Abstract
Bleeding represents the most important complication of antithrombotic treatment, including anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapies. A number of scores were proposed to evaluate the risk of bleeding both for anticoagulant and antiplatelet treatment. In the last decade, 5 bleeding risk scores were published for use in atrial fibrillation patients, and 3 scores for patients receiving anticoagulants for venous thromboembolism therapy or prophylaxis. In addition, 3 scores were recently developed to assess inhospital or short-term bleeding risk in patients receiving antiplatelet therapy after Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) and Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI). Furthermore, 3 additional scores have focused on long-term bleeding in outpatients receiving dual antiplatelet therapy after PCI. The aim of this review is to consider the evidence on bleeding scores.
Keywords: Bleeding, clinical predictive rules, atrial fibrillation, venous thromboembolism, acute coronary syndrome, percutaneous coronary intervention, anticoagulants, antiplatelet therapy.
Graphical Abstract
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-7836.2005.01204.x] [PMID: 15842354]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.13140] [PMID: 26764429]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.009449] [PMID: 21670242]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9343(89)80689-8] [PMID: 2787958]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9343(98)00198-3] [PMID: 9727814]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.163.8.917] [PMID: 12719200]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1497.2005.0229.x] [PMID: 16307625]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.159.5.457] [PMID: 10074953]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa035422] [PMID: 12917299]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.130.5.1390] [PMID: 17099015]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2005.04.017] [PMID: 16504638]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.10-0134] [PMID: 20299623]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2011.03.031] [PMID: 21757117]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehv476] [PMID: 26424865]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00741-8] [PMID: 27056738]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1160/TH08-03-0193] [PMID: 18612534]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-7836.2010.03852.x] [PMID: 20345727]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.09-3081] [PMID: 20453069]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-7836.2011.04378.x] [PMID: 21624047]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehr488] [PMID: 22246443]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCEP.111.967000] [PMID: 22319005]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2010.09.024] [PMID: 21111555]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2012.06.019] [PMID: 22858389]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1009638] [PMID: 21830957]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.10.001] [PMID: 26482233]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10840-014-9930-y] [PMID: 25012972]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/clc.22435] [PMID: 26418409]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.04.173] [PMID: 27179213]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1107039] [PMID: 21870978]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0905561] [PMID: 19717844]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2017.06.058] [PMID: 28800833]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1160/TH17-07-0478] [PMID: 28799620]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.2013.06.019] [PMID: 23849097]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.14-2842] [PMID: 26867833]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.612812] [PMID: 16908769]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2007.02.027] [PMID: 17394970]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.828541] [PMID: 19332461]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2009.09.076] [PMID: 20513595]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2010.12.009] [PMID: 21324428]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.3775] [PMID: 27022822]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2016.02.064] [PMID: 27079334]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30397-5] [PMID: 28290994]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.925594] [PMID: 20497978]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2004.04.036] [PMID: 15523305]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2008.02.008] [PMID: 18585496]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2017.08.004] [PMID: 29223432]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2048872612469885] [PMID: 24062930]
[PMID: 28491083]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1160/TH17-04-0237] [PMID: 29044298]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2016.03.512] [PMID: 27036919]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2016.03.513] [PMID: 27036918]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehx419] [PMID: 28886622]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.115.002524] [PMID: 26643501]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehw210] [PMID: 27567408]