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Current Molecular Pharmacology

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1874-4672
ISSN (Online): 1874-4702

Review Article

Apelin/Apelin Receptor System: Molecular Characteristics, Physiological Roles, and Prospects as a Target for Disease Prevention and Pharmacotherapy

Author(s): Toshihiko Kinjo, Hiroshi Higashi, Kyosuke Uno and Nobuyuki Kuramoto*

Volume 14, Issue 2, 2021

Published on: 02 June, 2020

Page: [210 - 219] Pages: 10

DOI: 10.2174/1874467213666200602133032

Price: $65

Abstract

Among the various orphan G protein-coupled receptors, apelin receptor (APJ), originally identified in the human genome as an orphan G-protein-coupled receptor, was deorphanised in 1998 with the discovery of its endogenous ligand, apelin. Apelin and APJ mRNA are widely expressed in peripheral tissues and the central nervous system in mammals.

In this review, we discuss the characteristics, pharmacology, physiology, and pathology of the apelin/APJ system in mammals.

Several physiological roles of the apelin/APJ system have been reported, including in homeostasis, cardiovascular maintenance, angiogenesis, and neuroprotection. In cellular signaling, apelin has been shown to drive the PI3K/Akt, MAPK, and PKA signaling pathways, leading to cell proliferation and protection from excitotoxicity. Apelin is also found in breast milk; therefore, apelin is believed to contribute to the establishment of the infant immune system. Furthermore, activation of the apelin/APJ system is reported to restore muscular weakness associated with aging. Thus, the apelin/APJ system represents a novel target for the prevention of several important cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases and the maintenance of health during old age.

Keywords: Apelin/APJ system, prophylactic treatment, health promotion, GPCR, cell signaling, cell protection.

Graphical Abstract

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