Abstract
This brief review deals with the various issues that contributed to the creation of the new Diagnostic and Statistical Manual condition of hoarding disorder (HD) and attempts at reviewing its pharmacotherapy. It appears that after the newly founded diagnosis appeared in the literature as an autonomous entity, distinct from obsessive-compulsive disorder, drug trials are not being conducted and the disorder is left in the hands of psychotherapists, who on their part, report fair results in some core dimensions of HD. The few trials on HD specifically regard the serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor venlafaxine, and, possibly due to the suggestion of a common biological background of HD with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, the psychostimulant methylphenidate and the noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor atomoxetine. For all these drugs, positive results have been reported, but the evidence level of these studies is low, due to small samples and non-blind designs. Regretfully, there are currently no future studies aiming at seriously testing drugs in HD.
Keywords: Hoarding disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, drug treatment, cognitive-behavioural therapy, atomoxetine, methylphenidate, venlafaxine.
Graphical Abstract
[1]
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, (Fifth. ), Arlington, VA2013, (DSM-5TM)
[2]
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, (Fourth), Washington, DC2013, (DSMIVTM)
[3]
Mataix-Cols, D.; Frost, R.O.; Pertusa, A.; Clark, L.A.; Saxena, S.; Leckman, J.F.; Stein, D.J.; Matsunaga, H.; Wilhelm, S. Hoarding disorder: a new diagnosis for DSM-V? Depress. Anxiety, 2010, 27(6), 556-572. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/da.20693]. [PMID: 20336805].
[4]
Mataix-Cols, D.; Fernández de la Cruz, L.; Nakao, T.; Pertusa, A. Testing the validity and acceptability of the diagnostic criteria for Hoarding Disorder: a DSM-5 survey. Psychol. Med., 2011, 41(12), 2475-2484. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291711000754]. [PMID: 21733224].
[5]
Mataix-Cols, D.; Pertusa, A. Annual research review: hoarding disorder: potential benefits and pitfalls of a new mental disorder. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry, 2012, 53(5), 608-618. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02464.x]. [PMID: 21895651].
[6]
Frost, R.O.; Steketee, G.; Tolin, D.F. Diagnosis and assessment of hoarding disorder. Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol., 2012, 8, 219-242. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032511-143116]. [PMID: 22035242].
[7]
Timpano, K.R.; Exner, C.; Glaesmer, H.; Rief, W.; Keshaviah, A.; Brähler, E.; Wilhelm, S. The epidemiology of the proposed DSM-5 hoarding disorder: exploration of the acquisition specifier, associated features, and distress. J. Clin. Psychiatry, 2011, 72(6), 780-786. [http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/JCP.10m06380]. [PMID: 21733479].
[8]
Tolin, D.F.; Villavicencio, A.; Umbach, A.; Kurtz, M.M. Neuropsychological functioning in hoarding disorder. Psychiatry Res., 2011, 189(3), 413-418. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2011.06.022]. [PMID: 21764138].
[9]
Ayers, C.R.; Wetherell, J.L.; Schiehser, D.; Almklov, E.; Golshan, S.; Saxena, S. Executive functioning in older adults with hoarding disorder. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry, 2013, 28(11), 1175-1181. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.3940]. [PMID: 23440720].
[10]
Morein-Zamir, S.; Papmeyer, M.; Pertusa, A.; Chamberlain, S.R.; Fineberg, N.A.; Sahakian, B.J.; Mataix-Cols, D.; Robbins, T.W. The profile of executive function in OCD hoarders and hoarding disorder. Psychiatry Res., 2014, 215(3), 659-667. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2013.12.026]. [PMID: 24467873].
[11]
Tolin, D.F.; Witt, S.T.; Stevens, M.C. Hoarding disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder show different patterns of neural activity during response inhibition. Psychiatry Res., 2014, 221(2), 142-148. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2013.11.009]. [PMID: 24389161].
[12]
Grisham, J.R.; Barlow, D.H. Compulsive hoarding: Current research and theory. J. Psychopathol. Behav. Assess., 2005, 27(1), 45-52. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10862-005-3265-z].
[13]
Leckman, J.F.; Mataix-Cols, D.; Rosario-Campos, C. Symptom dimensions in obsessive–compulsive disorder: Developmental and evolutionary perspectives; Concepts and Controversies in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, 2005. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-387-23370-9_1]
[14]
Evans, D.W.; Leckman, J.F.; Carter, A.; Reznick, J.S.; Henshaw, D.; King, R.A.; Pauls, D. Ritual, habit, and perfectionism: The prevalence and development of compulsive-like behavior in normal young children. Child Dev., 1997, 68(1), 58-68. [http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1131925]. [PMID: 9084125].
[15]
Nordsletten, A.E.; Fernández de la Cruz, L.; Billotti, D.; Mataix-Cols, D. Finders keepers: the features differentiating hoarding disorder from normative collecting. Compr. Psychiatry, 2013, 54(3), 229-237. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2012.07.063]. [PMID: 22995450].
[16]
Yamada, S.; Nakao, T.; Ikari, K.; Kuwano, M.; Murayama, K.; Tomiyama, H.; Hasuzawa, S.; Togao, O.; Hiwatashi, A.; Kanba, S. A unique increase in prefrontal gray matter volume in hoarding disorder compared to obsessive-compulsive disorder. PLoS One, 2018, 13(7)e0200814 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0200814]. [PMID: 30011337].
[17]
Ivanov, V.Z.; Nordsletten, A.; Mataix-Cols, D.; Serlachius, E.; Lichtenstein, P.; Lundström, S.; Magnusson, P.K.E.; Kuja-Halkola, R.; Rück, C. Heritability of hoarding symptoms across adolescence and young adulthood: A longitudinal twin study. PLoS One, 2017, 12(6)e0179541 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179541]. [PMID: 28658283].
[18]
Frost, R.O.; Hartl, T.L. A cognitive-behavioral model of compulsive hoarding. Behav. Res. Ther., 1996, 34(4), 341-350. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(95)00071-2]. [PMID: 8871366].
[19]
Timpano, K.R.; Çek, D.; Fu, Z.F.; Tang, T.; Wang, J.P.; Chasson, G.S. A consideration of hoarding disorder symptoms in China. Compr. Psychiatry, 2015, 57, 36-45. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.11.006]. [PMID: 25483851].
[20]
Ferreira, E.A.; Paloski, L.H.; Costa, D.B.; Fiametti, V.S.; De Oliveira, C.R.; de Lima Argimon, I.I.; Gonzatti, V.; Irigaray, T.Q. Animal Hoarding Disorder: A new psychopathology? Psychiatry Res., 2017, 258, 221-225. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.08.030]. [PMID: 28843626].
[22]
Frost, R.O.; Hartl, T.L.; Christian, R.; Williams, N. The value of possessions in compulsive hoarding: Patterns of use and attachment. Behav. Res. Ther., 1995, 33(8), 897-902. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(95)00043-W]. [PMID: 7487849].
[23]
Nordsletten, A.E.; Reichenberg, A.; Hatch, S.L.; Fernández de la Cruz, L.; Pertusa, A.; Hotopf, M.; Mataix-Cols, D. Epidemiology of hoarding disorder. Br. J. Psychiatry, 2013, 203(6), 445-452. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.113.130195]. [PMID: 24158881].
[24]
Anderson, S.W.; Damasio, H.; Damasio, A.R. A neural basis for collecting behaviour in humans. Brain, 2005, 128(Pt 1), 201-212. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awh329]. [PMID: 15548551].
[25]
Dozier, M.E.; Porter, B.; Ayers, C.R. Age of onset and progression of hoarding symptoms in older adults with hoarding disorder. Aging Ment. Health, 2016, 20(7), 736-742. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2015.1033684]. [PMID: 25909628].
[26]
Frost, R.O.; Steketee, G.; Tolin, D.F. Comorbidity in hoarding disorder. Depress. Anxiety, 2011, 28(10), 876-884. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/da.20861]. [PMID: 21770000].
[27]
Tolin, D.F.; Villavicencio, A. Inattention, but not OCD, predicts the core features of hoarding disorder. Behav. Res. Ther., 2011, 49(2), 120-125. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2010.12.002]. [PMID: 21193171].
[28]
Mataix-Cols, D. Clinical practice. Hoarding disorder. N. Engl. J. Med., 2014, 370(21), 2023-2030. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMcp1313051]. [PMID: 24849085].
[29]
Grisham, J.R.; Baldwin, P.A. Neuropsychological and neurophysiological insights into hoarding disorder. Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat., 2015, 11, 951-962. [http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S62084]. [PMID: 25897231].
[30]
Fullana, M.A.; Vilagut, G.; Mataix-Cols, D.; Adroher, N.D.; Bruffaerts, R.; Bunting, B.; de Almeida, J.M.; Florescu, S.; de Girolamo, G.; de Graaf, R.; Haro, J.M.; Kovess, V.; Alonso, J. Is ADHD in childhood associated with lifetime hoarding symptoms? An epidemiological study. Depress. Anxiety, 2013, 30(8), 741-748. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/da.22123]. [PMID: 23606213].
[31]
Huisman-van Dijk, H.M.; Schoot, Rv.; Rijkeboer, M.M.; Mathews, C.A.; Cath, D.C. The relationship between tics, OC, ADHD and autism symptoms: A cross- disorder symptom analysis in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome patients and family-members. Psychiatry Res., 2016, 237, 138-146. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2016.01.051]. [PMID: 26826899].
[32]
Landau, D.; Iervolino, A.C.; Pertusa, A.; Santo, S.; Singh, S.; Mataix-Cols, D. Stressful life events and material deprivation in hoarding disorder. J. Anxiety Disord., 2011, 25(2), 192-202. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.09.002]. [PMID: 20934847].
[33]
Tolin, D.F.; Meunier, S.A.; Frost, R.O.; Steketee, G. Hoarding among patients seeking treatment for anxiety disorders. J. Anxiety Disord., 2011, 25(1), 43-48. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.08.001]. [PMID: 20800427].
[34]
Frost, R.O.; Tolin, D.F.; Steketee, G.; Fitch, K.E.; Selbo-Bruns, A. Excessive acquisition in hoarding. J. Anxiety Disord., 2009, 23(5), 632-639. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.01.013]. [PMID: 19261435].
[35]
Bratiotis, C.; Schmalisch, C.S.; Steketee, G. The Hoarding Handbook: A Guide for Human Service Professionals., 2011.
[36]
Freckelton, I. Hoarding disorder and the law. J. Law Med., 2012, 20(2), 225-249. [PMID: 23431842].
[37]
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,; (Fourth. ), Washington, DC2000, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR™).
[38]
World Health Organization. International Classification of Diseases; (10th. ), Geneva (CH)1992, (ICD-10).
[39]
Neziroglu, F.; McKay, D.; Yaryura-Tobias, J.A.; Stevens, K.P.; Todaro, J. The Overvalued Ideas Scale: development, reliability and validity in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behav. Res. Ther., 1999, 37(9), 881-902. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(98)00191-0]. [PMID: 10458051].
[40]
Steketee, G.; Frost, R. Compulsive hoarding: current status of the research. Clin. Psychol. Rev., 2003, 23(7), 905-927. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2003.08.002]. [PMID: 14624821].
[41]
Pertusa, A.; Frost, R.O.; Fullana, M.A.; Samuels, J.; Steketee, G.; Tolin, D.; Saxena, S.; Leckman, J.F.; Mataix-Cols, D. Refining the diagnostic boundaries of compulsive hoarding: A critical review. Clin. Psychol. Rev., 2010, 30(4), 371-386. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.01.007]. [PMID: 20189280].
[42]
Pertusa, A.; Frost, R.O.; Mataix-Cols, D. When hoarding is a symptom of OCD: A case series and implications for DSM-V. Behav. Res. Ther., 2010, 48(10), 1012-1020. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2010.07.003]. [PMID: 20673573].
[43]
Pertusa, A.; Fullana, M.A.; Singh, S.; Alonso, P.; Menchón, J.M.; Mataix-Cols, D. Compulsive hoarding: OCD symptom, distinct clinical syndrome, or both? Am. J. Psychiatry, 2008, 165(10), 1289-1298. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07111730]. [PMID: 18483134].
[44]
Rachman, S.; Elliott, C.M.; Shafran, R.; Radomsky, A.S. Separating hoarding from OCD. Behav. Res. Ther., 2009, 47(6), 520-522. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2009.02.014]. [PMID: 19296929].
[45]
Saxena, S. Recent advances in compulsive hoarding. Curr. Psychiatry Rep., 2008, 10(4), 297-303. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11920-008-0048-8]. [PMID: 18627667].
[46]
Phillips, K.A.; Stein, D.J.; Rauch, S.L.; Hollander, E.; Fallon, B.A.; Barsky, A.; Fineberg, N.; Mataix-Cols, D.; Ferrão, Y.A.; Saxena, S.; Wilhelm, S.; Kelly, M.M.; Clark, L.A.; Pinto, A.; Bienvenu, O.J.; Farrow, J.; Leckman, J. Should an obsessive-compulsive spectrum grouping of disorders be included in DSM-V? Depress. Anxiety, 2010, 27(6), 528-555. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/da.20705]. [PMID: 20533367].
[47]
Mataix-Cols, D.; Billotti, D.; Fernández de la Cruz, L.; Nordsletten, A.E. The London field trial for hoarding disorder. Psychol. Med., 2013, 43(4), 837-847. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291712001560]. [PMID: 22883395].
[48]
Dimauro, J.; Tolin, D.F.; Frost, R.O.; Steketee, G. Do people with hoarding disorder under-report their symptoms? J. Obsessive Compuls. Relat. Disord., 2013, 2(2), 130-136. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jocrd.2013.01.002]. [PMID: 23524977].
[49]
Christenson, D.D.; Greist, J.H. The challenge of obsessive-compulsive disorder hoarding. Prim. Psychiatry, 2001, 8, 79-86.
[50]
Starcevic, V.; Brakoulias, V. Symptom subtypes of obsessive-compulsive disorder: are they relevant for treatment? Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry, 2008, 42(8), 651-661. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00048670802203442]. [PMID: 18622773].
[51]
Black, D.W.; Monahan, P.; Gable, J.; Blum, N.; Clancy, G.; Baker, P. Hoarding and treatment response in 38 nondepressed subjects with obsessive-compulsive disorder. J. Clin. Psychiatry, 1998, 59(8), 420-425. [http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/JCP.v59n0804]. [PMID: 9721822].
[52]
Winsberg, M.E.; Cassic, K.S.; Koran, L.M. Hoarding in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A report of 20 cases. J. Clin. Psychiatry, 1999, 60(9), 591-597. [http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/JCP.v60n0905]. [PMID: 10520977].
[53]
Stein, D.J.; Andersen, E.W.; Overo, K.F. Response of symptom dimensions in obsessive-compulsive disorder to treatment with citalopram or placebo. Br. J. Psychiatry, 2007, 29(4), 303-307. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1516-44462007000400003]. [PMID: 18200396].
[54]
Stein, D.J.; Carey, P.D.; Lochner, C.; Seedat, S.; Fineberg, N.; Andersen, E.W. Escitalopram in obsessive-compulsive disorder: response of symptom dimensions to pharmacotherapy. CNS Spectr., 2008, 13(6), 492-498. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1092852900016722]. [PMID: 18567973].
[55]
Bloch, M.H.; Bartley, C.A.; Zipperer, L.; Jakubovski, E.; Landeros-Weisenberger, A.; Pittenger, C.; Leckman, J.F. Meta-analysis: hoarding symptoms associated with poor treatment outcome in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Mol. Psychiatry, 2014, 19(9), 1025-1030. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/mp.2014.50]. [PMID: 24912494].
[56]
Alonso, P.; Menchon, J.M.; Pifarre, J.; Mataix-Cols, D.; Torres, L.; Salgado, P.; Vallejo, J. Long-term follow-up and predictors of clinical outcome in obsessive-compulsive patients treated with serotonin reuptake inhibitors and behavioral therapy. J. Clin. Psychiatry, 2001, 62(7), 535-540. [http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/JCP.v62n07a06]. [PMID: 11488364].
[57]
Erzegovesi, S.; Cavallini, M.C.; Cavedini, P.; Diaferia, G.; Locatelli, M.; Bellodi, L. Clinical predictors of drug response in obsessive-compulsive disorder. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol., 2001, 21(5), 488-492. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004714-200110000-00006]. [PMID: 11593074].
[58]
Shetti, C.N.; Reddy, Y.C.; Kandavel, T.; Kashyap, K.; Singisetti, S.; Hiremath, A.S.; Siddequehusen, M.U.; Raghunandanan, S. Clinical predictors of drug nonresponse in obsessive-compulsive disorder. J. Clin. Psychiatry, 2005, 66(12), 1517-1523. [http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/JCP.v66n1204]. [PMID: 16401151].
[59]
Ferrão, Y.A.; Shavitt, R.G.; Bedin, N.R.; de Mathis, M.E.; Carlos Lopes, A.; Fontenelle, L.F.; Torres, A.R.; Miguel, E.C. Clinical features associated to refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. J. Affect. Disord., 2006, 94(1-3), 199-209. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2006.04.019]. [PMID: 16764938].
[60]
Landeros-Weisenberger, A.; Bloch, M.H.; Kelmendi, B.; Wegner, R.; Nudel, J.; Dombrowski, P.; Pittenger, C.; Krystal, J.H.; Goodman, W.K.; Leckman, J.F.; Coric, V. Dimensional predictors of response to SRI pharmacotherapy in obsessive-compulsive disorder. J. Affect. Disord., 2010, 121(1-2), 175-179. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2009.06.010]. [PMID: 19577308].
[61]
Samuels, J.F.; Bienvenu, O.J., III; Pinto, A.; Fyer, A.J.; McCracken, J.T.; Rauch, S.L.; Murphy, D.L.; Grados, M.A.; Greenberg, B.D.; Knowles, J.A.; Piacentini, J.; Cannistraro, P.A.; Cullen, B.; Riddle, M.A.; Rasmussen, S.A.; Pauls, D.L.; Willour, V.L.; Shugart, Y.Y.; Liang, K.Y.; Hoehn-Saric, R.; Nestadt, G. Hoarding in obsessive-compulsive disorder: results from the OCD Collaborative Genetics Study. Behav. Res. Ther., 2007, 45(4), 673-686. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2006.05.008]. [PMID: 16824483].
[62]
Brakoulias, V.; Eslick, G.D.; Starcevic, V. A meta-analysis of the response of pathological hoarding to pharmacotherapy. Psychiatry Res., 2015, 229(1-2), 272-276. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2015.07.019]. [PMID: 26213378].
[63]
Rodriguez, C.I.; Bender, J., Jr; Marcus, S.M.; Snape, M.; Rynn, M.; Simpson, H.B. Minocycline augmentation of pharmacotherapy in obsessive-compulsive disorder: An open-label trial. J. Clin. Psychiatry, 2010, 71(9), 1247-1249. [http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/JCP.09l05805blu]. [PMID: 20923629].
[64]
Saxena, S.; Brody, A.L.; Maidment, K.M.; Baxter, L.R., Jr Paroxetine treatment of compulsive hoarding. J. Psychiatr. Res., 2007, 41(6), 481-487. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2006.05.001]. [PMID: 16790250].
[65]
Kim, D.; Ryba, N.L.; Kalabalik, J.; Westrich, L. Critical review of the use of second-generation antipsychotics in obsessive–compulsive and related disorders. Drugs R D., 2018, 18, 167-189. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40268-018-0246-8].
[66]
Amiaz, R.; Fostick, L.; Gershon, A.; Zohar, J. Naltrexone augmentation in OCD: a double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over study. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol., 2008, 18, 455-461. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2008.01.006].
[67]
Saxena, S.; Sumner, J. Venlafaxine extended-release treatment of hoarding disorder. Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol., 2014, 29(5), 266-273. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/YIC.0000000000000036]. [PMID: 24722633].
[68]
Rodriguez, C.I.; Bender, J., Jr; Morrison, S.; Mehendru, R.; Tolin, D.; Simpson, H.B. Does extended release methylphenidate help adults with hoarding disorder?: a case series. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol., 2013, 33(3), 444-447. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/JCP.0b013e318290115e]. [PMID: 23609401].
[69]
Grassi, G.; Micheli, L.; Di Cesare Mannelli, L.; Compagno, E.; Righi, L.; Ghelardini, C.; Pallanti, S. Atomoxetine for hoarding disorder: A pre-clinical and clinical investigation. J. Psychiatr. Res., 2016, 83, 240-248. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.09.012]. [PMID: 27665536].
[70]
Muroff, J.; Bratiotis, C.; Steketee, G. Treatment for hoarding behaviors: A review of the evidence. Clin. Soc. Work J., 2011, 39, 406-423. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10615-010-0311-4].
[71]
Tolin, D.F.; Frost, R.O.; Steketee, G. An open trial of cognitive-behavioral therapy for compulsive hoarding. Behav. Res. Ther., 2007, 45(7), 1461-1470. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2007.01.001]. [PMID: 17306221].
[72]
Steketee, G.; Frost, R.O.; Tolin, D.F.; Rasmussen, J.; Brown, T.A. Waitlist-controlled trial of cognitive behavior therapy for hoarding disorder. Depress. Anxiety, 2010, 27(5), 476-484. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/da.20673]. [PMID: 20336804].
[73]
Ayers, C.R.; Najmi, S.; Mayes, T.L.; Dozier, M.E. Hoarding disorder in older adulthood. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry, 2015, 23(4), 416-422. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2014.05.009]. [PMID: 24953872].
[74]
Cermele, J.A.; Melendez-Pallitto, L.; Pandina, G.J. Intervention in compulsive hoarding. A case study. Behav. Modif., 2001, 25(2), 214-232. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145445501252003]. [PMID: 11317635].
[75]
Pogosian, L. Treatment of compulsive hoarding: a case study. Einstein J. Biol. Med., 2010, 25, 8-11. [http://dx.doi.org/10.23861/EJBM20102579].
[76]
Turner, K.; Steketee, G.; Nauth, L. Treating elders with compulsive hoarding: a pilot program. Cognit. Behav. Pract., 2010, 17, 449-457. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2010.04.001].
[77]
Ayers, C.R.; Wetherell, J.L.; Golshan, S.; Saxena, S. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for geriatric compulsive hoarding. Behav. Res. Ther., 2011, 49(10), 689-694. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2011.07.002]. [PMID: 21784412].
[78]
Frost, R.O.; Hartl, T.L. A cognitive-behavioral model of compulsive hoarding. Behav. Res. Ther., 1996, 34(4), 341-350. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(95)00071-2]. [PMID: 8871366].
[80]
Ayers, C.R.; Saxena, S.; Espejo, E.; Twamley, E.W.; Granholm, E.; Wetherell, J.L. Novel treatment for geriatric hoarding disorder: an open trial of cognitive rehabilitation paired with behavior therapy. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry, 2014, 22(3), 248-252. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2013.02.010]. [PMID: 23831173].
[81]
Hartl, T.L.; Frost, R.O. Cognitive-behavioral treatment of compulsive hoarding: a multiple baseline experimental case study. Behav. Res. Ther., 1999, 37(5), 451-461. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(98)00130-2]. [PMID: 10228316].
[82]
Steketee, G.; Frost, R.O.; Wincze, J.; Greene, K.A.I.; Douglass, H. Group and individual treatment of compulsive hoarding: A pilot study. Behav. Cogn. Psychother., 2000, 28(3), 259-268. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1352465800003064].
[83]
Saxena, S.; Maidment, K.M.; Vapnik, T.; Golden, G.; Rishwain, T.; Rosen, R.M.; Tarlow, G.; Bystritsky, A. Obsessive-compulsive hoarding: symptom severity and response to multimodal treatment. J. Clin. Psychiatry, 2002, 63(1), 21-27. [http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/JCP.v63n0105]. [PMID: 11838621].
[84]
Miller, W.R.; Rollnick, S. Motivational Interviewing: Preparing People for Change; (2nd ed. ), 2002.
[85]
Frost, R.O.; Krause, M.S.; Steketee, G. Hoarding and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Behav. Modif., 1996, 20(1), 116-132. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01454455960201006]. [PMID: 8561769].
[86]
Ball, S.G.; Baer, L.; Otto, M.W. Symptom subtypes of obsessive-compulsive disorder in behavioral treatment studies: A quantitative review. Behav. Res. Ther., 1996, 34(1), 47-51. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(95)00047-2]. [PMID: 8561764].
[87]
Bodryzlova, Y.; Audet, J.S.; Bergeron, K.; O’Connor, K. Group cognitive-behavioural therapy for hoarding disorder: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Health Soc. Care Community, 2019, 27(3), 517-530. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hsc.12598]. [PMID: 30033635].
[88]
Colombo, E.; Prato-Previde, E. Animal hoarding – Lifestyle, animal abuse or psychopathology? A critical review of the literature. Ric. Psicol., 2013, 4, 317-360.
[89]
Muroff, J.; Steketee, G.; Frost, R.O.; Tolin, D.F. Cognitive behavior therapy for hoarding disorder: follow-up findings and predictors of outcome. Depress. Anxiety, 2014, 31(12), 964-971. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/da.22222]. [PMID: 24277161].
[90]
Brakoulias, V.; Milicevic, D. Assessment and treatment of hoarding disorder. Australas. Psychiatry, 2015, 23(4), 358-360. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1039856215587235]. [PMID: 26019288].
[91]
Thompson, C.; Fernández de la Cruz, L.; Mataix-Cols, D.; Onwumere, J. A systematic review and quality assessment of psychological, pharmacological, and family-based interventions for hoarding disorder. Asian J. Psychiatr., 2017, 27, 53-66. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2017.02.020]. [PMID: 28558897].
Related Journals
Current Drug Safety
Current Pharmaceutical Design
Current Neurovascular Research
Current Pharmaceutical Analysis
Central Nervous System Agents in Medicinal Chemistry
Current Vascular Pharmacology
Current Alzheimer Research
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets
Current Molecular Pharmacology
Current Aging Science
Related Books
Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research - CNS and Neurological Disorders
Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research - CNS and Neurological Disorders
New Findings from Natural Substances
Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Production: An Introductory Textbook
Evidence-Based Research in Ayurveda against COVID-19 in Compliance with Standardized Protocols and Practices
Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research - CNS and Neurological Disorders
Pharmaceuticals for Targeting Coronaviruses
Medical Applications of Beta-Glucan
Nanotechnology Driven Herbal Medicine for Burns: From Concept to Application
Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research-Dementia
Article Metrics
34
2