Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current HIV Research

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1570-162X
ISSN (Online): 1873-4251

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Research Article

Cumulative HIV Viremia Copy-Years and Hypertension in People Living with HIV

Author(s): Yunan Xu*, Xinguang Chen, Akemi Wijayabahu, Zhi Zhou, Bin Yu, Emma C. Spencer and Robert L. Cook

Volume 18, Issue 3, 2020

Page: [143 - 153] Pages: 11

DOI: 10.2174/1570162X18666200131122206

Price: $65

Abstract

Background: Evidence regarding the association between HIV viral load (VL) and hypertension is inconsistent. In this study, we investigated the relationship using viremia copy-years (VCY), a cumulative measure of HIV plasma viral burden.

Methods: Data were analyzed for 686 PLWH in the Florida Cohort Study, who had at least five years of VL data before the baseline. VL data were extracted from Enhanced HIV/AIDS Reporting System (eHARS) and used to define peak VL (pVL), recent VL (rVL), and undetectable VL (uVL: rVL<50copies/mL). A five-year VCY (log10 copy × years/mL) before the baseline investigation, was calculated and divided into 5 groups (≤2.7, 2.8-3.7, 3.8-4.7, 4.8-5.7 and >5.7) for analysis. Hypertension was determined based on hypertension diagnosis from medical records. Multivariable logistic regression was used for association analysis.

Results: Of the total sample, 277 (40.4%) participants were hypertensive. Compared to the participants with lowest VCY (≤2.7 log10 copy × years/mL), the odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence interval [95% CI] for hypertension of the remaining four groups, in order, were 1.91 [1.11, 3.29], 1.91 [1.03, 3.53], 2.27 [1.29, 3.99], and 1.25 [0.65, 2.42], respectively, controlling for confounders. The association was independent of pVL, rVL, and uVL, each of which was not significantly associated with hypertension.

Conclusion: Persistent HIV infection is a risk factor for hypertension among PLWH. Information provided by VCY is more effective than single time-point VL measures in investigating HIV infection- hypertension relationship. The findings of this study support the significance of continuous viral suppression in hypertension prevention among PLWH.

Keywords: Cumulative viremia, copy-years, hypertension, HIV, viral load, virological suppression.

Next »
Graphical Abstract

[1]
Samji H, Cescon A, Hogg RS, et al. North American AIDS Cohort Collaboration on Research and Design (NA-ACCORD) of IeDEA. Closing the gap: increases in life expectancy among treated HIV-positive individuals in the United States and Canada. PLoS One 2013; 8(12) e81355
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0081355] [PMID: 24367482]
[2]
Palella FJ Jr, Delaney KM, Moorman AC, et al. HIV Outpatient Study Investigators. Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 1998; 338(13): 853-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199803263381301] [PMID: 9516219]
[3]
Armah KA, Chang CC, Baker JV, et al. Veterans Aging Cohort Study (VACS) Project Team. Prehypertension, hypertension, and the risk of acute myocardial infarction in HIV-infected and -uninfected veterans. Clin Infect Dis 2014; 58(1): 121-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/cit652] [PMID: 24065316]
[4]
Bloomfield GS, Hogan JW, Keter A, et al. Hypertension and obesity as cardiovascular risk factors among HIV seropositive patients in Western Kenya. PLoS One 2011; 6(7) e22288
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0022288] [PMID: 21779407]
[5]
Buchacz K, Baker RK, Palella FJ Jr, et al. HIV Outpatient Study Investigators. Disparities in prevalence of key chronic diseases by gender and race/ethnicity among antiretroviral-treated HIV-infected adults in the US. Antivir Ther (Lond) 2013; 18(1): 65-75.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3851/IMP2450] [PMID: 23111762]
[6]
Xu Y, Chen X, Wang K. Global prevalence of hypertension among people living with HIV: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Soc Hypertens 2017; 11(8): 530-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jash.2017.06.004] [PMID: 28689734]
[7]
van Zoest RA, van den Born BH, Reiss P. Hypertension in people living with HIV. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2017; 12(6): 513-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/COH.0000000000000406] [PMID: 28787286]
[8]
Ucciferri C, Falasca K, Vecchiet J. Hypertension in HIV: Management and Treatment. AIDS Rev 2017; 19(4): 198-211.
[PMID: 28534890]
[9]
Kendall CE, Wong J, Taljaard M, et al. A cross-sectional, population-based study measuring comorbidity among people living with HIV in Ontario. BMC Public Health 2014; 14: 161.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-161] [PMID: 24524286]
[10]
Myerson M, Poltavskiy E, Armstrong EJ, Kim S, Sharp V, Bang H. Prevalence, treatment, and control of dyslipidemia and hypertension in 4278 HIV outpatients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2014; 66(4): 370-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000000168] [PMID: 24732872]
[11]
van Zoest RA, Wit FW, Kooij KW, et al. AGEhIV Cohort Study Group. Higher Prevalence of Hypertension in HIV-1-Infected Patients on Combination Antiretroviral Therapy Is Associated With Changes in Body Composition and Prior Stavudine Exposure. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 63(2): 205-13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciw285] [PMID: 27143668]
[12]
Nüesch R, Wang Q, Elzi L, et al. Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Risk of cardiovascular events and blood pressure control in hypertensive HIV-infected patients: Swiss HIV Cohort Study (SHCS). J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2013; 62(4): 396-404.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0b013e3182847cd0] [PMID: 23288033]
[13]
Triant VA, Lee H, Hadigan C, Grinspoon SK. Increased acute myocardial infarction rates and cardiovascular risk factors among patients with human immunodeficiency virus disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92(7): 2506-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2006-2190] [PMID: 17456578]
[14]
Peck RN, Shedafa R, Kalluvya S, et al. Hypertension, kidney disease, HIV and antiretroviral therapy among Tanzanian adults: a cross-sectional study. BMC Med 2014; 12: 125.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12916-014-0125-2] [PMID: 25070128]
[15]
Míguez-Burbano MJ, Quiros C, Lewis JE, et al. Gender differences in the association of hazardous alcohol use with hypertension in an urban cohort of people living with HIV in South Florida. PLoS One 2014; 9(12) e113122
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0113122] [PMID: 25490037]
[16]
Manner IW, Baekken M, Oektedalen O, Os I. Hypertension and antihypertensive treatment in HIV-infected individuals. A longitudinal cohort study. Blood Press 2012; 21(5): 311-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/08037051.2012.680742] [PMID: 22564000]
[17]
Krauskopf K, Van Natta ML, Danis RP, et al. Studies of the Ocular Complications of AIDS Research Group. Correlates of hypertension in patients with AIDS in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care 2013; 12(5): 325-33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325957413491432] [PMID: 23764503]
[18]
De Socio GV, Ricci E, Maggi P, et al. CISAI study group. Time trend in hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control in a contemporary cohort of HIV-infected patients: the HIV and Hypertension Study. J Hypertens 2017; 35(2): 409-16.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000001150] [PMID: 28005710]
[19]
Hasse B, Tarr PE, Marques-Vidal P, et al. CoLaus Cohort, FIRE and the Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Strong Impact of Smoking on Multimorbidity and Cardiovascular Risk Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Individuals in Comparison With the General Population. Open Forum Infect Dis 2015; 2(3) ofv108
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofv108] [PMID: 26284258]
[20]
Rodríguez-Arbolí E, Mwamelo K, Kalinjuma AV, et al. KIULARCO Study Group. Incidence and risk factors for hypertension among HIV patients in rural Tanzania - A prospective cohort study. PLoS One 2017; 12(3) e0172089
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0172089] [PMID: 28273105]
[21]
Factor SH, Lo Y, Schoenbaum E, Klein RS. Incident hypertension in older women and men with or at risk for HIV infection. HIV Med 2013; 14(6): 337-46.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hiv.12010] [PMID: 23294666]
[22]
Okello S, Kanyesigye M, Muyindike WR, et al. Incidence and predictors of hypertension in adults with HIV-initiating antiretroviral therapy in south-western Uganda. J Hypertens 2015; 33(10): 2039-45.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000000657] [PMID: 26431192]
[23]
Wong C, Gange SJ, Buchacz K, et al. North American AIDS Cohort Collaboration on Research and Design (NA-ACCORD). First Occurrence of Diabetes, Chronic Kidney Disease, and Hypertension Among North American HIV-Infected Adults, 2000-2013. Clin Infect Dis 2017; 64(4): 459-67.
[PMID: 28172581]
[24]
Mellors JW, Margolick JB, Phair JP, et al. Prognostic value of HIV-1 RNA, CD4 cell count, and CD4 Cell count slope for progression to AIDS and death in untreated HIV-1 infection. JAMA 2007; 297(21): 2349-50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.297.21.2349] [PMID: 17551128]
[25]
Olsen CH, Gatell J, Ledergerber B, et al. EuroSIDA Study Group. Risk of AIDS and death at given HIV-RNA and CD4 cell count, in relation to specific antiretroviral drugs in the regimen. AIDS 2005; 19(3): 319-30.
[PMID: 15718843]
[26]
Livelli A, Vaida F, Ellis RJ, et al. CHARTER Group. Correlates of HIV RNA concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid during antiretroviral therapy: a longitudinal cohort study. Lancet HIV 2019; 6(7): e456-62.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(19)30143-2] [PMID: 31208949]
[27]
Chow FC, Bacchetti P, Kim AS, Price RW, Hsue PY. Effect of CD4+ cell count and viral suppression on risk of ischemic stroke in HIV infection. AIDS 2014; 28(17): 2573-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000000452] [PMID: 25160935]
[28]
Rosenson RS, Kaul R. Cardiovascular Outcomes in Persons With HIV and Heart Failure: Medication Class or Suboptimal Viral Suppression? J Am Coll Cardiol 2018; 72(5): 531-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.05.031] [PMID: 30049314]
[29]
Kuller LH, Tracy R, Belloso W, et al. INSIGHT SMART Study Group. Inflammatory and coagulation biomarkers and mortality in patients with HIV infection. PLoS Med 2008; 5(10) e203
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0050203] [PMID: 18942885]
[30]
Tebas P, Henry WK, Matining R, et al. Metabolic and immune activation effects of treatment interruption in chronic HIV-1 infection: implications for cardiovascular risk. PLoS One 2008; 3(4) e2021
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0002021] [PMID: 18431498]
[31]
Hunt PW, Martin JN, Sinclair E, et al. T cell activation is associated with lower CD4+ T cell gains in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with sustained viral suppression during antiretroviral therapy. J Infect Dis 2003; 187(10): 1534-43.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/374786] [PMID: 12721933]
[32]
Manner IW, Trøseid M, Oektedalen O, Baekken M, Os I. Low nadir CD4 cell count predicts sustained hypertension in HIV-infected individuals. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2013; 15(2): 101-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jch.12029] [PMID: 23339727]
[33]
Crane HM, Van Rompaey SE, Kitahata MM. Antiretroviral medications associated with elevated blood pressure among patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2006; 20(7): 1019-26.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.aids.0000222074.45372.00] [PMID: 16603854]
[34]
Xu Y, Chen X, Zhou Z, Morano J, Cook RL. The interaction between detectable plasma viral load and increased body mass index on hypertension among persons living with HIV. AIDS Care 2019; 1-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2019.1668521] [PMID: 31530006]
[35]
Remick J, Georgiopoulou V, Marti C, et al. Heart failure in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection: epidemiology, pathophysiology, treatment, and future research. Circulation 2014; 129(17): 1781-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.004574] [PMID: 24778120]
[36]
Gazzaruso C, Bruno R, Garzaniti A, et al. Hypertension among HIV patients: prevalence and relationships to insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. J Hypertens 2003; 21(7): 1377-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004872-200307000-00028] [PMID: 12817187]
[37]
Calò LA, Caielli P, Maiolino G, Rossi G. Arterial hypertension and cardiovascular risk in HIV-infected patients. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2013; 14(8): 553-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2459/JCM.0b013e3283621f01] [PMID: 23807242]
[38]
Bourgi K, Wanjalla C, Koethe JR. Inflammation and Metabolic Complications in HIV. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2018; 15(5): 371-81.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11904-018-0411-2] [PMID: 30058057]
[39]
Castley A, Williams L, James I, Guelfi G, Berry C, Nolan D. Plasma CXCL10, sCD163 and sCD14 Levels Have Distinct Associations with Antiretroviral Treatment and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors. PLoS One 2016; 11(6) e0158169
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0158169] [PMID: 27355513]
[40]
Pirro M, Mannarino MR, Francisci D, et al. Urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio is associated with endothelial dysfunction in HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy. Sci Rep 2016; 6: 28741.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep28741] [PMID: 27353425]
[41]
Slim J, Saling CF. A Review of Management of Inflammation in the HIV Population. BioMed Res Int 2016; 2016 3420638
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3420638] [PMID: 27766258]
[42]
Maia-Leite LH, Catez E, Boyd A, et al. Aortic stiffness aging is influenced by past profound immunodeficiency in HIV-infected individuals: results from the EVAS-HIV (EValuation of Aortic Stiffness in HIV-infected individuals). J Hypertens 2016; 34(7): 1338-46.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000000957] [PMID: 27137177]
[43]
Stein JH, Hsue PY. Inflammation, immune activation, and CVD risk in individuals with HIV infection. JAMA 2012; 308(4): 405-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2012.8488] [PMID: 22820794]
[44]
Fahme SA, Bloomfield GS, Peck R. Hypertension in HIV-infected adults: Novel pathophysiologic mechanisms. hypertension 2018; 72(1): 44-55.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.118.10893] [PMID: 29776989]
[45]
Glyn MC, Van Rooyen JM, Schutte R, et al. A comparison of the association between glomerular filtration and L-arginine status in HIV-infected and uninfected African men: the SAfrEIC study. J Hum Hypertens 2013; 27(9): 557-63.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jhh.2013.14] [PMID: 23448845]
[46]
Ding Y, Lin H, Liu X, et al. Hypertension in HIV-infected adults compared with similar but uninfected adults in China: Body mass index-dependent effects of nadir CD4 count. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2017; 33(11): 1117-25.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/aid.2017.0008] [PMID: 28562067]
[47]
Morimoto HK, Simão AN, de Almeida ER, et al. Role of metabolic syndrome and antiretroviral therapy in adiponectin levels and oxidative stress in HIV-1 infected patients. Nutrition 2014; 30(11-12): 1324-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2014.03.017] [PMID: 25280407]
[48]
Hemkens LG, Bucher HC. HIV infection and cardiovascular disease. Eur Heart J 2014; 35(21): 1373-81.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/eht528] [PMID: 24408888]
[49]
Okeke NL, Davy T, Eron JJ, Napravnik S. Hypertension Among HIV-infected Patients in Clinical Care, 1996-2013. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 63(2): 242-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciw223] [PMID: 27090989]
[50]
Antonello VS, Antonello IC, Grossmann TK, Tovo CV, Pupo BB, Winckler LdeQ. Hypertension--an emerging cardiovascular risk factor in HIV infection. J Am Soc Hypertens 2015; 9(5): 403-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jash.2015.03.008] [PMID: 25979413]
[51]
Cheru LT, Saylor CF, Fitch KV, et al. Low vitamin D is associated with coronary atherosclerosis in women with HIV. Antivir Ther (Lond) 2019. [Epub ahead of print]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3851/IMP3336] [PMID: 31742564]
[52]
Quiros-Roldan E, Raffetti E, Castelli F, et al. Low-level viraemia, measured as viraemia copy-years, as a prognostic factor for medium-long-term all-cause mortality: a MASTER cohort study. J Antimicrob Chemother 2016; 71(12): 3519-27.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkw307] [PMID: 27543658]
[53]
Wang R, Haberlen SA, Palella FJ Jr, et al. Viremia copy-years and mortality among combination antiretroviral therapy-initiating HIV-positive individuals: how much viral load history is enough? AIDS 2018; 32(17): 2547-56.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000001986] [PMID: 30379686]
[54]
Mugavero MJ, Napravnik S, Cole SR, et al. Centers for AIDS Research Network of Integrated Clinical Systems (CNICS) Cohort Study. Viremia copy-years predicts mortality among treatment-naive HIV-infected patients initiating antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2011; 53(9): 927-35.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/cir526] [PMID: 21890751]
[55]
Wright ST, Hoy J, Mulhall B, et al. Determinants of viremia copy years in people with HIV/AIDS after initiation of antiretroviral therapy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2014; 66(1): 55-64.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000000125] [PMID: 24463783]
[56]
Sharpe JD, Zhou Z, Escobar-Viera CG, et al. Interest in using mobile technology to help self-manage alcohol use among persons living with the human immunodeficiency virus: A Florida Cohort cross-sectional study. Subst Abus 2018; 39(1): 77-82.
[PMID: 28723300]
[57]
Cook RL, Zhou Z, Kelso-Chichetto NE, et al. Alcohol consumption patterns and HIV viral suppression among persons receiving HIV care in Florida: an observational study. Addict Sci Clin Pract 2017; 12(1): 22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13722-017-0090-0] [PMID: 28950912]
[58]
Olson AD, Walker AS, Suthar AB, et al. CASCADE collaboration in EuroCoord. Limiting cumulative HIV Viremia copy-years by early treatment reduces risk of AIDS and death. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2016; 73(1): 100-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000001029] [PMID: 27116045]
[59]
Cole SR, Napravnik S, Mugavero MJ, Lau B, Eron JJ Jr, Saag MS. Copy-years viremia as a measure of cumulative human immunodeficiency virus viral burden. Am J Epidemiol 2010; 171(2): 198-205.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwp347] [PMID: 20007202]
[60]
Salinas JL, Rentsch C, Marconi VC, et al. Baseline, time-updated, and cumulative HIV care metrics for predicting acute myocardial infarction and all-cause mortality. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 63(11): 1423-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciw564] [PMID: 27539575]
[61]
Schrack JA, Jacobson LP, Althoff KN, et al. Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. Effect of HIV-infection and cumulative viral load on age-related decline in grip strength. AIDS 2016; 30(17): 2645-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000001245] [PMID: 27603294]
[62]
Kowalkowski MA, Day RS, Du XL, Chan W, Chiao EY. Cumulative HIV viremia and non-AIDS-defining malignancies among a sample of HIV-infected male veterans. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2014; 67(2): 204-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000000289] [PMID: 25078536]
[63]
Chirouze C, Journot V, Le Moing V, et al. ANRS CO 08 Aproco-Copilote Study Group. Viremia copy-years as a predictive marker of all-cause mortality in HIV-1-infected patients initiating a protease inhibitor-containing antiretroviral treatment. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2015; 68(2): 204-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000000416] [PMID: 25590273]
[64]
Jericó C, Knobel H, Montero M, et al. Hypertension in HIV-infected patients: prevalence and related factors. Am J Hypertens 2005; 18(11): 1396-401.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjhyper.2005.05.016] [PMID: 16280270]
[65]
Medina-Torne S, Ganesan A, Barahona I, Crum-Cianflone NF. Hypertension is common among HIV-infected persons, but not associated with HAART. J Int Assoc Physicians AIDS Care (Chic) 2012; 11(1): 20-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1545109711418361] [PMID: 21876213]
[66]
Arruda Junior ER, Lacerda HR, Moura LC, et al. Risk factors related to hypertension among patients in a cohort living with HIV/AIDS. Braz J Infect Dis 2010; 14(3): 281-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1413-8670(10)70057-X] [PMID: 20835513]
[67]
Rothman KJ. Induction and latent periods. Am J Epidemiol 1981; 114(2): 253-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113189] [PMID: 7304560]
[68]
Longenecker CT, Sullivan C, Baker JV. Immune activation and cardiovascular disease in chronic HIV infection. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2016; 11(2): 216-25.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/COH.0000000000000227] [PMID: 26599166]
[69]
Nordell AD, McKenna M, Borges ÁH, Duprez D, Neuhaus J, Neaton JD. INSIGHT SMART, ESPRIT Study Groups SILCAAT Scientific Committee. Severity of cardiovascular disease outcomes among patients with HIV is related to markers of inflammation and coagulation. J Am Heart Assoc 2014; 3(3) e000844
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.114.000844] [PMID: 24870935]
[70]
Chen X, Stanton B, Chen D, Li X. Intention to use condom, cusp modeling, and evaluation of an HIV prevention intervention trial. Nonlinear Dyn Psychol Life Sci 2013; 17(3): 385-403.
[PMID: 23735493]
[71]
Xu Y, Chen X. Protection motivation theory and cigarette smoking among vocational high school students in China: a cusp catastrophe modeling analysis. Glob Health Res Policy 2016; 1: 3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s41256-016-0004-9] [PMID: 29202053]
[72]
Yu B, Chen X, Stanton B, Chen DD, Xu Y, Wang Y. Quantum changes in self-efficacy and condom-use intention among youth: A chained cusp catastrophe model. J Adolesc 2018; 68: 187-97.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2018.07.020] [PMID: 30118949]
[73]
Wang W, Chen X, Li S, Yan H, Yu B, Xu Y. Cusp Catastrophe Modeling of Suicide Behaviors among People Living with HIV in China. Nonlinear Dyn Psychol Life Sci 2019; 23(4): 491-515.
[PMID: 31586499]
[74]
Chen X, Wang Y, Chen DG. Nonlinear dynamics of binge drinking among U.S. high school students in grade 12: Cusp catastrophe modeling of national survey data. Nonlinear Dyn Psychol Life Sci 2019; 23(4): 465-90.
[PMID: 31586498]
[75]
Dimala CA, Atashili J, Mbuagbaw JC, Wilfred A, Monekosso GL. A Comparison of the Diabetes Risk Score in HIV/AIDS Patients on Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) and HAART-Naïve Patients at the Limbe Regional Hospital, Cameroon. PLoS One 2016; 11(5) e0155560
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0155560] [PMID: 27195956]
[76]
Bernardino de la Serna JI, Zamora FX, Montes ML, García-Puig J, Arribas JR. [Hypertension, HIV infection, and highly active antiretroviral therapy]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2010; 28(1): 32-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eimc.2008.07.005] [PMID: 19409669]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
7
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy