Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Pharmaceutical Design

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1381-6128
ISSN (Online): 1873-4286

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Review Article

Cardiovascular Risk in Patients with Primary Hyperparathyroidism

Author(s): Symeon Tournis*, Konstantinos Makris, Etienne Cavalier and George Trovas

Volume 26, Issue 43, 2020

Page: [5628 - 5636] Pages: 9

DOI: 10.2174/1381612824999201105165642

Price: $65

Abstract

Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is one of the most common endocrine disorders characterized by parathyroid hormone (PTH)-dependent hypercalcemia. Cardinal features include low trauma fractures, nephrolithiasis, and chronic kidney disease. Several experimental studies established that parathyroid hormone exerts actions on the cardiovascular (CV) system, including vasodilatation and positive inotropic and chronotropic effects. Observational studies, especially in severe cases, report a higher prevalence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, lipid abnormalities, endothelial dysfunction, arrhythmias, and left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with PHPT, while the risk of CV events seems to be increased in severe cases. However, the effect of surgery is inconsistent on CV abnormalities and, more importantly, on CV disease (CVD) events, especially in mild cases. In the current review, we describe the available evidence linking PHPT and CVD, as well as the effect of surgical management and pharmacological treatment on CVD manifestations in patients with PHPT. Based on the current evidence, CVD is not considered an indication for surgery.

Keywords: Primary hyperparathyroidism, cardiovascular disease, calcium, parathyroid hormone, hypertension, parathyroidectomy.

« Previous Next »
[1]
Khan AA, Hanley DA, Rizzoli R, et al. Primary hyperparathyroidism: review and recommendations on evaluation, diagnosis, and management. A Canadian and international consensus. Osteoporos Int 2017; 28(1): 1-19.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00198-016-3716-2] [PMID: 27613721]
[2]
Bilezikian JP, Bandeira L, Khan A, Cusano NE. Hyperparathyroidism. Lancet 2018; 391(10116): 168-78.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31430-7] [PMID: 28923463]
[3]
Bilezikian JP. Primary Hyperparathyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 103(11): 3993-4004.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2018-01225] [PMID: 30060226]
[4]
Bilezikian JP, Brandi ML, Eastell R, et al. Guidelines for the management of asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism: summary statement from the Fourth International Workshop. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99(10): 3561-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2014-1413] [PMID: 25162665]
[5]
Lundgren E, Lind L, Palmér M, Jakobsson S, Ljunghall S, Rastad J. Increased cardiovascular mortality and normalized serum calcium in patients with mild hypercalcemia followed up for 25 years. Surgery 2001; 130(6): 978-85.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/msy.2001.118377] [PMID: 11742326]
[6]
Wermers RAMD, Khosla S, Atkinson EJMS, et al. Survival after the diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism: a population-based study. Am J Med 1998; 104(2): 115-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9343(97)00270-2] [PMID: 9528728]
[7]
Yu N, Donnan PT, Leese GP. A record linkage study of outcomes in patients with mild primary hyperparathyroidism: the Parathyroid Epidemiology and Audit Research Study (PEARS). Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2011; 75(2): 169-76.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2010.03958.x] [PMID: 21158894]
[8]
Yu N, Donnan PT, Flynn RW, et al. The Parathyroid Epidemiology and Audit Research Study (PEARS). Increased mortality and morbidity in mild primary hyperparathyroid patients. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2010; 73(1): 30-4.
[PMID: 20039887]
[9]
Silverberg SJ, Clarke BL, Peacock M, et al. Current issues in the presentation of asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism: proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99(10): 3580-94.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2014-1415] [PMID: 25162667]
[10]
Clifton-Bligh PB, Nery ML, Supramaniam R, et al. Mortality associated with primary hyperparathyroidism. Bone 2015; 74: 121-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2014.12.067] [PMID: 25637062]
[11]
Reid LJ, Muthukrishnan B, Patel D, Seckl JR, Gibb FW. Predictors of Nephrolithiasis, Osteoporosis, and Mortality in Primary Hyperparathyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104(9): 3692-700.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2018-02483] [PMID: 30916764]
[12]
Cusano NE, Silverberg SJ, Bilezikian JP. Normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism. J Clin Densitom 2013; 16(1): 33-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jocd.2012.12.001] [PMID: 23374739]
[13]
Brown JM, Vaidya A. Interactions between adrenal-regulatory and calcium-regulatory hormones in human health. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2014; 21(3): 193-201.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MED.0000000000000062] [PMID: 24694551]
[14]
Tomaschitz A, Ritz E, Pieske B, et al. Aldosterone and parathyroid hormone interactions as mediators of metabolic and cardiovascular disease. Metabolism 2014; 63(1): 20-31.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2013.08.016] [PMID: 24095631]
[15]
Collip JB, Clark EP. Further Studies On The Physiological Action Of A Parathyroid Hormone. J Biol Chem 1925; 64: 485-507.
[16]
Clemens TL, Cormier S, Eichinger A, et al. Parathyroid hormone-related protein and its receptors: nuclear functions and roles in the renal and cardiovascular systems, the placental trophoblasts and the pancreatic islets. Br J Pharmacol 2001; 134(6): 1113-36.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjp.0704378] [PMID: 11704631]
[17]
Schlüter K-D, Piper HM. Cardiovascular actions of parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone-related peptide. Cardiovasc Res 1998; 37(1): 34-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6363(97)00194-6] [PMID: 9539855]
[18]
Baczynski R, Massry SG, Kohan R, Magott M, Saglikes Y, Brautbar N. Effect of parathyroid hormone on myocardial energy metabolism in the rat. Kidney Int 1985; 27(5): 718-25.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ki.1985.71] [PMID: 3160882]
[19]
Ogino K, Burkhoff D, Bilezikian JP. The hemodynamic basis for the cardiac effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and PTH-related protein. Endocrinology 1995; 136(7): 3024-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/endo.136.7.7789328] [PMID: 7789328]
[20]
Rashid G, Bernheim J, Green J, Benchetrit S. Parathyroid hormone stimulates the endothelial nitric oxide synthase through protein kinase A and C pathways. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2007; 22(10): 2831-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfm269] [PMID: 17545677]
[21]
Rashid G, Bernheim J, Green J, Benchetrit S. Parathyroid hormone stimulates the endothelial expression of vascular endothelial growth factor. Eur J Clin Invest 2008; 38(11): 798-803.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2362.2008.02033.x] [PMID: 19021696]
[22]
Rashid G, Bernheim J, Green J, Benchetrit S. Parathyroid hormone stimulates endothelial expression of atherosclerotic parameters through protein kinase pathways. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2007; 292(4): F1215-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00406.2006] [PMID: 17190908]
[23]
Pepe J, Cipriani C, Sonato C, Raimo O, Biamonte F, Minisola S. Cardiovascular manifestations of primary hyperparathyroidism: a narrative review. Eur J Endocrinol 2017; 177(6): R297-308.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/EJE-17-0485] [PMID: 28864535]
[24]
Chiodini I, Cairoli E, Palmieri S, Pepe J, Walker MD. Non classical complications of primary hyperparathyroidism. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 32(6): 805-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beem.2018.06.006] [PMID: 30665548]
[25]
Fitzpatrick LA, Bilezikian JP, Silverberg SJ. Parathyroid hormone and the cardiovascular system. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2008; 6(2): 77-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11914-008-0014-8] [PMID: 18778568]
[26]
Atchison DK, Beierwaltes WH. The influence of extracellular and intracellular calcium on the secretion of renin. Pflugers Arch 2013; 465(1): 59-69.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00424-012-1107-x] [PMID: 22538344]
[27]
Graff-Baker AN, Bridges LT, Chen Q, Faries MB, Said M. Parathyroidectomy for Patients With Primary Hyperparathyroidism and Associations With Hypertension. JAMA Surg 2019; 155: 32-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamasurg.2019.3950] [PMID: 31596437]
[28]
Heyliger A, Tangpricha V, Weber C, Sharma J. Parathyroidectomy decreases systolic and diastolic blood pressure in hypertensive patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Surgery 2009; 146(6): 1042-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surg.2009.09.024] [PMID: 19958931]
[29]
Nilsson IL, Aberg J, Rastad J, Lind L. Maintained normalization of cardiovascular dysfunction 5 years after parathyroidectomy in primary hyperparathyroidism. Surgery 2005; 137(6): 632-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surg.2005.02.001] [PMID: 15933631]
[30]
Farahnak P, Lärfars G, Sten-Linder M, Nilsson I-L. Mild primary hyperparathyroidism: vitamin D deficiency and cardiovascular risk markers. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96(7): 2112-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2011-0238] [PMID: 21593116]
[31]
Rydberg E, Birgander M, Bondeson A-G, Bondeson L, Willenheimer R. Effect of successful parathyroidectomy on 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Int J Cardiol 2010; 142(1): 15-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2008.12.027] [PMID: 19117619]
[32]
Bollerslev J, Rosen T, Mollerup CL, et al. SIPH Study Group. Effect of surgery on cardiovascular risk factors in mild primary hyperparathyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94(7): 2255-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2008-2742] [PMID: 19351725]
[33]
Ejlsmark-Svensson H, Rolighed L, Rejnmark L. Effect of Parathyroidectomy on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Primary Hyperparathyroidism: A Randomized Clinical Trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104(8): 3223-32.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2018-02456] [PMID: 30860588]
[34]
Chang TI, Abdalla S, London GM, et al. The effects of cinacalcet on blood pressure, mortality and cardiovascular endpoints in the EVOLVE trial. J Hum Hypertens 2016; 30(3): 204-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jhh.2015.56] [PMID: 26040438]
[35]
Tuna MM, Çalışkan M, Ünal M, et al. Normocalcemic hyperparathyroidism is associated with complications similar to those of hypercalcemic hyperparathyroidism. J Bone Miner Metab 2016; 34(3): 331-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00774-015-0673-3] [PMID: 26056016]
[36]
Chen G, Xue Y, Zhang Q, et al. Is Normocalcemic Primary Hyperparathyroidism Harmful or Harmless? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 100(6): 2420-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2014-4432] [PMID: 25668199]
[37]
Ljunghall S, Palmér M, Akerström G, Wide L. Diabetes mellitus, glucose tolerance and insulin response to glucose in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism before and after parathyroidectomy. Eur J Clin Invest 1983; 13(5): 373-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2362.1983.tb00116.x] [PMID: 6416850]
[38]
Taylor WH. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism and among their relatives. Diabet Med 1991; 8(7): 683-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.1991.tb01678.x] [PMID: 1833123]
[39]
Valdemarsson S, Lindblom P, Bergenfelz A. Metabolic abnormalities related to cardiovascular risk in primary hyperparathyroidism: effects of surgical treatment. J Intern Med 1998; 244(3): 241-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2796.1998.00366.x] [PMID: 9747747]
[40]
Procopio M, Magro G, Cesario F, et al. The oral glucose tolerance test reveals a high frequency of both impaired glucose tolerance and undiagnosed Type 2 diabetes mellitus in primary hyperparathyroidism. Diabet Med 2002; 19(11): 958-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1464-5491.2002.00809.x] [PMID: 12421435]
[41]
Cardenas MG, Vigil KJ, Talpos GB, Lee MW, Peterson E, Rao DS. Prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Endocr Pract 2008; 14(1): 69-75.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4158/EP.14.1.69] [PMID: 18238743]
[42]
Shaw JH, Croxon M, Holdaway I, Collins JP, Wolfe RR. Glucose, fat, and protein kinetics in patients with primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism. Surgery 1988; 103(5): 526-32.
[PMID: 3283978]
[43]
Hagström E, Hellman P, Lundgren E, Lind L, Arnlöv J. Serum calcium is independently associated with insulin sensitivity measured with euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamp in a community-based cohort. Diabetologia 2007; 50(2): 317-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00125-006-0532-9] [PMID: 17180664]
[44]
Hruska KA, Blondin J, Bass R, et al. Effect of intact parathyroid hormone on hepatic glucose release in the dog. J Clin Invest 1979; 64(4): 1016-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI109538] [PMID: 479365]
[45]
Saxe AW, Gibson G, Gingerich RL, Levy J. Parathyroid hormone decreases in vivo insulin effect on glucose utilization. Calcif Tissue Int 1995; 57(2): 127-32.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00298433] [PMID: 7584873]
[46]
DeFronzo RA, Lang R. Hypophosphatemia and glucose intolerance: evidence for tissue insensitivity to insulin. N Engl J Med 1980; 303(22): 1259-63.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198011273032203] [PMID: 6999353]
[47]
Angellotti E, Pittas AG. The Role of Vitamin D in the Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes: To D or Not to D? Endocrinology 2017; 158(7): 2013-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2017-00265] [PMID: 28486616]
[48]
Luigi P, Chiara FM, Laura Z, et al. Arterial Hypertension, Metabolic Syndrome and Subclinical Cardiovascular Organ Damage in Patients with Asymptomatic Primary Hyperparathyroidism before and after Parathyroidectomy: Preliminary Results. Int J Endocrinol 2012; 2012: 408295.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/408295] [PMID: 22719761]
[49]
Norenstedt S, Pernow Y, Brismar K, et al. Primary hyperparathyroidism and metabolic risk factors, impact of parathyroidectomy and vitamin D supplementation, and results of a randomized double-blind study. Eur J Endocrinol 2013; 169(6): 795-804.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/EJE-13-0547] [PMID: 24026893]
[50]
Cvijovic G, Micic D, Kendereski A, et al. The effect of parathyroidectomy on insulin sensitivity in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism - an never ending story? Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2015; 123(6): 336-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1549906] [PMID: 26077384]
[51]
Putnam R, Dhibar DP, Varshney S, et al. Effect of curative parathyroidectomy on insulin resistance. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2016; 20(6): 784-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2230-8210.192916] [PMID: 27867880]
[52]
Gianotti L, Tassone F, Baffoni C, et al. Relationship between insulin sensitivity and bone mineral density in primary hyperparathyroidism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2014; 81(3): 350-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cen.12472] [PMID: 24750210]
[53]
Rubin MR, Silverberg SJ. Glucose intolerance and primary hyperparathyroidism: an unresolved relationship. Endocrine 2012; 42(2): 231-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12020-012-9674-3] [PMID: 22531864]
[54]
Cakir I, Unluhizarci K, Tanriverdi F, Elbuken G, Karaca Z, Kelestimur F. Investigation of insulin resistance in patients with normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism. Endocrine 2012; 42(2): 419-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12020-012-9627-x] [PMID: 22327928]
[55]
Temizkan S, Kocak O, Aydin K, et al. Normocalcemic hyperparathyroidism and insulin resistance. Endocr Pract 2015; 21(1): 23-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4158/EP14195.OR] [PMID: 25100388]
[56]
Hagström E, Lundgren E, Rastad J, Hellman P. Metabolic abnormalities in patients with normocalcemic hyperparathyroidism detected at a population-based screening. Eur J Endocrinol 2006; 155(1): 33-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje.1.02173] [PMID: 16793947]
[57]
Yener Ozturk F, Erol S, Canat MM, et al. Patients with normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism may have similar metabolic profile as hypercalcemic patients. Endocr J 2016; 63(2): 111-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1507/endocrj.EJ15-0392] [PMID: 26581584]
[58]
Diri H, Unluhizarci K, Kelestimur F. Investigation of glucose intolerance in patients with normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism: 4-year follow-up. Endocrine 2014; 47(3): 971-2.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12020-014-0263-5] [PMID: 24723260]
[59]
Beysel S, Caliskan M, Kizilgul M, et al. Parathyroidectomy improves cardiovascular risk factors in normocalcemic and hypercalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2019; 19(1): 106.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12872-019-1093-4] [PMID: 31068134]
[60]
Hagström E, Lundgren E, Lithell H, et al. Normalized dyslipidaemia after parathyroidectomy in mild primary hyperparathyroidism: population-based study over five years. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2002; 56(2): 253-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0300-0664.2001.01468.x] [PMID: 11874418]
[61]
Ishay A, Herer P, Luboshitzky R. Effects of successful parathyroidectomy on metabolic cardiovascular risk factors in patients with severe primary hyperparathyroidism. Endocr Pract 2011; 17(4): 584-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4158/EP10321.OR] [PMID: 21324826]
[62]
Luboshitzky R, Chertok-Schaham Y, Lavi I, Ishay A. Cardiovascular risk factors in primary hyperparathyroidism. J Endocrinol Invest 2009; 32(4): 317-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF03345719] [PMID: 19636198]
[63]
Almqvist EG, Bondeson AG, Bondeson L, Mellström D, Svensson J. Factors influencing insulin sensitivity in patients with mild primary hyperparathyroidism before and after parathyroidectomy. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2012; 72(2): 92-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00365513.2011.634432] [PMID: 22106852]
[64]
Godang K, Lundstam K, Mollerup C, et al. The SIPH Study Group. The effect of surgery on fat mass, lipid and glucose metabolism in mild primary hyperparathyroidism. Endocr Connect 2018; 7(8): 941-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/EC-18-0259] [PMID: 30300532]
[65]
Almqvist EG, Bondeson AG, Bondeson L, Nissborg A, Smedgård P, Svensson SE. Cardiac dysfunction in mild primary hyperparathyroidism assessed by radionuclide angiography and echocardiography before and after parathyroidectomy. Surgery 2002; 132(6): 1126-32.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/msy.2002.128692] [PMID: 12490865]
[66]
Stefenelli T, Abela C, Frank H, et al. Cardiac abnormalities in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism: implications for follow-up. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82(1): 106-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jcem.82.1.3666] [PMID: 8989242]
[67]
Baykan M, Erem C, Erdogan T, et al. Assessment of left ventricular diastolic function and the Tei index by tissue Doppler imaging in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2007; 66(4): 483-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.02756.x] [PMID: 17371463]
[68]
Stamatelopoulos K, Athanasouli F, Pappa T, et al. Hemodynamic markers and subclinical atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women with primary hyperparathyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99(8): 2704-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2013-4273] [PMID: 24840809]
[69]
Walker MD, Fleischer JB, Di Tullio MR, et al. Cardiac structure and diastolic function in mild primary hyperparathyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95(5): 2172-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2009-2072] [PMID: 20228165]
[70]
Wetzel J, Pilz S, Grübler MR, et al. Plasma parathyroid hormone and cardiovascular disease in treatment-naive patients with primary hyperparathyroidism: The EPATH trial. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2017; 19(11): 1173-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jch.13064] [PMID: 28834128]
[71]
Barletta G, De Feo ML, Del Bene R, et al. Cardiovascular effects of parathyroid hormone: a study in healthy subjects and normotensive patients with mild primary hyperparathyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85(5): 1815-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.85.5.1815] [PMID: 10843158]
[72]
McMahon DJ, Carrelli A, Palmeri N, et al. Effect of Parathyroidectomy Upon Left Ventricular Mass in Primary Hyperparathyroidism: A Meta-Analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 100(12): 4399-407.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2015-3202] [PMID: 26445115]
[73]
Best CAE, Krishnan R, Malvankar-Mehta MS, MacNeil SD. Echocardiogram changes following parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96(43): e7255.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000007255] [PMID: 29068975]
[74]
Nilsson IL, Aberg J, Rastad J, Lind L. Endothelial vasodilatory dysfunction in primary hyperparathyroidism is reversed after parathyroidectomy. Surgery 1999; 126(6): 1049-55.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/msy.2099.101422] [PMID: 10598187]
[75]
Kosch M, Hausberg M, Vormbrock K, Kisters K, Rahn KH, Barenbrock M. Studies on flow-mediated vasodilation and intima-media thickness of the brachial artery in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Am J Hypertens 2000; 13(7): 759-64.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0895-7061(00)00248-X] [PMID: 10933566]
[76]
Lumachi F, Ermani M, Frego M, et al. Intima-media thickness measurement of the carotid artery in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. A prospective case-control study and long-term follow-up. In Vivo 2006; 20(6B): 887-90.
[PMID: 17203784]
[77]
Ring M, Farahnak P, Gustavsson T, Nilsson IL, Eriksson MJ, Caidahl K. Arterial structure and function in mild primary hyperparathyroidism is not directly related to parathyroid hormone, calcium, or vitamin D. PLoS One 2012; 7(7): e39519.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0039519] [PMID: 22815708]
[78]
Kosch M, Hausberg M, Vormbrock K, et al. Impaired flow-mediated vasodilation of the brachial artery in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism improves after parathyroidectomy. Cardiovasc Res 2000; 47(4): 813-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6363(00)00130-9] [PMID: 10974230]
[79]
Nuzzo V, Tauchmanovà L, Fonderico F, et al. Increased intima-media thickness of the carotid artery wall, normal blood pressure profile and normal left ventricular mass in subjects with primary hyperparathyroidism. Eur J Endocrinol 2002; 147(4): 453-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje.0.1470453] [PMID: 12370105]
[80]
Walker MD, Fleischer J, Rundek T, et al. Carotid vascular abnormalities in primary hyperparathyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94(10): 3849-56.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2009-1086] [PMID: 19755478]
[81]
Cansu GB, Yılmaz N, Özdem S, et al. Parathyroidectomy in asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism reduces carotid intima-media thickness and arterial stiffness. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2016; 84(1): 39-47.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cen.12952] [PMID: 26399562]
[82]
Tuna MM, Doğan BA, Arduç A, et al. Impaired endothelial function in patients with mild primary hyperparathyroidism improves after parathyroidectomy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2015; 83(6): 951-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cen.12666] [PMID: 25393455]
[83]
Fallo F, Camporese G, Capitelli E, Andreozzi GM, Mantero F, Lumachi F. Ultrasound evaluation of carotid artery in primary hyperparathyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88(5): 2096-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2002-021837] [PMID: 12727960]
[84]
Walker MD, Rundek T, Homma S, et al. Effect of parathyroidectomy on subclinical cardiovascular disease in mild primary hyperparathyroidism. Eur J Endocrinol 2012; 167(2): 277-85.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/EJE-12-0124] [PMID: 22660025]
[85]
Magriñá-Mercado RM, Ramírez-Rentería C, Almeida-Gutiérrez E, Mendoza-Zubieta V, Ferreira-Hermosillo A. Evaluation of endothelial function and diastolic function in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism before and after parathyroidectomy. Cir Cir 2019; 87(2): 196-204.
[PMID: 30768074]
[86]
Virdis A, Cetani F, Giannarelli C, et al. The sulfaphenazole-sensitive pathway acts as a compensatory mechanism for impaired nitric oxide availability in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Effect of surgical treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95(2): 920-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2009-1669] [PMID: 20022989]
[87]
Baykan M, Erem C, Erdoğan T, et al. Impairment of flow mediated vasodilatation of brachial artery in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2007; 23(3): 323-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10554-006-9166-8] [PMID: 17036158]
[88]
Colak S, Aydogan BI, Gokcay Canpolat A, et al. Is primary hyperparathyroidism a cause of endothelial dysfunction? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2017; 87(5): 459-65.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cen.13418] [PMID: 28686293]
[89]
Carrelli AL, Walker MD, Di Tullio MR, et al. Endothelial function in mild primary hyperparathyroidism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2013; 78(2): 204-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2012.04485.x] [PMID: 22757971]
[90]
Agarwal G, Nanda G, Kapoor A, et al. Cardiovascular dysfunction in symptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism and its reversal after curative parathyroidectomy: results of a prospective case control study. Surgery 2013; 154(6): 1394-403.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surg.2013.06.047] [PMID: 24045156]
[91]
Neunteufl T, Heher S, Prager G, et al. Effects of successful parathyroidectomy on altered arterial reactivity in patients with hypercalcaemia: results of a 3-year follow-up study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2000; 53(2): 229-33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2265.2000.01076.x] [PMID: 10931105]
[92]
Vlachopoulos C, Aznaouridis K, Stefanadis C. Prediction of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality with arterial stiffness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 55(13): 1318-27.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2009.10.061] [PMID: 20338492]
[93]
Pepe J, Cipriani C, Tedeschi M, et al. Retinal micro-vascular and aortic macro-vascular changes in postmenopausal women with primary hyperparathyroidism. Sci Rep 2018; 8(1): 16521.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-35017-y] [PMID: 30410012]
[94]
Schillaci G, Pucci G, Pirro M, et al. Large-artery stiffness: a reversible marker of cardiovascular risk in primary hyperparathyroidism. Atherosclerosis 2011; 218(1): 96-101.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.05.010] [PMID: 21645899]
[95]
Rosa J, Raska I Jr, Wichterle D, et al. Pulse wave velocity in primary hyperparathyroidism and effect of surgical therapy. Hypertens Res 2011; 34(3): 296-300.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/hr.2010.232] [PMID: 21107330]
[96]
Smith JC, Page MD, John R, et al. Augmentation of central arterial pressure in mild primary hyperparathyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85(10): 3515-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jcem.85.10.6880] [PMID: 11061493]
[97]
Dural C, Okoh AK, Seicean A, et al. A pilot study investigating the effect of parathyroidectomy on arterial stiffness and coronary artery calcification in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Surgery 2016; 159(1): 218-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surg.2015.07.037] [PMID: 26435434]
[98]
Bitigen A, Tanalp AC, Kaynak E, et al. Elastic properties of aorta in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Int J Clin Pract 2006; 60(12): 1572-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-1241.2005.00814.x] [PMID: 16919001]
[99]
Rubin MR, Maurer MS, McMahon DJ, Bilezikian JP, Silverberg SJ. Arterial stiffness in mild primary hyperparathyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90(6): 3326-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2004-1400] [PMID: 15769995]
[100]
Tordjman KM, Yaron M, Izkhakov E, et al. Cardiovascular risk factors and arterial rigidity are similar in asymptomatic normocalcemic and hypercalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism. Eur J Endocrinol 2010; 162(5): 925-33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/EJE-09-1067] [PMID: 20421337]
[101]
Kosch M, Hausberg M, Barenbrock M, Posadzy-Malaczynska A, Kisters K, Rahn KH. Arterial distensibility and pulse wave velocity in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism before and after parathyroidectomy. Clin Nephrol 2001; 55(4): 303-8.
[PMID: 11334316]
[102]
Marini C, Giusti M, Armonino R, et al. Reduced coronary flow reserve in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism: a study by G-SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2010; 37(12): 2256-63.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00259-010-1599-6] [PMID: 20821006]
[103]
Osto E, Fallo F, Pelizzo MR, et al. Coronary microvascular dysfunction induced by primary hyperparathyroidism is restored after parathyroidectomy. Circulation 2012; 126(9): 1031-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.081307] [PMID: 22821942]
[104]
Kepez A, Harmanci A, Hazirolan T, et al. Evaluation of subclinical coronary atherosclerosis in mild asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism patients. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2009; 25(2): 187-93.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10554-008-9369-2] [PMID: 18784985]
[105]
Streeten EA, Munir K, Hines S, et al. Coronary artery calcification in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism in comparison with control subjects from the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Endocr Pract 2008; 14(2): 155-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4158/EP.14.2.155] [PMID: 18308652]
[106]
Mesquita PN, Dornelas Leão Leite AP, Chagas Crisóstomo SD, Veras Filho E, da Cunha Xavier L, Bandeira F. Evaluation of coronary calcium score in patients with normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2017; 13: 225-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/VHRM.S128084] [PMID: 28790836]
[107]
Palmeri NO, Walker MD. Parathyroid Hormone and Cardiac Electrophysiology: A Review. Cardiol Rev 2019; 27(4): 182-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/CRD.0000000000000250] [PMID: 31008771]
[108]
Zhang Y, Post WS, Dalal D, Blasco-Colmenares E, Tomaselli GF, Guallar E. QT-interval duration and mortality rate: results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Arch Intern Med 2011; 171(19): 1727-33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2011.433] [PMID: 22025428]
[109]
Liu F, Xin Z, Xia Y, Yin X. Bradycardia secondary to primary hyperparathyroidism. J Int Med Res 2019; 47(5): 2309-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300060519841156] [PMID: 30971152]
[110]
Brown TC, Healy JM, McDonald MJ, Hansson JH, Quinn CE. Heart block and acute kidney injury due to hyperparathyroidism-induced hypercalcemic crisis. Yale J Biol Med 2014; 87(4): 563-7.
[PMID: 25506288]
[111]
Pedersen CM, Rolighed L, Harsløf T, Jensen HK, Nielsen JC. Primary hyperparathyroidism and recurrent ventricular tachyarrhythmia in a patient with novel RyR2 variant but without structural heart disease. Clin Case Rep 2019; 7(10): 1907-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ccr3.2363] [PMID: 31624606]
[112]
Marčinković N, Dilber D, Velagić V. Ventricular tachycardia in a 16-year-old boy with primary hyperparathyroidism. Cardiol Young 2018; 28(11): 1359-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1047951118001208] [PMID: 30064531]
[113]
Kiewiet RM, Ponssen HH, Janssens EN, Fels PW. Ventricular fibrillation in hypercalcaemic crisis due to primary hyperparathyroidism. Neth J Med 2004; 62(3): 94-6.
[PMID: 15209475]
[114]
Pepe J, Cipriani C, Curione M, et al. Reduction of arrhythmias in primary hyperparathyroidism, by parathyroidectomy, evaluated with 24-h ECG monitoring. Eur J Endocrinol 2018; 179(2): 117-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/EJE-17-0948] [PMID: 29875287]
[115]
Pepe J, Curione M, Morelli S, et al. Parathyroidectomy eliminates arrhythmic risk in primary hyperparathyroidism, as evaluated by exercise test. Eur J Endocrinol 2013; 169(2): 255-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/EJE-13-0293] [PMID: 23744591]
[116]
Gunst MA, Drop LJ. Chronic hypercalcaemia secondary to hyperparathyroidism: a risk factor during anaesthesia? Br J Anaesth 1980; 52(5): 507-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bja/52.5.507] [PMID: 7387804]
[117]
Rosenqvist M, Nordenström J, Andersson M, Edhag OK. Cardiac conduction in patients with hypercalcaemia due to primary hyperparathyroidism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1992; 37(1): 29-33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.1992.tb02279.x] [PMID: 1424189]
[118]
Vázquez-Díaz O, Castillo-Martínez L, Orea-Tejeda A, et al. Reversible changes of electrocardiographic abnormalities after parathyroidectomy in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Cardiol J 2009; 16(3): 241-5.
[PMID: 19437398]
[119]
Curione M, Amato S, Di Bona S, Petramala L, Cotesta D, Letizia C. Parathyroidectomy erase increased myocardial electrical vulnerability in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Int J Cardiol 2010; 141(2): 201-2.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2008.11.067] [PMID: 19346020]
[120]
Pinkerton JV. Hormone Therapy for Postmenopausal Women. N Engl J Med 2020; 382(5): 446-55.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMcp1714787] [PMID: 31995690]
[121]
Barrett-Connor E, Mosca L, Collins P, et al. Raloxifene Use for The Heart (RUTH) Trial Investigators. Effects of raloxifene on cardiovascular events and breast cancer in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med 2006; 355(2): 125-37.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa062462] [PMID: 16837676]
[122]
Kranenburg G, Bartstra JW, Weijmans M, et al. Bisphosphonates for cardiovascular risk reduction: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Atherosclerosis 2016; 252: 106-15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.06.039] [PMID: 27513349]
[123]
Reid IR, Horne AM, Mihov B, et al. Effects of Zoledronate on Cancer, Cardiac Events, and Mortality in Osteopenic Older Women. J Bone Miner Res 2020; 35(1): 20-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.3860] [PMID: 31603996]
[124]
Lv F, Cai X, Yang W, et al. Denosumab or romosozumab therapy and risk of cardiovascular events in patients with primary osteoporosis: Systematic review and meta- analysis. Bone 2020; 130: 115121.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2019.115121] [PMID: 31678488]
[125]
Chertow GM, Block GA, Correa-Rotter R, et al. EVOLVE Trial Investigators. Effect of cinacalcet on cardiovascular disease in patients undergoing dialysis. N Engl J Med 2012; 367(26): 2482-94.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1205624] [PMID: 23121374]
[126]
Moe SM, Chertow GM, Parfrey PS, et al. Evaluation of Cinacalcet HCl Therapy to Lower Cardiovascular Events (EVOLVE) Trial Investigators*. Cinacalcet, Fibroblast Growth Factor-23, and Cardiovascular Disease in Hemodialysis: The Evaluation of Cinacalcet HCl Therapy to Lower Cardiovascular Events (EVOLVE) Trial. Circulation 2015; 132(1): 27-39.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.013876] [PMID: 26059012]
[127]
Evans M, Methven S, Gasparini A, et al. Cinacalcet use and the risk of cardiovascular events, fractures and mortality in chronic kidney disease patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism. Sci Rep 2018; 8(1): 2103.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-20552-5] [PMID: 29391567]
[128]
Alexander RT, Dimke H. Effect of diuretics on renal tubular transport of calcium and magnesium. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2017; 312(6): F998-F1015.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00032.2017] [PMID: 28274923]
[129]
Griebeler ML, Kearns AE, Ryu E, et al. Thiazide-Associated Hypercalcemia: Incidence and Association With Primary Hyperparathyroidism Over Two Decades. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 101(3): 1166-73.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2015-3964] [PMID: 26751196]
[130]
Riss P, Kammer M, Selberherr A, et al. The influence of thiazide intake on calcium and parathyroid hormone levels in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2016; 85(2): 196-201.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cen.13046] [PMID: 26921840]
[131]
Tsvetov G, Hirsch D, Shimon I, et al. Thiazide Treatment in Primary Hyperparathyroidism-A New Indication for an Old Medication? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102(4): 1270-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2016-2481] [PMID: 28388724]
[132]
Hedbäck G, Tisell LE, Bengtsson BA, Hedman I, Oden A. Premature death in patients operated on for primary hyperparathyroidism. World J Surg 1990; 14(6): 829-35.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01670531] [PMID: 2256355]
[133]
Ronni-Sivula H. Causes of death in patients previously operated on for primary hyperparathyroidism. Ann Chir Gynaecol 1985; 74(1): 13-8.
[PMID: 4015016]
[134]
Nilsson IL, Yin L, Lundgren E, Rastad J, Ekbom A. Clinical presentation of primary hyperparathyroidism in Europe--nationwide cohort analysis on mortality from nonmalignant causes. J Bone Miner Res 2002; 17(Suppl. 2): N68-74.
[PMID: 12412780]
[135]
Yu N, Leese GP, Donnan PT. What predicts adverse outcomes in untreated primary hyperparathyroidism? The Parathyroid Epidemiology and Audit Research Study (PEARS). Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2013; 79(1): 27-34.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cen.12206] [PMID: 23506565]
[136]
Souberbielle JC, Massart C, Brailly-Tabard S, et al. Serum PTH reference values established by an automated third-generation assay in vitamin D-replete subjects with normal renal function: consequences of diagnosing primary hyperparathyroidism and the classification of dialysis patients. Eur J Endocrinol 2016; 174(3): 315-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/EJE-15-0595] [PMID: 26628583]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
18
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy