
Huang C;, Wang Y;, Li X;, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet 2020; 395(10223): 497-506.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5] [PMID: 31986264]
[11]
Chan JF;, Yuan S;, Kok KH;, et al. A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. Lancet 2020; 395(10223): 514-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30154-9] [PMID: 31986261]
[12]
Wang C;, Horby PW;, Hayden FG;, Gao GF;. A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern. Lancet 2020; 395(10223): 470-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30185-9] [PMID: 31986257]
[13]
Zhu N;, Zhang D;, Wang W, et al. China Novel Coronavirus Investigating and Research Team. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med 2020; 382(8): 727-33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001017] [PMID: 31978945]
[14]
Yin Y, Wunderink RG. MERS, SARS and other coronaviruses as causes of pneumonia. Respirology 2018; 23(2): 130-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/resp.13196] [PMID: 29052924]
[15]
Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature 2020; 579(7798): 270-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7] [PMID: 32015507]
[16]
Giovanetti M, Benvenuto D, Angeletti S, Ciccozzi M. The first two cases of 2019-nCoV in Italy: Where they come from? J Med Virol 2020; 92(5): 518-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25699] [PMID: 32022275]
[17]
Paraskevis D, Kostaki EG, Magiorkinis G, Panayiotakopoulos G, Sourvinos G, Tsiodras S. Full-genome evolutionary analysis of the novel corona virus (2019-nCoV) rejects the hypothesis of emergence as a result of a recent recombination event. Infect Genet Evol 2020; 79: 104212.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104212] [PMID: 32004758]
[18]
Li W, Shi Z, Yu M, et al. Bats are natural reservoirs of SARS-like coronaviruses. Science 2005; 310(5748): 676-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1118391] [PMID: 16195424]
[19]
Hampton T. Bats may be SARS reservoir. JAMA 2005; 294(18): 2291.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.294.18.2291] [PMID: 16278351]
[20]
Banerjee A, Kulcsar K, Misra V, Frieman M, Mossman K. Bats and Coronaviruses. Viruses 2019; 11(1): E41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11010041] [PMID: 30634396]
[21]
Wu F, Zhao S, Yu B, Chen YM, Wang W, Song ZG, et al. A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China. Nature 2020; 579: 265-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2008-3]
[22]
Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, Liang WH, Ou CQ, He JX, et al. Clinical characteristics of 2019 novel coronavirus infection in China. N Engl J Med 2020. Epub ahead of print
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2002032] [PMID: 32109013]
[23]
Liu Z, Xiao X, Wei X, et al. Composition and divergence of coronavirus spike proteins and host ACE2 receptors predict potential intermediate hosts of SARS-CoV-2. J Med Virol 2020; 92(6): 595-601.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25726] [PMID: 32100877]
[24]
Chowell G, Abdirizak F, Lee S, et al. Transmission characteristics of MERS and SARS in the healthcare setting: A comparative study. BMC Med 2015; 13: 210.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12916-015-0450-0] [PMID: 26336062]
[25]
Kang CK, Song KH, Choe PG, et al. Clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of spreaders of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus during the 2015 outbreak in Korea. J Korean Med Sci 2017; 32(5): 744-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2017.32.5.744] [PMID: 28378546]
[26]
Jia HP, Look DC, Shi L, et al. ACE2 receptor expression and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection depend on differentiation of human airway epithelia. J Virol 2005; 79(23): 14614-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.79.23.14614-14621.2005] [PMID: 16282461]
[27]
Wan Y, Shang J, Graham R, Baric RS, Li F. Receptor recognition by novel coronavirus from Wuhan: an analysis based on decade-long structural studies of SARS. J Virol 2020; 94(7): e00127-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00127-20] [PMID: 31996437]
[28]
Tortorici MA, Veesler D. Structural insights into coronavirus entry. Adv Virus Res 2019; 105: 93-116.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/bs.aivir.2019.08.002] [PMID: 31522710]
[29]
Zhang N, Jiang S, Du L. Current advancements and potential strategies in the development of MERS-CoV vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 13(6): 761-74.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/14760584.2014.912134] [PMID: 24766432]
[30]
Xia S, Zhu Y, Liu M, et al. Fusion mechanism of 2019-nCoV and fusion inhibitors targeting HR1 domain in spike protein. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 17(7): 765-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41423-020-0374-2] [PMID: 32047258]
[31]
Yu F, Du L, Ojcius DM, Pan C, Jiang S. Measures for diagnosing and treating infections by a novel coronavirus responsible for a pneumonia outbreak originating in Wuhan, China. Microbes Infect 2020; 22(2): 74-9.
[32]
de Wilde AH, Snijder EJ, Kikkert M, van Hemert MJ. Host factors in coronavirus replication. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2018; 419: 1-42.
[PMID: 28643204]
[33]
Sawicki SG, Sawicki DL. Coronavirus transcription: a perspective. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2005; 287: 31-55.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-26765-4_2] [PMID: 15609508]
[34]
Hussain S, Pan J, Chen Y, et al. Identification of novel subgenomic RNAs and noncanonical transcription initiation signals of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. J Virol 2005; 79(9): 5288-95.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.79.9.5288-5295.2005] [PMID: 15827143]
[35]
Perrier A, Bonnin A, Desmarets L, et al. The C-terminal domain of the MERS coronavirus M protein contains a trans-Golgi network localization signal. J Biol Chem 2019; 294(39): 14406-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.RA119.008964] [PMID: 31399512]
[36]
Letko M, Marzi A, Munster V. Functional assessment of cell entry and receptor usage for SARS-CoV-2 and other lineage B betacoronaviruses. Nat Microbiol 2020; 5(4): 562-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41564-020-0688-y] [PMID: 32094589]
[37]
Song W, Gui M, Wang X, Xiang Y. Cryo-EM structure of the SARS coronavirus spike glycoprotein in complex with its host cell receptor ACE2. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14(8): e1007236.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1007236] [PMID: 30102747]
[38]
Millet JK, Whittaker GR. Host cell proteases: Critical determinants of coronavirus tropism and pathogenesis. Virus Res 2015; 202: 120-34.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2014.11.021] [PMID: 25445340]
[39]
Simmons G, Gosalia DN, Rennekamp AJ, Reeves JD, Diamond SL, Bates P. Inhibitors of cathepsin L prevent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus entry. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005; 102(33): 11876-81.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0505577102] [PMID: 16081529]
[40]
de Wit E, van Doremalen N, Falzarano D, Munster VJ. SARS and MERS: recent insights into emerging coronaviruses. Nat Rev Microbiol 2016; 14(8): 523-34.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro.2016.81]
[41]
Fang F, Luo XP. Facing the pandemic of 2019 novel coronavirus infections: the pediatric perspectives. ZhonghuaErKeZaZhi 2020; 58(2): 81-5.https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situationreports/
[42]
Arteaga-Livias FK, Rodriguez-Morales AJ. La comunicacioncientifica y el accesoabierto en la contencion de enfermedades: El casodel Coronavirus novel 2019 (2019-nCoV). Rev Peru InvestigSalud 2020; 4(1): 7-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.35839/repis.4.1.613]
[43]
Vincent MJ, Bergeron E, Benjannet S, et al. Chloroquine is a potent inhibitor of SARS coronavirus infection and spread. Virol J 2005; 2: 69.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1743-422X-2-69] [PMID: 16115318]
[44]
Abd-Elsalam S, Elkadeem M, Glal KA. Chloroquine as chemoprophylaxis for COVID-19: Will this work? Infect Disord Drug Targets 2020. [Online ahead of print.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871526520666200726224802] [PMID: 32713336]
[45]
Abd-Elsalam S, Esmail ES, Khalaf M, et al. Hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of COVID-19: A multicenter randomized controlled study. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 103(4): 1635-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.20-0873] [PMID: 32828135]
[46]
Savarino A, Boelaert JR, Cassone A, Majori G, Cauda R. Effects of chloroquine on viral infections: an old drug against today’s diseases? Lancet Infect Dis 2003; 3(11): 722-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00806-5] [PMID: 14592603]
[47]
Verdejo C, Vergara-Merino L, Carvajal-Juliá N, et al. Macrolides for the treatment of COVID-19: A living systematic review protocol. 2020; 20(11): eB014.osf.io/rvp59
[48]
Watts CH, Vallance P, Whitty CJM. Coronavirus: global solutions to prevent a pandemic. Nature 2020; 578(7795): 363.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-00457-y] [PMID: 32071448]
[49]
Alqutob R, Al Nsour M, Tarawneh MR, et al. COVID-19 crisis in Jordan: Response, scenarios, strategies, and recommendations. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2020; 6(3): e19332.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/19332] [PMID: 32407289]
[50]
Guo YR, Cao QD, Hong ZS, et al. The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak - an update on the status. Mil Med Res 2020; 7(1): 11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40779-020-00240-0] [PMID: 32169119]
[51]
WHO. Summary of probable SARS cases with onset of illness from 1 November 2002 to 31 July 2003. 2003.Available at: https://www.who.int/csr/sars/country/table2004_04_21/en/

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy