Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Neuropharmacology

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1570-159X
ISSN (Online): 1875-6190

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Review Article

Current and Future Neuropharmacological Options for the Treatment of Essential Tremor

Author(s): Hortensia Alonso-Navarro, Elena García-Martín , José A.G. Agúndez and Félix J. Jiménez-Jiménez*

Volume 18, Issue 6, 2020

Page: [518 - 537] Pages: 20

DOI: 10.2174/1570159X18666200124145743

Price: $65

Abstract

Background: Essential Tremor (ET) is likely the most frequent movement disorder. In this review, we have summarized the current pharmacological options for the treatment of this disorder and discussed several future options derived from drugs tested in experimental models of ET or from neuropathological data.

Methods: A literature search was performed on the pharmacology of essential tremors using PubMed Database from 1966 to July 31, 2019.

Results: To date, the beta-blocker propranolol and the antiepileptic drug primidone are the drugs that have shown higher efficacy in the treatment of ET. Other drugs tested in ET patients have shown different degrees of efficacy or have not been useful.

Conclusion: Injections of botulinum toxin A could be useful in the treatment of some patients with ET refractory to pharmacotherapy. According to recent neurochemical data, drugs acting on the extrasynaptic GABAA receptors, the glutamatergic system or LINGO-1 could be interesting therapeutic options in the future.

Keywords: Essential tremor, neuropharmacology, beta-blockers, primidone, antiepileptic drugs, gap-junction blockers, experimental treatment.

« Previous Next »
Graphical Abstract

[1]
Jiménez-Jiménez, F.J.; Alonso-Navarro, H.; García-Martín, E.; Lorenzo-Betancor, O.; Pastor, P.; Agúndez, J.A. Update on genetics of essential tremor. Acta Neurol. Scand., 2013, 128(6), 359-371.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ane.12148] [PMID: 23682623]
[2]
Clark, L.N.; Louis, E.D. Essential tremor. Handb. Clin. Neurol., 2018, 147, 229-239.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-63233-3.00015-4] [PMID: 29325613]
[3]
Jiménez-Jiménez, F.J.; de Toledo-Heras, M.; Alonso-Navarro, H.; Ayuso-Peralta, L.; Arévalo-Serrano, J.; Ballesteros-Barranco, A.; Puertas, I.; Jabbour-Wadih, T.; Barcenilla, B. Environmental risk factors for essential tremor. Eur. Neurol., 2007, 58(2), 106-113.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000103646] [PMID: 17570916]
[4]
Jiménez-Jiménez, F.J.; Alonso-Navarro, H.; García-Martín, E.; Agúndez, J.A.G. An update on the neurochemistry of essential tremor. Curr. Med. Chem., 2020, 27(10), 1690-1710.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867325666181112094330] [PMID: 30417772]
[5]
Growdon, J.H.; Shahani, B.T.; Young, R.R. The effect of alcohol on essential tremor. Neurology, 1975, 25(3), 259-262.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.25.3.259] [PMID: 1167633]
[6]
Koller, W.C.; Biary, N. Effect of alcohol on tremors: comparison with propranolol. Neurology, 1984, 34(2), 221-222.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.34.2.221] [PMID: 6538013]
[7]
Zeuner, K.E.; Molloy, F.M.; Shoge, R.O.; Goldstein, S.R.; Wesley, R.; Hallett, M. Effect of ethanol on the central oscillator in essential tremor. Mov. Disord., 2003, 18(11), 1280-1285.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.10553] [PMID: 14639668]
[8]
Knudsen, K.; Lorenz, D.; Deuschl, G. A clinical test for the alcohol sensitivity of essential tremor. Mov. Disord., 2011, 26(12), 2291-2295.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.23846] [PMID: 22021159]
[9]
Lyons, K.E.; Pahwa, R.; Comella, C.L.; Eisa, M.S.; Elble, R.J.; Fahn, S.; Jankovic, J.; Juncos, J.L.; Koller, W.C.; Ondo, W.G.; Sethi, K.D.; Stern, M.B.; Tanner, C.M.; Tintner, R.; Watts, R.L. Benefits and risks of pharmacological treatments for essential tremor. Drug Saf., 2003, 26(7), 461-481.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00002018-200326070-00003] [PMID: 12735785]
[10]
Jimenez-Jimenez, F.J.; Puertas-Munoz, I.; de Toledo-Heras, M. Neuroquimica y neurofarmacologia del temblor esencial. Neuroquimica y neurofarmacologia de los trastornos del movimiento. In: Jiménez-Jiménez, F.J. Luquin-Piudo, M.R. (eds.). Neurología, 2013, 18(Suppl. 3), 37-45.
[11]
Alonso-Navarro, H.; Jimenez-Jimenez, F.J.; Garcia-Martin, E.; Agundez, J.A.G. Neurochemistry and Neuropharmacology of Essential Tremor.e-book). Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research - CNS and Neurological Disorders; Rhaman, A.U., Ed.; Bentham Science Publishers, 2013, Vol. 2, pp. 110-142.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9781608057757113020007]
[12]
Moher, D.; Liberati, A.; Tetzlaff, J.; Altman, D.G. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med., 2009, 6(7)e1000097
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097] [PMID: 19621072]
[13]
Ferreira, J.J.; Mestre, T.A.; Lyons, K.E.; Benito-León, J.; Tan, E.K.; Abbruzzese, G.; Hallett, M.; Haubenberger, D.; Elble, R.; Deuschl, G. MDS evidence-based review of treatments for essential tremor. Mov. Disord., 2019, 34(7), 950-958.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.27700] [PMID: 31046186]
[14]
Lang, A.E.; Lees, A. Introduction.Management of Parkinson’s disease: an evidence-based review In: Mov. Disord; Lang, A.R.; Lees, A., Eds.; 2002; 17, pp. (Suppl. 4)S1-S6
[15]
Granneman, J.G. The putative beta4-adrenergic receptor is a novel state of the beta1-adrenergic receptor. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab., 2001, 280(2), E199-E202.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.2001.280.2.E199] [PMID: 11158920]
[16]
Murray, T.J. Treatment of essential tremor with propranolol. Can. Med. Assoc. J., 1972, 107(10), 984-986.
[PMID: 5082025]
[17]
Winkler, G.F.; Young, R.R. The control of essential tremor by propranolol. Trans. Am. Neurol. Assoc., 1971, 96, 66-68.
[PMID: 4945929]
[18]
Pakkenberg, H. Propranolol in essential tremor. Lancet, 1972, 1, 633.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(72)90431-X]
[19]
Dupont, E.; Hansen, H.J.; Dalby, M.A. Treatment of benign essential tremor with propranolol. A controlled clinical trial. Acta Neurol. Scand., 1973, 49(1), 75-84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0404.1973.tb01280.x] [PMID: 4567748]
[20]
Winkler, G.F.; Young, R.R. Efficacy of chronic propranolol therapy in action tremors of the familial, senile or essential varieties. N. Engl. J. Med., 1974, 290(18), 984-988.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM197405022901802] [PMID: 4594525]
[21]
Tolosa, E.S.; Loewenson, R.B. Essential tremor: treatment with propranolol. Neurology, 1975, 25(11), 1041-1044.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.25.11.1041] [PMID: 1237822]
[22]
McAllister, R.G., Jr; Markesbery, W.R.; Ware, R.W.; Howell, S.M. Suppression of essential tremor by propranolol: correlation of effect with intensity of beta-adrenergic blockade. Trans. Am. Neurol. Assoc., 1976, 101, 267-269.
[PMID: 195382]
[23]
Teräväinen, H.; Fogelholm, R.; Larsen, A. Effect of propranolol on essential tremor. Neurology, 1976, 26(1), 27-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.26.1.27] [PMID: 1107883]
[24]
Murray, T.J. Long-term therapy of essential tremor with propranolol. Can. Med. Assoc. J., 1976, 115(9), 892-894.
[PMID: 791468]
[25]
McAllister, R.G., Jr; Markesbery, W.R.; Ware, R.W.; Howell, S.M. Suppression of essential tremor by propranolol: correlation of effect with drug plasma levels and intensity of beta-adrenergic blockade. Ann. Neurol., 1977, 1(2), 160-166.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ana.410010210] [PMID: 196540]
[26]
Teravainen, H.; Larsen, A.; Fogelholm, R. Comparison between the effects of pindolol and propranolol on essential tremor. Neurology, 1977, 27(5), 439-442.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.27.5.439] [PMID: 558548]
[27]
Jefferson, D.; Jenner, P.; Marsden, C.D. Relationship between plasma propranolol levels and the clinical suppression of essential tremor [proceedings]. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 1979, 7(4), 419P-420P.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.1979.tb00964.x] [PMID: 444370]
[28]
Jefferson, D.; Jenner, P.; Marsden, C.D. Relationship between plasma propranolol concentration and relief of essential tremor. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 1979, 42(9), 831-837.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.42.9.831] [PMID: 501384]
[29]
Sørensen, P.S.; Paulson, O.B.; Steiness, E.; Jansen, E.C. Essential tremor treated with propranolol: lack of correlation between clinical effect and plasma propranolol levels. Ann. Neurol., 1981, 9(1), 53-57.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ana.410090110] [PMID: 7212666]
[30]
Calzetti, S.; Findley, L.J.; Gresty, M.A.; Perucca, E.; Richens, A. Effect of a single oral dose of propranolol on essential tremor: a double-blind controlled study. Ann. Neurol., 1983, 13(2), 165-171.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ana.410130210] [PMID: 6338809]
[31]
Calzetti, S.; Findley, L.J.; Perucca, E.; Richens, A. The response of essential tremor to propranolol: evaluation of clinical variables governing its efficacy on prolonged administration. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 1983, 46(5), 393-398.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.46.5.393] [PMID: 6101174]
[32]
Koller, W.C.; Royse, V.L. Time course of a single oral dose of propranolol in essential tremor. Neurology, 1985, 35(10), 1494-1498.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.35.10.1494] [PMID: 4033931]
[33]
Koller, W.C. Dose-response relationship of propranolol in the treatment of essential tremor. Arch. Neurol., 1986, 43(1), 42-43.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archneur.1986.00520010038018] [PMID: 3942513]
[34]
Calzetti, S.; Sasso, E.; Baratti, M.; Fava, R. Clinical and computer-based assessment of long-term therapeutic efficacy of propranolol in essential tremor. Acta Neurol. Scand., 1990, 81(5), 392-396.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0404.1990.tb00982.x] [PMID: 2375239]
[35]
Koller, W.C. Long-acting propranolol in essential tremor. Neurology, 1985, 35(1), 108-110.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.35.1.108] [PMID: 3965982]
[36]
Cleeves, L.; Findley, L.J. Propranolol and propranolol-LA in essential tremor: a double blind comparative study. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 1988, 51(3), 379-384.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.51.3.379] [PMID: 3283296]
[37]
Troiano, A.R.; Teive, H.A.; Fabiani, G.B.; Zavala, J.A.; Sá, D.S.; Germiniani, F.M.; Camargo, C.H.; Werneck, L.C. Uso do propranolol de ação prolongada em 40 pacientes com tremor essencial e virgens de tratamento: um ensaio clínico não controlado. Arq. Neuropsiquiatr., 2004, 62(1), 86-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0004-282X2004000100015] [PMID: 15122439]
[38]
Koller, W.C. Propranolol therapy for essential tremor of the head. Neurology, 1984, 34(8), 1077-1079.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.34.8.1077] [PMID: 6379505]
[39]
Calzetti, S.; Sasso, E.; Negrotti, A.; Baratti, M.; Fava, R. Effect of propranolol in head tremor: quantitative study following single-dose and sustained drug administration. Clin. Neuropharmacol., 1992, 15(6), 470-476.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002826-199212000-00004] [PMID: 1477848]
[40]
Paparella, G.; Ferrazzano, G.; Cannavacciuolo, A.; Cogliati Dezza, F.; Fabbrini, G.; Bologna, M.; Berardelli, A. Differential effects of propranolol on head and upper limb tremor in patients with essential tremor and dystonia. J. Neurol., 2018, 265(11), 2695-2703.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00415-018-9052-z] [PMID: 30209649]
[41]
Alonso-Navarro, H.; Rubio, Ll.; Benito-Leon, J.; Vazquez Rodriguez, A.; Jimenez-Jimenez, F.J. Temblor esencial .Tratado de los Trastornos del Movimiento. 2nd Edition. Barcelona, Viguera Editores S.L, 2008; pp. 829-882;
[42]
Song, I.U.; Ha, S.W.; Yang, Y.S.; Chung, Y.A. Differences in Regional Glucose Metabolism of the Brain Measured with F-18-FDG-PET in Patients with Essential Tremor According to Their Response to Beta-Blockers. Korean J. Radiol., 2015, 16(5), 967-972.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3348/kjr.2015.16.5.967] [PMID: 26357492]
[43]
Zesiewicz, T.A.; Elble, R.J.; Louis, E.D.; Gronseth, G.S.; Ondo, W.G.; Dewey, R.B., Jr; Okun, M.S.; Sullivan, K.L.; Weiner, W.J. Evidence-based guideline update: treatment of essential tremor: report of the Quality Standards subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology, 2011, 77(19), 1752-1755.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e318236f0fd] [PMID: 22013182]
[44]
Zappia, M.; Albanese, A.; Bruno, E.; Colosimo, C.; Filippini, G.; Martinelli, P.; Nicoletti, A.; Quattrocchi, G.; Abbruzzese, G.; Berardelli, A.; Allegra, R.; Aniello, M.S.; Elia, A.E.; Martino, D.; Murgia, D.; Picillo, M.; Squintani, G. Treatment of essential tremor: a systematic review of evidence and recommendations from the Italian Movement Disorders Association. J. Neurol., 2013, 260(3), 714-740.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00415-012-6628-x] [PMID: 22886006]
[45]
Britt, C.W., Jr; Peters, B.H. Metoprolol for essential tremor. N. Engl. J. Med., 1979, 301(6), 331.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM197908093010617] [PMID: 450027]
[46]
Ljung, O. Metoprolol in essential tremor. Lancet, 1980, 1(8176), 1032.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(80)91474-9] [PMID: 6103362]
[47]
Riley, T.; Pleet, A.B. Metoprolol tartrate for essential tremor. N. Engl. J. Med., 1979, 301(12), 663.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM197909203011215] [PMID: 471008]
[48]
Newman, R.P.; Jacobs, L. Metoprolol in essential tremor. Arch. Neurol., 1980, 37(9), 596-597.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archneur.1980.00500580092022] [PMID: 7417066]
[49]
Calzetti, S.; Findley, L.J.; Perucca, E.; Richens, A. Controlled study of metoprolol and propranolol during prolonged administration in patients with essential tremor. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 1982, 45(10), 893-897.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.45.10.893] [PMID: 6815306]
[50]
Calzetti, S.; Findley, L.J.; Gresty, M.A.; Perucca, E.; Richens, A. Metoprolol and propranolol in essential tremor: a double-blind, controlled study. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 1981, 44(9), 814-819.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.44.9.814] [PMID: 7031187]
[51]
Larsen, T.A.; Teräväinen, H. Beta 1 versus nonselective blockade in therapy of essential tremor. Adv. Neurol., 1983, 37, 247-251.
[PMID: 6344590]
[52]
Leigh, P.N.; Jefferson, D.; Twomey, A.; Marsden, C.D. Beta-adrenoreceptor mechanisms in essential tremor; a double-blind placebo controlled trial of metoprolol, sotalol and atenolol. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 1983, 46(8), 710-715.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.46.8.710] [PMID: 6310053]
[53]
Koller, W.C.; Biary, N. Metoprolol compared with propranolol in the treatment of essential tremor. Arch. Neurol., 1984, 41(2), 171-172.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archneur.1984.04050140069026] [PMID: 6691818]
[54]
Gengo, F.M.; Ulatowski, J.A.; McHugh, W.B. Metoprolol and alpha-hydroxymetoprolol concentrations and reduction in essential tremor. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 1984, 36(3), 320-325.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/clpt.1984.182] [PMID: 6467791]
[55]
Dietrichson, P.; Espen, E. Effects of timolol and atenolol on benign essential tremor: placebo-controlled studies based on quantitative tremor recording. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 1981, 44(8), 677-683.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.44.8.677] [PMID: 7028921]
[56]
Larsen, T.A.; Teräväinen, H.; Calne, D.B. Atenolol vs. propranolol in essential tremor. A controlled, quantitative study. Acta Neurol. Scand., 1982, 66(5), 547-554.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0404.1982.tb03141.x] [PMID: 7148397]
[57]
Koller, W.C. Alcoholism in essential tremor. Neurology, 1983, 33(8), 1074-1076.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.33.8.1074] [PMID: 6683807]
[58]
Ogawa, N.; Takayama, H.; Yamamoto, M. Comparative studies on the effects of beta-adrenergic blockers in essential tremor. J. Neurol., 1987, 235(1), 31-33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00314194] [PMID: 2892895]
[59]
Lee, K.S.; Kim, J.S.; Kim, J.W.; Lee, W.Y.; Jeon, B.S.; Kim, D. A multicenter randomized crossover multiple-dose comparison study of arotinolol and propranolol in essential tremor. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord., 2003, 9(6), 341-347.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1353-8020(03)00029-4] [PMID: 12853233]
[60]
Kuroda, Y.; Kakigi, R.; Shibasaki, H. Treatment of essential tremor with arotinolol. Neurology, 1988, 38(4), 650-652.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.38.4.650] [PMID: 2451192]
[61]
Yoshii, F.; Shinohara, Y.; Takeoka, T.; Kitagawa, Y.; Akiyama, K.; Yazaki, K. Treatment of essential and parkinsonian tremor with nipradilol. Intern. Med., 1996, 35(11), 861-865.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.35.861] [PMID: 8968797]
[62]
Koller, W.; Orebaugh, C.; Lawson, L.; Potempa, K. Pindolol-induced tremor. Clin. Neuropharmacol., 1987, 10(5), 449-452.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002826-198710000-00007] [PMID: 3332615]
[63]
Elble, R.J. Beta-blockers in movement disorders.The encyclopedia of movement disorders Elsevier Ltd.: Oxford.; UK, 2010; 1, pp. 135-136.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-374105-9.00307-5]
[64]
Louis, E.D.; Hernandez, N.; Dyke, J.P.; Ma, R.; Dydak, U. Effect of primidone on dentate nucleus γ-aminobutyric acid concentration in patients with essential tremor. Clin. Neuropharmacol., 2016, 39(1), 24-28.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/WNF.0000000000000127] [PMID: 26757316]
[65]
O’Brien, M.D.; Upton, A.R.; Toseland, P.A. Benign familial tremor treated with primidone. Br. Med. J. (Clin. Res. Ed.), 1981, 282(6259), 178-180.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.282.6259.178] [PMID: 6779938]
[66]
Chakrabarti, A.; Pearce, J.M. Essential tremor: response to primidone. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 1981, 44(7), 650.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.44.7.650] [PMID: 7288456]
[67]
Findley, L.J.; Calzetti, S. Double-blind controlled study of primidone in essential tremor: preliminary results. Br. Med. J. (Clin. Res. Ed.), 1982, 285(6342), 608.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.285.6342.608] [PMID: 6819034]
[68]
Findley, L.J.; Cleeves, L.; Calzetti, S. Primidone in essential tremor of the hands and head: a double blind controlled clinical study. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 1985, 48(9), 911-915.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.48.9.911] [PMID: 3900296]
[69]
Koller, W.C.; Royse, V.L. Efficacy of primidone in essential tremor. Neurology, 1986, 36(1), 121-124.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.36.1.121] [PMID: 3941767]
[70]
Seyfert, S.; Honé, A.; Holl, G. Primidone and essential tremor. J. Neurol., 1988, 235(3), 168-170.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00314310] [PMID: 3367165]
[71]
Gorman, W.P.; Cooper, R.; Pocock, P.; Campbell, M.J. A comparison of primidone, propranolol, and placebo in essential tremor, using quantitative analysis. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 1986, 49(1), 64-68.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.49.1.64] [PMID: 3514797]
[72]
Dietrichson, P.; Espen, E. Primidone and propranolol in essential tremor: a study based on quantitative tremor recording and plasma anticonvulsant levels. Acta Neurol. Scand., 1987, 75(5), 332-340.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0404.1987.tb05455.x] [PMID: 2887081]
[73]
Koller, W.C.; Vetere-Overfield, B. Acute and chronic effects of propranolol and primidone in essential tremor. Neurology, 1989, 39(12), 1587-1588.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.39.12.1587] [PMID: 2586774]
[74]
Nida, A.; Alston, J.; Schweinfurth, J. Primidone therapy for essential vocal tremor. JAMA Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg., 2016, 142(2), 117-121.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamaoto.2015.2849] [PMID: 26660910]
[75]
Sasso, E.; Perucca, E.; Fava, R.; Calzetti, S. Primidone in the long-term treatment of essential tremor: a prospective study with computerized quantitative analysis. Clin. Neuropharmacol., 1990, 13(1), 67-76.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002826-199002000-00007] [PMID: 2306749]
[76]
Sasso, E.; Perucca, E.; Negrotti, A.; Calzetti, S. Acute tolerance to the tremorolytic effect of primidone. Neurology, 1991, 41(4), 602-603.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.41.4.602] [PMID: 2011265]
[77]
Sasso, E.; Perucca, E.; Calzetti, S. Double-blind comparison of primidone and phenobarbital in essential tremor. Neurology, 1988, 38(5), 808-810.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.38.5.808] [PMID: 3283599]
[78]
Sasso, E.; Perucca, E.; Fava, R.; Calzetti, S. Quantitative comparison of barbiturates in essential hand and head tremor. Mov. Disord., 1991, 6(1), 65-68.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.870060112] [PMID: 2005924]
[79]
Calzetti, S.; Findley, L.J.; Pisani, F.; Richens, A. Phenylethylmalonamide in essential tremor. A double-blind controlled study. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 1981, 44(10), 932-934.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.44.10.932] [PMID: 7031184]
[80]
Baruzzi, A.; Procaccianti, G.; Martinelli, P.; Riva, R.; Denoth, F.; Montanaro, N.; Lugaresi, E. Phenobarbital and propranolol in essential tremor: a double-blind controlled clinical trial. Neurology, 1983, 33(3), 296-300.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.33.3.296] [PMID: 6338416]
[81]
Findley, L.J.; Cleeves, L. Phenobarbitone in essential tremor. Neurology, 1985, 35(12), 1784-1787.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.35.12.1784] [PMID: 3906431]
[82]
Serrano-Dueñas, M. Use of primidone in low doses (250 mg/day) versus high doses (750 mg/day) in the management of essential tremor. Double-blind comparative study with one-year follow-up. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord., 2003, 10(1), 29-33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1353-8020(03)00070-1] [PMID: 14499204]
[83]
O’Suilleabhain, P.; Dewey, R.B., Jr Randomized trial comparing primidone initiation schedules for treating essential tremor. Mov. Disord., 2002, 17(2), 382-386.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.10083] [PMID: 11921128]
[84]
Alonso-Navarro, H.; Martínez, C.; García-Martín, E.; Benito-León, J.; García-Ferrer, I.; Vázquez-Torres, P.; Puertas, I.; López-Alburquerque, T.; Agúndez, J.A.; Jiménez-Jiménez, F.J. CYP2C19 polymorphysm and risk for essential tremor. Eur. Neurol., 2006, 56, 119-123.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000095702] [PMID: 16960452]
[85]
Martínez, C.; García-Martín, E.; Alonso-Navarro, H.; Jiménez-Jiménez, F.J.; Benito-León, J.; García-Ferrer, I.; Vázquez-Torres, P.; Puertas, I.; Zurdo, J.M.; López-Alburquerque, T.; Agúndez, J.A. Changes at the CYP2C locus and disruption of CYP2C8/9 linkage disequilibrium in patients with essential tremor. Neuromolecular Med., 2007, 9(2), 195-204.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02685892] [PMID: 17627038]
[86]
Melmed, C.; Moros, D.; Rutman, H. Treatment of essential tremor with the barbiturate T2000 (1,3-dimethoxymethyl-5,5-diphenyl-barbituric acid). Mov. Disord., 2007, 22(5), 723-727.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.21321] [PMID: 17265458]
[87]
Hadj Tahar, A.; Chuang, R.; Steeves, T.; Jog, M.; Lang, A.; Grimes, D. Efficacy and safety of T2000 in older patients with essential tremor. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord., 2013, 19(4), 485-486.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2012.11.014] [PMID: 23254160]
[88]
Gironell, A.; Kulisevsky, J.; Barbanoj, M.; López-Villegas, D.; Hernández, G.; Pascual-Sedano, B. A randomized placebo-controlled comparative trial of gabapentin and propranolol in essential tremor. Arch. Neurol., 1999, 56(4), 475-480.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archneur.56.4.475] [PMID: 10199338]
[89]
López del Val, L.J.; Santos, S. Gabapentina en el tratamiento del temblor. Rev. Neurol., 2003, 36(4), 322-326.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.33588/rn.3604.2002313] [PMID: 12599126]
[90]
Ondo, W.; Hunter, C.; Vuong, K.D.; Schwartz, K.; Jankovic, J. Gabapentin for essential tremor: a multiple-dose, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Mov. Disord., 2000, 15(4), 678-682.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1531-8257(200007)15:4<678:AID-MDS1012>3.0.CO;2-0] [PMID: 10928578]
[91]
Pahwa, R.; Lyons, K.; Hubble, J.P.; Busenbark, K.; Rienerth, J.D.; Pahwa, A.; Koller, W.C. Double-blind controlled trial of gabapentin in essential tremor. Mov. Disord., 1998, 13(3), 465-467.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.870130315] [PMID: 9613738]
[92]
Padilla, F.; Berthier, M.L.; Campos-Arillo, V.M. Temblor esencial de la voz y tratamiento con gabapentina. Rev. Neurol., 2000, 31(8), 798.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.33588/rn.3108.2000111] [PMID: 11082893]
[93]
Gironell, A.; Martínez-Corral, M.; Pagonabarraga, X.; Kulisevsky, J. Tiagabine for essential tremor: an open-label trial. Mov. Disord., 2008, 23(13), 1955-1956.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.22094] [PMID: 18759354]
[94]
Gálvez-Jiménez, N.; Hargreave, M. Topiramate and essential tremor. Ann. Neurol., 2000, 47(6), 837-838.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1531-8249(200006)47:6<837:AID-ANA24>3.0.CO;2-2] [PMID: 10852557]
[95]
Gatto, E.M.; Roca, M.C.; Raina, G.; Micheli, F. Low doses of topiramate are effective in essential tremor: a report of three cases. Clin. Neuropharmacol., 2003, 26(6), 294-296.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002826-200311000-00006] [PMID: 14646607]
[96]
Connor, G.S. A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of topiramate treatment for essential tremor. Neurology, 2002, 59(1), 132-134.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.59.1.132] [PMID: 12105323]
[97]
Ondo, W.G.; Jankovic, J.; Connor, G.S.; Pahwa, R.; Elble, R.; Stacy, M.A.; Koller, W.C.; Schwarzman, L.; Wu, S.C.; Hulihan, J.F. Topiramate in essential tremor: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Neurology, 2006, 66(5), 672-677.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000200779.03748.0f] [PMID: 16436648]
[98]
Connor, G.S.; Edwards, K.; Tarsy, D. Topiramate in essential tremor: findings from double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trials. Clin. Neuropharmacol., 2008, 31(2), 97-103.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/WNF.0b013e3180d09969] [PMID: 18382182]
[99]
Frima, N.; Grünewald, R.A. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of topiramate in essential tremor. Clin. Neuropharmacol., 2006, 29(2), 94-96.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002826-200603000-00007] [PMID: 16614542]
[100]
Zalialova, Z.A.; Latypova, G.R. [Topiramate in the treatment of essential tremor]. Zh. Nevrol. Psikhiatr. Im. S. S. Korsakova, 2008, 108(11), 39-42.
[PMID: 19008799]
[101]
Chang, K.H.; Wang, S.H.; Chi, C.C. Efficacy and safety of topiramate for essential tremor: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Medicine (Baltimore), 2015, 94(43)e1809
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000001809] [PMID: 26512577]
[102]
Bruno, E.; Nicoletti, A.; Quattrocchi, G.; Allegra, R.; Filippini, G.; Colosimo, C.; Zappia, M. Topiramate for essential tremor. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 2017, 4CD009683.,
[PMID: 28409827]
[103]
Zesiewicz, T.A.; Tullidge, A.; Tidwell, J.; Sullivan, K.L.; Hauser, R.A. Topiramate-induced psychosis in patients with essential tremor: report of 2 cases. Clin. Neuropharmacol., 2006, 29(3), 168-169.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.WNF.0000220823.80640.44] [PMID: 16772820]
[104]
Alonso-Navarro, H.; Jiménez-Jiménez, F.J. Reversible tremor, myoclonus, and fasciculations associated with topiramate use for migraine. Clin. Neuropharmacol., 2006, 29(3), 157-159.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.WNF.0000220825.65393.93] [PMID: 16772816]
[105]
Handforth, A.; Martin, F.C. Pilot efficacy and tolerability: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of levetiracetam for essential tremor. Mov. Disord., 2004, 19(10), 1215-1221.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.20147] [PMID: 15390011]
[106]
Bushara, K.O.; Malik, T.; Exconde, R.E. The effect of levetiracetam on essential tremor. Neurology, 2005, 64(6), 1078-1080.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.WNL.0000154596.21335.2E] [PMID: 15781835]
[107]
Ondo, W.G.; Jiménez, J.E.; Vuong, K.D.; Jankovic, J. An open-label pilot study of levetiracetam for essential tremor. Clin. Neuropharmacol., 2004, 27(6), 274-277.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002826-200411000-00004] [PMID: 15613931]
[108]
Sullivan, K.L.; Hauser, R.A.; Zesiewicz, T.A. Levetiracetam for the treatment of essential tremor. Mov. Disord., 2005, 20(5), 640.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.20437] [PMID: 15756652]
[109]
Sanz-Cartagena, P.; Fossas, P.; Floriach-Robert, M.; Serra-Prat, M.; Cano, A.; Palomeras, E. Eficacia y tolerabilidad del levetiracetam en pacientes con temblor esencial: datos de un ensayo abierto de 11 semanas de seguimiento. Rev. Neurol., 2007, 45(3), 134-136.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.33588/rn.4503.2006227] [PMID: 17661270]
[110]
Elble, R.J.; Lyons, K.E.; Pahwa, R. Levetiracetam is not effective for essential tremor. Clin. Neuropharmacol., 2007, 30(6), 350-356.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/WNF.0b013E31807A32C6] [PMID: 18090460]
[111]
Handforth, A.; Homanics, G.E.; Covey, D.F.; Krishnan, K.; Lee, J.Y.; Sakimura, K.; Martin, F.C.; Quesada, A. T-type calcium channel antagonists suppress tremor in two mouse models of essential tremor. Neuropharmacology, 2010, 59(6), 380-387.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2010.05.012] [PMID: 20547167]
[112]
Morita, S.; Miwa, H.; Kondo, T. Effect of zonisamide on essential tremor: a pilot crossover study in comparison with arotinolol. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord., 2005, 11(2), 101-103.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2004.09.004] [PMID: 15734668]
[113]
Bermejo, P.E. Zonisamide in patients with essential tremor and Parkinson’s disease. Mov. Disord., 2007, 22(14), 2137-2138.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.21717] [PMID: 17853481]
[114]
Bermejo, P.E.; Ruiz-Huete, C.; Dorado, R.; Anciones, B. Zonisamida en el temblor esencial refractario. Rev. Neurol., 2008, 46(3), 139-142.
[PMID: 18297619]
[115]
Handforth, A.; Martin, F.C.; Kang, G.A.; Vanek, Z. Zonisamide for essential tremor: an evaluator-blinded study. Mov. Disord., 2009, 24(3), 437-440.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.22418] [PMID: 19117357]
[116]
Zesiewicz, T.A.; Ward, C.L.; Hauser, R.A.; Sanchez-Ramos, J.; Staffetti, J.F.; Sullivan, K.L. A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of zonisamide (zonegran) in the treatment of essential tremor. Mov. Disord., 2007, 22(2), 279-282.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.21282] [PMID: 17149715]
[117]
Ondo, W.G. Zonisamide for essential tremor. Clin. Neuropharmacol., 2007, 30(6), 345-349.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/WNF.0b013e318074dd4f] [PMID: 18090459]
[118]
Song, I.U.; Kim, J.S.; Lee, S.B.; Ryu, S.Y.; An, J.Y.; Kim, H.T.; Kim, Y.I.; Lee, K.S. Effects of zonisamide on isolated head tremor. Eur. J. Neurol., 2008, 15(11), 1212-1215.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1331.2008.02296.x] [PMID: 18754763]
[119]
Sullivan, K.L.; Ward, C.L.; Zesiewicz, T.A. Zonisamide-induced mania in an essential tremor patient. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol., 2006, 26(4), 439-440.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.jcp.0000227350.44664.50] [PMID: 16855471]
[120]
Bruno, E.; Nicoletti, A.; Filippini, G.; Quattrocchi, G.; Colosimo, C.; Zappia, M. Zonisamide for essential tremor. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 2017, 8CD009684,
[PMID: 28836659]
[121]
Zesiewicz, T.A.; Ward, C.L.; Hauser, R.A.; Pease Campbell, J.A.; Sullivan, K.L. Pregabalin (Lyrica) in the treatment of essential tremor. Mov. Disord., 2007, 22(1), 139-141.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.21211] [PMID: 17089400]
[122]
Zesiewicz, T.A.; Ward, C.L.; Hauser, R.A.; Salemi, J.L.; Siraj, S.; Wilson, M.C.; Sullivan, K.L. A pilot, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of pregabalin (Lyrica) in the treatment of essential tremor. Mov. Disord., 2007, 22(11), 1660-1663.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.21629] [PMID: 17580330]
[123]
Ferrara, J.M.; Kenney, C.; Davidson, A.L.; Shinawi, L.; Kissel, A.M.; Jankovic, J. Efficacy and tolerability of pregabalin in essential tremor: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. J. Neurol. Sci., 2009, 285(1-2), 195-197.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2009.06.044] [PMID: 19631949]
[124]
Zesiewicz, T.A.; Sullivan, K.L.; Hinson, V.; Stover, N.P.; Fang, J.; Jahan, I.; Miller, A.; Carranza, M.A.; Elble, R. Multisite, double-blind, randomized, controlled study of pregabalin for essential tremor. Mov. Disord., 2013, 28(2), 249-250.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.25264] [PMID: 23238907]
[125]
Stöhr, T.; Lekieffre, D.; Freitag, J. Lacosamide, the new anticonvulsant, effectively reduces harmaline-induced tremors in rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 2008, 589(1-3), 114-116.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.06.038] [PMID: 18585381]
[126]
Gironell, A.; Pagonabarraga, J.; Pascual-Sedano, B.; Kulisevsky, J. Lacosamide, another therapeutic failure in essential tremor: an open-label trial. Mov. Disord., 2011, 26(1), 183-184.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.23296] [PMID: 20925072]
[127]
Gironell, A.; Marin-Lahoz, J. Ethosuximide for essential tremor: An open-label trial. Tremor Other Hyperkinet. Mov. (N. Y.), 2016, 6, 378.
[PMID: 27625899]
[128]
Gironell, A.; Pascual-Sedano, B.; Marín-Lahoz, J. Perampanel, a new hope for Essential tremor: An open label trial. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord., 2019, 60, 171-172.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2018.10.010] [PMID: 30318448]
[129]
Raj, V.; Landess, J.S.; Martin, P.R. Oxcarbazepine use in essential tremor. Ann. Pharmacother., 2006, 40(10), 1876-1879.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1345/aph.1H131] [PMID: 16968828]
[130]
Elble, R.J.; Biondi, D.M.; Ascher, S.; Wiegand, F.; Hulihan, J. Carisbamate in essential tremor: brief report of a proof of concept study. Mov. Disord., 2010, 25(5), 634-638.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.22872] [PMID: 20201005]
[131]
Topaktas, S.; Onur, R.; Dalkara, T. Calcium channel blockers and essential tremor. Eur. Neurol., 1987, 27(2), 114-119.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000116142] [PMID: 3622581]
[132]
Biary, N.; al Deeb, S.M.; Langenberg, P. The effect of flunarizine on essential tremor. Neurology, 1991, 41(2 ( Pt 1)), 311-312.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.41.2_Part_1.311] [PMID: 1992381]
[133]
Giménez-Roldán, S.; Mateo, D. Cinnarizine-induced parkinsonism. Susceptibility related to aging and essential tremor. Clin. Neuropharmacol., 1991, 14(2), 156-164.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002826-199104000-00005] [PMID: 2015612]
[134]
García-Ruiz, P.J.; García de Yébenes, J.; Jiménez-Jiménez, F.J.; Vázquez, A.; García Urra, D.; Morales, B. Parkinsonism associated with calcium channel blockers: a prospective follow-up study. Clin. Neuropharmacol., 1992, 15(1), 19-26.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002826-199202000-00003] [PMID: 1349506]
[135]
Jiménez-Jiménez, F.J.; García-Ruiz, P.J. Flunarizine and essential tremor. Neurology, 1993, 43(1), 239.
[PMID: 8481198]
[136]
Biary, N.; al Deeb, S.M.; Bahou, Y. Long-term therapy of essential tremor with flunarizine. Eur. Neurol., 1995, 35(4), 217-219.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000117131] [PMID: 7671982]
[137]
Curran, T.; Lang, A.E. Flunarizine in essential tremor. Clin. Neuropharmacol., 1993, 16(5), 460-463.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002826-199310000-00011] [PMID: 8221708]
[138]
García Ruiz, P.J.; García de Yébenes Prous, J.; Jiménez Jiménez, J. Effect of nicardipine on essential tremor: brief report. Clin. Neuropharmacol., 1993, 16(5), 456-459.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002826-199310000-00010] [PMID: 8221707]
[139]
Jiménez-Jiménez, F.J.; García-Ruiz, P.J.; Cabrera-Valdivia, F. Nicardipine versus propranolol in essential tumor. Acta Neurol. (Napoli), 1994, 16(4), 184-188.
[PMID: 7856472]
[140]
Biary, N.; Bahou, Y.; Sofi, M.A.; Thomas, W.; al Deeb, S.M. The effect of nimodipine on essential tremor. Neurology, 1995, 45(8), 1523-1525.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.45.8.1523] [PMID: 7644052]
[141]
Quesada, A.; Bui, P.H.; Homanics, G.E.; Hankinson, O.; Handforth, A. Comparison of mibefradil and derivative NNC 55-0396 effects on behavior, cytochrome P450 activity, and tremor in mouse models of essential tremor. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 2011, 659(1), 30-36.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.01.004] [PMID: 21256842]
[142]
Papapetropoulos, S.; Lee, M.S.; Boyer, S.; Newbold, E.J. A phase 2, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of CX-8998, a selective modulator of the T-Type calcium channel in inadequately treated moderate to severe essential tremor: T-CALM study design and methodology for efficacy endpoint and digital biomarker selection. Front. Neurol., 2019, 10, 597.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2019.00597] [PMID: 31244760]
[143]
Huber, S.J.; Paulson, G.W. Efficacy of alprazolam for essential tremor. Neurology, 1988, 38(2), 241-243.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.38.2.241] [PMID: 3340287]
[144]
Gunal, D.I.; Afşar, N.; Bekiroglu, N.; Aktan, S. New alternative agents in essential tremor therapy: double-blind placebo-controlled study of alprazolam and acetazolamide. Neurol. Sci., 2000, 21(5), 315-317.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100720070069] [PMID: 11286044]
[145]
Ibáñez, J.; González de la Aleja, J.; Gallego, J.A.; Romero, J.P.; Saíz-Díaz, R.A.; Benito-León, J.; Rocon, E. Effects of alprazolam on cortical activity and tremors in patients with essential tremor. PLoS One, 2014, 9(3)e93159
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0093159] [PMID: 24667763]
[146]
Bruno, E.; Nicoletti, A.; Quattrocchi, G.; Filippini, G.; Zappia, M.; Colosimo, C. Alprazolam for essential tremor. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 2015, (12)CD009681
[PMID: 26638213]
[147]
Biary, N.; Koller, W. Kinetic predominant essential tremor: successful treatment with clonazepam. Neurology, 1987, 37(3), 471-474.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.37.3.471] [PMID: 3822141]
[148]
Thompson, C.; Lang, A.; Parkes, J.D.; Marsden, C.D. A double-blind trial of clonazepam in benign essential tremor. Clin. Neuropharmacol., 1984, 7(1), 83-88.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002826-198403000-00004] [PMID: 6367975]
[149]
Martin, F.C.; Handforth, A. Carbenoxolone and mefloquine suppress tremor in the harmaline mouse model of essential tremor. Mov. Disord., 2006, 21(10), 1641-1649.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.20940] [PMID: 16773639]
[150]
Nahab, F.B.; Handforth, A.; Brown, T.; Shin, C.; Quesada, A.; Dong, C.; Haubenberger, D.; Hallett, M. Octanoic acid suppresses harmaline-induced tremor in mouse model of essential tremor. Neurotherapeutics, 2012, 9(3), 635-638.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13311-012-0121-1] [PMID: 22454323]
[151]
Shill, H.A.; Bushara, K.O.; Mari, Z.; Reich, M.; Hallett, M. Open-label dose-escalation study of oral 1-octanol in patients with essential tremor. Neurology, 2004, 62(12), 2320-2322.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.62.12.2320] [PMID: 15210907]
[152]
Bushara, K.O.; Goldstein, S.R.; Grimes, G.J., Jr; Burstein, A.H.; Hallett, M. Pilot trial of 1-octanol in essential tremor. Neurology, 2004, 62(1), 122-124.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.WNL.0000101722.95137.19] [PMID: 14718713]
[153]
Voller, B.; Lines, E.; McCrossin, G.; Tinaz, S.; Lungu, C.; Grimes, G.; Starling, J.; Potti, G.; Buchwald, P.; Haubenberger, D.; Hallett, M. Dose-escalation study of octanoic acid in patients with essential tremor. J. Clin. Invest., 2016, 126(4), 1451-1457.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI83621] [PMID: 26927672]
[154]
Haubenberger, D.; McCrossin, G.; Lungu, C.; Considine, E.; Toro, C.; Nahab, F.B.; Auh, S.; Buchwald, P.; Grimes, G.J.; Starling, J.; Potti, G.; Scheider, L.; Kalowitz, D.; Bowen, D.; Carnie, A.; Hallett, M. Octanoic acid in alcohol-responsive essential tremor: a randomized controlled study. Neurology, 2013, 80(10), 933-940.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182840c4f] [PMID: 23408867]
[155]
Lowell, S.Y.; Kelley, R.T.; Monahan, M.; Hosbach-Cannon, C.J.; Colton, R.H.; Mihaila, D. The effect of octanoic acid on essential voice tremor: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Laryngoscope, 2019, 129(8), 1882-1890.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lary.27695] [PMID: 30585335]
[156]
Yetimalar, Y.; Irtman, G.; Gürgör, N.; Başoğlu, M. Olanzapine efficacy in the treatment of essential tremor. Eur. J. Neurol., 2003, 10(1), 79-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-1331.2003.00534.x] [PMID: 12534999]
[157]
Yetimalar, Y.; Irtman, G.; Kurt, T.; Başoğlu, M. Olanzapine versus propranolol in essential tremor. Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg., 2005, 108(1), 32-35.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clineuro.2005.01.002] [PMID: 16311142]
[158]
Jiménez-Jiménez, F.J.; Tallón-Barranco, A.; Ortí-Pareja, M.; Zurdo, M.; Porta, J.; Molina, J.A. Olanzapine can worsen parkinsonism. Neurology, 1998, 50(4), 1183-1184.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.50.4.1183-a] [PMID: 9566425]
[159]
Pakkenberg, H.; Pakkenberg, B. Clozapine in the treatment of tremor. Acta Neurol. Scand., 1986, 73(3), 295-297.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0404.1986.tb03279.x] [PMID: 3521185]
[160]
McCarthy, R.H. Clozapine reduces essential tremor independent of its antipsychotic effect: a case report. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol., 1994, 14(3), 212-213.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004714-199406000-00015] [PMID: 8027423]
[161]
Ceravolo, R.; Salvetti, S.; Piccini, P.; Lucetti, C.; Gambaccini, G.; Bonuccelli, U. Acute and chronic effects of clozapine in essential tremor. Mov. Disord., 1999, 14(3), 468-472.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1531-8257(199905)14:3<468:AID-MDS1013>3.0.CO;2-M] [PMID: 10348471]
[162]
Micheli, F.; Cersósimo, M.G.; Raina, G.; Gatto, E. Quetiapine and essential tremor. Clin. Neuropharmacol., 2002, 25(6), 303-306.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002826-200211000-00004] [PMID: 12469002]
[163]
Manyam, B.V. Amantadine in essential tremor. Ann. Neurol., 1981, 9(2), 198-199.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ana.410090219] [PMID: 7235638]
[164]
Koller, W.C. Amantadine in essential tremor. Ann. Neurol., 1984, 16(5), 621-622.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ana.410160517] [PMID: 6508244]
[165]
Obeso, J.A.; Luquín, M.R.; Artieda, J.; Martínez-Lage, J.M. Amantadine may be useful in essential tremor. Ann. Neurol., 1986, 19(1), 99-100.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ana.410190125] [PMID: 3947045]
[166]
Gironell, A.; Kulisevsky, J.; Pascual-Sedano, B.; Flamarich, D. Effect of amantadine in essential tremor: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Mov. Disord., 2006, 21(4), 441-445.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.20676] [PMID: 16229019]
[167]
Herceg, M.; Nagy, F.; Pál, E.; Janszky, J.; Késmárky, I.; Komoly, S.; Kovács, N. Pramipexole may be an effective treatment option in essential tremor. Clin. Neuropharmacol., 2012, 35(2), 73-76.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/WNF.0b013e31824687bf] [PMID: 22318193]
[168]
Kosmowska, B.; Wardas, J.; Głowacka, U.; Ananthan, S.; Ossowska, K. Pramipexole at a low dose induces beneficial effect in the harmaline-induced model of essential tremor in rats. CNS Neurosci. Ther., 2016, 22(1), 53-62.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cns.12467] [PMID: 26459182]
[169]
Muenter, M.D.; Daube, J.R.; Caviness, J.N.; Miller, P.M. Treatment of essential tremor with methazolamide. Mayo Clin. Proc., 1991, 66(10), 991-997.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-6196(12)61721-2] [PMID: 1921495]
[170]
Busenbark, K.; Pahwa, R.; Hubble, J.; Koller, W. The effect of acetazolamide on essential tremor: an open-label trial. Neurology, 1992, 42(7), 1394-1395.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.42.7.1394] [PMID: 1620352]
[171]
Busenbark, K.; Pahwa, R.; Hubble, J.; Hopfensperger, K.; Koller, W.; Pogrebra, K. Double-blind controlled study of methazolamide in the treatment of essential tremor. Neurology, 1993, 43(5), 1045-1047.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.43.5.1045] [PMID: 8492925]
[172]
Busenbark, K.; Ramig, L.; Dromey, C.; Koller, W.C. Methazolamide for essential voice tremor. Neurology, 1996, 47(5), 1331-1332.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.47.5.1331] [PMID: 8909454]
[173]
Modugno, N.; Priori, A.; Berardelli, A.; Vacca, L.; Mercuri, B.; Manfredi, M. Botulinum toxin restores presynaptic inhibition of group Ia afferents in patients with essential tremor. Muscle Nerve, 1998, 21(12), 1701-1705.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4598(199812)21:12<1701:AID-MUS12>3.0.CO;2-K] [PMID: 9843072]
[174]
Trosch, R.M.; Pullman, S.L. Botulinum toxin A injections for the treatment of hand tremors. Mov. Disord., 1994, 9(6), 601-609.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.870090604] [PMID: 7845399]
[175]
Henderson, J.M.; Ghika, J.A.; Van Melle, G.; Haller, E.; Einstein, R. Botulinum toxin A in non-dystonic tremors. Eur. Neurol., 1996, 36(1), 29-35.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000117196] [PMID: 8719647]
[176]
Jankovic, J.; Schwartz, K.; Clemence, W.; Aswad, A.; Mordaunt, J. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate botulinum toxin type A in essential hand tremor. Mov. Disord., 1996, 11(3), 250-256.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.870110306] [PMID: 8723140]
[177]
Pullman, S.L.; Greene, P.; Fahn, S.; Pedersen, S.F. Approach to the treatment of limb disorders with botulinum toxin A. Experience with 187 patients. Arch. Neurol., 1996, 53(7), 617-624.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archneur.1996.00550070055012] [PMID: 8929169]
[178]
Pacchetti, C.; Mancini, F.; Bulgheroni, M.; Zangaglia, R.; Cristina, S.; Sandrini, G.; Nappi, G. Botulinum toxin treatment for functional disability induced by essential tremor. Neurol. Sci., 2000, 21(6), 349-353.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100720070049] [PMID: 11441571]
[179]
Brin, M.F.; Lyons, K.E.; Doucette, J.; Adler, C.H.; Caviness, J.N.; Comella, C.L.; Dubinsky, R.M.; Friedman, J.H.; Manyam, B.V.; Matsumoto, J.Y.; Pullman, S.L.; Rajput, A.H.; Sethi, K.D.; Tanner, C.; Koller, W.C. A randomized, double masked, controlled trial of botulinum toxin type A in essential hand tremor. Neurology, 2001, 56(11), 1523-1528.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.56.11.1523] [PMID: 11402109]
[180]
Samotus, O.; Rahimi, F.; Lee, J.; Jog, M. Functional ability improved in essential tremor by incobotulinumtoxina injections using kinematically determined biomechanical patterns - A new future. PLoS One, 2016, 11(4)e0153739
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153739] [PMID: 27101283]
[181]
Samotus, O.; Lee, J.; Jog, M. Long-term tremor therapy for Parkinson and essential tremor with sensor-guided botulinum toxin type A injections. PLoS One, 2017, 12(6)e0178670
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0178670] [PMID: 28586370]
[182]
Samotus, O.; Kumar, N.; Rizek, P.; Jog, M. Botulinum toxin type a injections as monotherapy for upper limb essential tremor using kinematics. Can. J. Neurol. Sci., 2018, 45(1), 11-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cjn.2017.260] [PMID: 29157315]
[183]
Mittal, S.O.; Machado, D.; Richardson, D.; Dubey, D.; Jabbari, B. Botulinum toxin in essential hand tremor - A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study with customized injection approach. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord., 2018, 56, 65-69.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2018.06.019] [PMID: 29929813]
[184]
Niemann, N.; Jankovic, J. Botulinum toxin for the treatment of hand tremor. Toxins (Basel), 2018, 10(7), pii, E299.,
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins10070299]
[185]
Samotus, O.; Lee, J.; Jog, M. Personalized bilateral upper limb essential tremor therapy with botulinum toxin using kinematics. Toxins (Basel), 2019, 11(2), pii, E125.,
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11020125]
[186]
Pahwa, R.; Busenbark, K.; Swanson-Hyland, E.F.; Dubinsky, R.M.; Hubble, J.P.; Gray, C.; Koller, W.C. Botulinum toxin treatment of essential head tremor. Neurology, 1995, 45(4), 822-824.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.45.4.822] [PMID: 7723978]
[187]
Wissel, J.; Masuhr, F.; Schelosky, L.; Ebersbach, G.; Poewe, W. Quantitative assessment of botulinum toxin treatment in 43 patients with head tremor. Mov. Disord., 1997, 12(5), 722-726.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.870120516] [PMID: 9380055]
[188]
Warrick, P.; Dromey, C.; Irish, J.C.; Durkin, L.; Pakiam, A.; Lang, A. Botulinum toxin for essential tremor of the voice with multiple anatomical sites of tremor: a crossover design study of unilateral versus bilateral injection. Laryngoscope, 2000, 110(8), 1366-1374.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005537-200008000-00028] [PMID: 10942143]
[189]
Hertegård, S.; Granqvist, S.; Lindestad, P.A. Botulinum toxin injections for essential voice tremor. Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol., 2000, 109(2), 204-209.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348940010900216] [PMID: 10685574]
[190]
Adler, C.H.; Bansberg, S.F.; Hentz, J.G.; Ramig, L.O.; Buder, E.H.; Witt, K.; Edwards, B.W.; Krein-Jones, K.; Caviness, J.N. Botulinum toxin type A for treating voice tremor. Arch. Neurol., 2004, 61(9), 1416-1420.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archneur.61.9.1416] [PMID: 15364688]
[191]
Justicz, N.; Hapner, E.R.; Josephs, J.S.; Boone, B.C.; Jinnah, H.A.; Johns, M.M., III Comparative effectiveness of propranolol and botulinum for the treatment of essential voice tremor. Laryngoscope, 2016, 126(1), 113-117.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lary.25485] [PMID: 26198384]
[192]
Estes, C.; Sadoughi, B.; Coleman, R.; Sarva, H.; Mauer, E.; Sulica, L. A prospective crossover trial of botulinum toxin chemodenervation versus injection augmentation for essential voice tremor. Laryngoscope, 2018, 128(2), 437-446.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lary.26911] [PMID: 28988441]
[193]
Guglielmino, G.; Moraes, B.T.; Villanova, L.C.; Padovani, M.; Biase, N.G. Comparison of botulinum toxin and propranolol for essential and dystonic vocal tremors. Clinics (São Paulo), 2018, 73e87
[http://dx.doi.org/10.6061/clinics/2018/e87] [PMID: 30020342]
[194]
Gordon, K.; Cadera, W.; Hinton, G. Successful treatment of hereditary trembling chin with botulinum toxin. J. Child Neurol., 1993, 8(2), 154-156.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/088307389300800208] [PMID: 8505478]
[195]
Bakar, M.; Zarifoglu, M.; Bora, I.; Turan, F.; Sen, C.; Ogul, E. Treatment of hereditary trembling chin with botulinum toxin. Mov. Disord., 1998, 13(5), 845-846.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.870130516] [PMID: 9756157]
[196]
Gonzalez-Alegre, P.; Kelkar, P.; Rodnitzky, R.L. Isolated high-frequency jaw tremor relieved by botulinum toxin injections. Mov. Disord., 2006, 21(7), 1049-1050.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.20878] [PMID: 16602105]
[197]
Cho, J.W.; Chu, K.; Jeon, B.S. Case of essential palatal tremor: atypical features and remarkable benefit from botulinum toxin injection. Mov. Disord., 2001, 16(4), 779-782.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.1132] [PMID: 11481715]
[198]
Penney, S.E.; Bruce, I.A.; Saeed, S.R. Botulinum toxin is effective and safe for palatal tremor: a report of five cases and a review of the literature. J. Neurol., 2006, 253(7), 857-860.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00415-006-0039-9] [PMID: 16845571]
[199]
Simpson, D.M.; Blitzer, A.; Brashear, A.; Comella, C.; Dubinsky, R.; Hallett, M.; Jankovic, J.; Karp, B.; Ludlow, C.L.; Miyasaki, J.M.; Naumann, M.; So, Y. Assesment, Botulinum neurotoxin for the treatment of movement disorders (an evidence-based review), report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assesment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology, 2008, 15, 697-705.
[200]
Kosmowska, B.; Ossowska, K.; Głowacka, U.; Wardas, J. Tremorolytic effect of 5′-chloro-5′-deoxy-(±)-ENBA, a potent and selective adenosine A1 receptor agonist, evaluated in the harmaline-induced model in rats. CNS Neurosci. Ther., 2017, 23(5), 438-446.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cns.12692] [PMID: 28371468]
[201]
Mally, J.; Stone, T.W. Efficacy of an adenosine antagonist, theophylline, in essential tremor: comparison with placebo and propranolol. J. Neurol. Sci., 1995, 132(2), 129-132.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-510X(95)00128-O] [PMID: 8543937]
[202]
Buss, D.C.; Marshall, R.W.; Milligan, N.; McQueen, I.; Compston, D.A.; Routledge, P.A. The effect of intravenous aminophylline on essential tremor. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 1997, 43(1), 119-121.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.1997.tb00044.x] [PMID: 9056064]
[203]
Rahimi Shourmasti, F.; Goudarzi, I.; Lashkarbolouki, T.; Abrari, K.; Elahdadi Salmani, M.; Goudarzi, A. Effects of riluzole on harmaline induced tremor and ataxia in rats: biochemical, histological and behavioral studies. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 2012, 695(1-3), 40-47.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.08.014] [PMID: 22975288]
[204]
Iseri, P.K.; Karson, A.; Gullu, K.M.; Akman, O.; Kokturk, S.; Yardýmoglu, M.; Erturk, S.; Ates, N. The effect of memantine in harmaline-induced tremor and neurodegeneration. Neuropharmacology, 2011, 61(4), 715-723.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.05.015] [PMID: 21640732]
[205]
Vaziri, Z.; Abbassian, H.; Sheibani, V.; Haghani, M.; Nazeri, M.; Aghaei, I.; Shabani, M. The therapeutic potential of Berberine chloride hydrate against harmaline-induced motor impairments in a rat model of tremor. Neurosci. Lett., 2015, 590, 84-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2015.01.078] [PMID: 25643620]
[206]
Handforth, A.; Bordelon, Y.; Frucht, S.J.; Quesada, A. A pilot efficacy and tolerability trial of memantine for essential tremor. Clin. Neuropharmacol., 2010, 33(5), 223-226.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/WNF.0b013e3181ebd109] [PMID: 20838216]
[207]
Pact, V.; Giduz, T. Mirtazapine treats resting tremor, essential tremor, and levodopa-induced dyskinesias. Neurology, 1999, 53(5), 1154.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.53.5.1154-a] [PMID: 10496290]
[208]
Pahwa, R.; Lyons, K.E. Mirtazapine in essential tremor: a double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. Mov. Disord., 2003, 18(5), 584-587.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.10371] [PMID: 12722174]
[209]
Uccellini, D.; Grampa, G.; La Spina, I.; Nasuelli, D.; Neromante, I.; Politini, L.; Reverberi, F.; Porazzi, D.; Carli, V.; Camardese, G. Mirtazapine in the treatment of essential tremor: an open-label, observer-blind study. Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat., 2006, 2(1), 95-100.
[PMID: 19412450]
[210]
Koller, W.C. Tradozone in essential tremor. Probe of serotoninergic mechanisms. Clin. Neuropharmacol., 1989, 12(2), 134-137.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002826-198904000-00009] [PMID: 2655897]
[211]
McLeod, N.A.; White, L.E., Jr Trazodone in essential tremor. JAMA, 1986, 256(19), 2675-2676.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1986.03380190045017] [PMID: 3773169]
[212]
Sanson, F.; Schergna, E.; Semenzato, D.; Trevisan, C.P.; Bizzarini, M.; Violante, F.; Santagostino, I.; Ravenna, C.; Maccarone, G. Effetti terapeutici del Trazodone nel trattamento del tremore. Studio policentrico in doppio cieco. Riv. Neurol., 1986, 56(6), 358-364.
[PMID: 3296121]
[213]
Cleeves, L.; Findley, L.J. Trazodone is ineffective in essential tremor. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 1990, 53(3), 268-269.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.53.3.268-a] [PMID: 2182784]
[214]
Caccia, M.R.; Osio, M.; Galimberti, V.; Cataldi, G.; Mangoni, A. Propranolol, clonidine, urapidil and trazodone infusion in essential tremor: a double-blind crossover trial. Acta Neurol. Scand., 1989, 79(5), 379-383.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0404.1989.tb03804.x] [PMID: 2741669]
[215]
Morris, C.E.; Prange, A.J.; Hall, C.D.; Weissm, E.A. Inefficacy of tryptophan/piridoxine in essential tremor. Lancet, 1971, 2, 165-166.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(71)92340-3]
[216]
Guillard, A.; Chastang, C. Application of 5 HTP in the treatment of essential tremor. Int. J. Neurol., 1979, 13(1-4), 251-253.
[PMID: 318090]
[217]
Caccia, M.R.; Mangoni, A. Clonidine in essential tremor: preliminary observations from an open trial. J. Neurol., 1985, 232(1), 55-57.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00314043] [PMID: 3998775]
[218]
Serrano Dueñas, M. Prueba farmacológica aguda con clonidina en el temblor esencial. Neurologia, 1997, 12(1), 9-11.
[PMID: 9131917]
[219]
Serrano-Dueñas, M. Clonidina frente a propanolol en el tratamiento del temblor esencial. Estudio doble ciego con un año de seguimiento. Neurologia, 2003, 18(5), 248-254.
[PMID: 12768510]
[220]
Koller, W.; Herbster, G.; Cone, S. Clonidine in the treatment of essential tremor. Mov. Disord., 1986, 1(4), 235-237.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.870010403] [PMID: 3332805]
[221]
Mai, J.; Olsen, R.B. Depression of essential tremor by alpha-adrenergic blockade. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 1981, 44(12), 1171.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.44.12.1171] [PMID: 6460852]
[222]
Koller, W.C. Ineffectiveness of phenoxybenzamine in essential tremor. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 1986, 49(2), 222.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.49.2.222-a] [PMID: 3950649]
[223]
Frucht, S.J.; Bordelon, Y.; Houghton, W.H.; Reardan, D. A pilot tolerability and efficacy trial of sodium oxybate in ethanol-responsive movement disorders. Mov. Disord., 2005, 20(10), 1330-1337.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.20605] [PMID: 15986420]
[224]
Frucht, S.J.; Houghton, W.C.; Bordelon, Y.; Greene, P.E.; Louis, E.D. A single-blind, open-label trial of sodium oxybate for myoclonus and essential tremor. Neurology, 2005, 65(12), 1967-1969.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000188670.38576.bd] [PMID: 16382538]
[225]
McDowell, F.H. The use of glutethimide for treatment of essential tremor. Mov. Disord., 1989, 4(1), 75-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.870040110] [PMID: 2927403]
[226]
Pozos, R.S.; Iaizzo, P.A. Effects of topical anesthesia on essential tremor. Electromyogr. Clin. Neurophysiol., 1992, 32(7-8), 369-372.
[PMID: 1526217]
[227]
Ishizaki, F.; Harada, T.; Kito, S.; Harada, A.; Saeki, M.; Nakamura, S. The effect of bovine brain gangliosides on essential tremor. Hiroshima J. Med. Sci., 1991, 40(2), 83-85.
[PMID: 1917560]
[228]
Costantini, A. High-dose thiamine and essential tremor. BMJ Case Rep., 2018; pii, bcr-2017-223945.,
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2017-223945]
[229]
Koller, W.C.; Rubino, F.; Gupta, S. Pharmacologic probe with progabide of GABA mechanisms in essential tremor. Arch. Neurol., 1987, 44(9), 905-906.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archneur.1987.00520210007009] [PMID: 3619708]
[230]
Mondrup, K.; Dupont, E.; Pedersen, E. The effect of the GABA-agonist, progabide, on benign essential tremor. A controlled clinical trial. Acta Neurol. Scand., 1983, 68(4), 248-252.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0404.1983.tb04833.x] [PMID: 6362317]
[231]
Hallett, M.; Ravits, J.; Dubinsky, R.M.; Gillespie, M.M.; Moinfar, A. A double-blind trial of isoniazid for essential tremor and other action tremors. Mov. Disord., 1991, 6(3), 253-256.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.870060310] [PMID: 1681430]
[232]
Teräväinen, H.; Huttunen, J.; Lewitt, P. Ineffective treatment of essential tremor with an alcohol, methylpentynol. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 1986, 49(2), 198-199.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.49.2.198] [PMID: 3512778]
[233]
Lorenz, D.; Hagen, K.; Ufer, M.; Cascorbi, I.; Deuschl, G.; Volkmann, J. No benefit of 3,4-diaminopyridine in essential tremor: a placebo-controlled crossover study. Neurology, 2006, 66(11), 1753-1755.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000218297.90054.28] [PMID: 16769957]
[234]
Handforth, A.; Kadam, P.A.; Kosoyan, H.P.; Eslami, P. Neuroactive steroids. 2. 3α-Hydroxy-3β-methyl-21-(4-cyano-1H-pyrazol-1′-yl)-19-nor-5β-pregnan-20-one (SAGE-217), a clinical next generation neuroactive steroid positive allosteric modulator of the (γ-Aminobutyric acid) A receptor. J. Med. Chem., 2018, 60, 7810-7819.
[235]
Tariq, M.; Arshaduddin, M.; Biary, N.; Al Moutaery, K.; Al Deeb, S. Baclofen attenuates harmaline induced tremors in rats. Neurosci. Lett., 2001, 312(2), 79-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3940(01)02166-8] [PMID: 11595339]
[236]
Martinez Botella, G.; Salituro, F.G.; Harrison, B.L.; Beresis, R.T.; Bai, Z.; Blanco, M.J.; Belfort, G.M.; Dai, J.; Loya, C.M.; Ackley, M.A.; Althaus, A.L.; Grossman, S.J.; Hoffmann, E.; Doherty, J.J.; Robichaud, A.J. Neuroactive steroids. 2. 3α-hydroxy-3β-methyl-21-(4-cyano-1H-pyrazol-1′-yl)-19-nor-5β-pregnan-20-one (SAGE-217): A clinical next generation neuroactive steroid positive allosteric modulator of the (γ-Aminobutyric acid)A receptor. J. Med. Chem., 2017, 60(18), 7810-7819.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00846] [PMID: 28753313]
[237]
Hamad, M.; Holland, R.; Kamal, N.; Luceri, R.; Mammis, A. Potential for intrathecal baclofen in treatment of essential tremor. World Neurosurg., 2017, 105, 170-175.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2017.05.112] [PMID: 28559069]
[238]
Mohammadi, F.; Abedini Esfahlani, M.; Shabani, M. Erythropoietin ameliorates harmaline-induced essential tremor and cognition disturbances. Neurosci. Lett., 2019, 704, 153-158.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2019.04.017] [PMID: 30974232]
[239]
Dahmardeh, N.; Asadi-Shekaari, M.; Arjmand, S.; Kalantaripour, T.; Basiri, M.; Shabani, M. Modulation of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor ameliorates harmaline-induced essential tremor in rat. Neurosci. Lett., 2017, 653, 376-381.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2017.06.015] [PMID: 28627375]
[240]
Abdulrahman, A.A.; Faisal, K.; Meshref, A.A.; Arshaduddin, M. Low-dose acute vanillin is beneficial against harmaline-induced tremors in rats. Neurol. Res., 2017, 39(3), 264-270.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01616412.2016.1275456] [PMID: 28095756]
[241]
Abbassian, H.; Whalley, B.J.; Sheibani, V.; Shabani, M. Cannabinoid type 1 receptor antagonism ameliorates harmaline-induced essential tremor in rat. Br. J. Pharmacol., 2016, 173(22), 3196-3207.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.13581] [PMID: 27545646]
[242]
Agúndez, J.A.; Jiménez-Jimenez, F.J.; Alonso-Navarro, H.; García-Martín, E. The potential of LINGO-1 as a therapeutic target for essential tremor. Expert Opin. Ther. Targets, 2015, 19(8), 1139-1148.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/14728222.2015.1028360] [PMID: 25862159]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
74
1
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy