Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) have become the main cause of morbidity and death worldwide. In addition, current anti-diabetic and cardiovascular therapy is based on conventional drugs that have limited effectiveness and adverse side effects. In this regard, the role of medicinal herbs as a complementary or an alternative medicine is of great interest. Urtica dioica L. (Urticaceae), which is the focus of this review, has been widely used in traditional medicine to treat a variety of ailments, including, diabetes, hypertension and prostate cancer. The aim of this article is to review current knowledge related to the anti-diabetic and cardiovascular properties of U. dioica, with particular emphasis on the bioactive compounds, the plant parts used, and the action mechanism behind lowering blood glucose level and reducing risk of CVD. We also discuss the chemical composition and toxicological properties of the plant. From this review, it was suggested that the anti-diabetic and the cardiovascular effects of U. dioica are attributed to different classes of compounds, such as polyphenols, triterpens, sterols, flavonoids, and lectin which reduce the blood glucose level and the risk of CVD by their antihypertensive, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and/or by interfering with different cellular signalization pathways, including increase of NO, inhibition of α-amylase and α-glycosidase, modulation of GLUT4 and protection of pancreatic β-cells, among others. The identification of the plant constituents and the understanding of their exact action mechanisms are necessary to prove the efficacy of the plant and develop it as pharmacological drug.
Keywords: Urtica dioica, chemical composition, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, toxicity, pharmacological drug.
Graphical Abstract
[1]
Erdman, J.W., Jr; Balentine, D.; Arab, L.; Beecher, G.; Dwyer, J.T.; Folts, J.; Harnly, J.; Hollman, P.; Keen, C.L.; Mazza, G.; Messina, M.; Scalbert, A.; Vita, J.; Williamson, G.; Burrowes, J. Flavonoids and heart health: proceedings of the ILSI North America Flavonoids Workshop, May 31-June 1, 2005, Washington, DC. J. Nutr., 2007, 137(3 Suppl 1), 718S-737S.
[2]
Willoughby, S.; Holmes, A.; Loscalzo, J. Platelets and cardiovascular disease. Eur. J. Cardiovasc. Nurs., 2002, 1(4), 273-288.
[3]
Jellinger, P.S. Metabolic consequences of hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. Clin. Cornerstone, 2007, 8(Suppl. 7), S30-S42.
[4]
WHO National policy on traditional medicine and regulation of
herbal medicines: Report of a WHO global survey. World Health
Organization; Geneva, S witzerland, 2005..
[5]
Izzo, A.A.; Hoon-Kim, S.; Radhakrishnan, R.; Williamson, E.M. A Critical approach to evaluating clinical efficacy, adverse events and drug interactions of herbal remedies. Phytother. Res., 2016, 30(5), 691-700.
[6]
Chrubasik, S.; Enderlein, W.; Bauer, R.; Grabner, W. Evidence for antirheumatic effectiveness of Herba Urticae dioicae in acute arthritis: A pilot study. Phytomedicine, 1997, 4(2), 105-108.
[7]
Bone, K.; Mill, S. Principles and practices of phytotherapy.In Modern Herbal Medicine; Churchill, Livingstone., Ed.; London, UK, 2013.
[8]
Krystofova, O.; Adam, V.; Babula, P.; Zehnalek, J.; Beklova, M.; Havel, L. Effects of various doses of selenite on stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.). Int. J. Environ. Health Res. Public Health, 2010, 7, 3804-3815.
[9]
Bnouham, M.; Mekhfi, H.; Legssyer, A.; Ziyyat, A. Ethnopharmacology forum medicinal plants used in the treatment of diabetes in Morocco. Int. J. Diabetes Metab., 2002, 10, 33-50.
[10]
Hmamouchi, M. Les plantes médicinales et aromatiques marocaines : utilisation, biologie, écologie, chimie, pharmacologie, toxicologie, lexiques; Fédala: Mohammedia, Morocco, 1999.
[11]
Ziyyat, A.; Legssyer, A.; Mekhfi, H.; Dassouli, A.; Serhrouchni, M.; Benjelloun, W. Phytotherapy of hypertension and diabetes in oriental Morocco. J. Ethnopharmacol., 1997, 58(1), 45-54.
[12]
Riehemann, K.; Behnke, B.; Schulze-Osthoff, K. Plant extracts from stinging nettle (Urtica dioica), an antirheumatic remedy, inhibit the proinflammatory transcription factor NF-kappaB. FEBS Lett., 1999, 442(1), 89-94.
[13]
Bnouham, M.; Merhfour, F.Z.; Ziyyat, A.; Mekhfi, H.; Aziz, M.; Legssyer, A. Antihyperglycemic activity of the aqueous extract of Urtica dioica. Fitoterapia, 2003, 74(7-8), 677-681.
[14]
Durak, I.; Biri, H.; Devrim, E.; Sozen, S.; Avci, A. Aqueous extract of Urtica dioica makes significant inhibition on adenosine deaminase activity in prostate tissue from patients with prostate cancer. Cancer Biol. Ther., 2004, 3(9), 855-857.
[15]
Basaran, A.; Ceriioghu, I.; Undeger, U.; Basaran, N. Immunmodulatory activities of some Turkish medicinal plants. Phytother. Res., 1997, 11, 609-611.
[16]
Rovira, P.; Buckle, M.; Abastado, J.P.; Peumans, W.J.; Truffa-Bachi, P. Major histocompatibility class I molecules present Urtica dioica agglutinin, a superantigen of vegetal origin, to T lymphocytes. Eur. J. Immunol., 1999, 29(5), 1571-1580.
[17]
Tahri, A.; Yamani, S.; Legssyer, A.; Aziz, M.; Mekhfi, H.; Bnouham, M.; Ziyyat, A. Acute diuretic, natriuretic and hypotensive effects of a continuous perfusion of aqueous extract of Urtica dioica in the rat. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2000, 73(1-2), 95-100.
[18]
El Haouari, M.; Bnouham, M.; Bendahou, M.; Aziz, M.; Ziyyat, A.; Legssyer, A.; Mekhfi, H. Inhibition of rat platelet aggregation by Urtica dioica leaves extracts. Phytother. Res., 2006, 20(7), 568-572.
[19]
Mittman, P. Randomized, double-blind study of freeze-dried Urtica dioica in the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Planta Med., 1990, 56(1), 44-47.
[20]
Gulcin, I.; Kufrevioglu, O.I.; Oktay, M.; Buyukokuroglu, M.E. Antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiulcer and analgesic activities of nettle (Urtica dioica L.). J. Ethnopharmacol., 2004, 90(2-3), 205-215.
[21]
Brown, D. The Royal Horticultural Society. Encyclopedia of herbs and their uses., First Edition ed. Dorling Kindersley: London. 1995.
[22]
Kataki, M.; Murugamani, V.; Rajkumari, A.; Mehra, P.; Awasthi, D.; Yadav, R. Antioxidant, hepatoprotective and anthelminticactivities of methanol extract of Urtica dioica L. Leaves. Pharm. Crops, 2012, 3, 3846.
[23]
Rafajlovska, V.; Kavrakovski, Z.; Simonovska, J.; Srbinoska, M. Determination of protein and mineral contents in stinging nettle. Qual. Life, 2013, 4, 26-30.
[24]
Proestos, C.; Boziaris, I.S.; Nychas, G.J.E.; Komaitis, M. Analysis of flavonoids and phenolic acids in Greek aromatic plants: Investigation of their antioxidant capacity and antimicrobial activity. Food Chem., 2006, 95, 664-671.
[25]
Pinelli, P.; Ieri, F.; Vignolini, P.; Bacci, L.; Baronti, S.; Romani, A. Extraction and HPLC analysis of phenolic compounds in leaves, stalks, and textile fibers of Urtica dioica L. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2008, 56(19), 9127-9132.
[26]
Chaurasia, N.; Wichtl, M. Flavonol Glycosides from Urtica dioica. Planta Med., 1987, 53(5), 432-434.
[27]
Sovová, H.; Sajfrtová, M.; Bártlová, M.; Opletal, L. Near-critical extraction of pigments and oleoresin from stinging nettle leaves. J. Supercrit. Fluids, 2004, 30(2), 213-224.
[28]
Ioana, N.; Viorica, I.; Diana-Carolina, I.; Valeria, R. Preliminary research regarding the therapeutic uses of Urtica dioica l note ii. The dynamics of accumulation of total phenolic compounds and ascorbic acid. Farmacia, 2013, 2, 276-283.
[29]
Galelli, A.; Truffa-Bachi, P. Urtica dioica agglutinin. A superantigenic lectin from stinging nettle rhizome. J. Immunol., 1993, 151(4), 1821-1831.
[30]
Ellnain-Wojtaszek, M.; Bylka, W.; Kowalewski, Z. Flavanoid compounds in Urtica dioica L. Herba Pol., 1986, 32, 131-137.
[31]
Hughes, R.E.; Ellery, P.; Harry, T.; Jenkins, V.; Jones, E. The dietary potential of the common nettle. J. Sci. Food Agric., 1980, 31(12), 1279-1286.
[32]
Ayan, A.K. ÇalÕúkan, Ö.; ÇÕrak, C. Economical importance and cultivation of stinging nettle (Urtica spp.). J. Agricult. Faculty Ondokuz Mayis Univ., 2006, 21, 357-363.
[33]
Guil-Guerrero, J.L.; Rebolloso-Fuentes, M.M.; Torija Isasa, M.E. Fatty acids and carotenoids from Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica L.). J. Food Compos. Anal., 2003, 16(2), 111-119.
[35]
Fu, H.Y.; Chen, S.J.; Chen, R.F.; Ding, W.H.; Kuo-Huang, L.L.; Huang, R.N. Identification of oxalic acid and tartaric acid as major persistent pain-inducing toxins in the stinging hairs of the nettle, Urtica thunbergiana. Ann. Bot., 2006, 98(1), 57-65.
[36]
Greenberg, M.I. Occupational, industrial, and environmental toxicology; Elsevier Health Sciences, 2003.
[37]
Lapinskaya, E.S.; Kopyt’ko, Y.F. Composition of the lipophilic fraction of stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L. and U. urens L.) homeopathic matrix tinctures. Pharm. Chem. J., 2008, 42, 26-29.
[38]
Hajhashemi, V.; Klooshani, V. Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of Urtica dioica leaf extract in animal models. Avicenna J. Phytomed., 2013, 3(2), 193-200.
[39]
Kraus, R.; Spiteller, G. Terpene diols and terpene diol glucosides from roots of Urtica dioica. Phytochemistry, 1991, 30(4), 1203-1206.
[40]
Van Damme, E.J.; Broekaert, W.F.; Peumans, W.J. The Urtica dioica Agglutinin Is a Complex Mixture of Isolectins. Plant Physiol., 1988, 86, 598-601.
[41]
Wagner, H.; Willer, F.; Kreher, B. [Biologically active compounds from the aqueous extract of Urtica dioica]. Planta Med., 1989, 55(5), 452-454.
[42]
Schottner, M.; Gansser, D.; Spiteller, G. Lignans from the roots of Urtica dioica and their metabolites bind to human sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG). Planta Med., 1997, 63(6), 529-532.
[43]
Gansser, D.; Spiteller, G. Aromatase inhibitors from Urtica dioica roots. Planta Med., 1995, 61(2), 138-140.
[44]
Gansser, D.; Spiteller, G. Plant constituents interfering with human sex hormone-binding globulin. Evaluation of a test method and its application to Urtica dioica root extracts. Z. Naturforsch. C, 1995, 50(1-2), 98-104.
[45]
Gul, S.; Demirci, B.; Baser, K.H.; Akpulat, H.A.; Aksu, P. Chemical composition and in vitro cytotoxic, genotoxic effects of essential oil from Urtica dioica L. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 2012, 88(5), 666-671.
[46]
Genc, Z.; Yarat, A.; Tunali-Akbay, T.; Sener, G.; Cetinel, S.; Pisiriciler, R.; Caliskan-Ak, E.; Altintas, A.; Demirci, B. The effect of stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) seed oil on experimental colitis in rats. J. Med. Food, 2011, 14(12), 1554-1561.
[47]
Ilies, D.C.; Tudor, I.; Radulesc, V. Chemical composition of the essential oil of Urtica dioica. Chem. Nat. Compd., 2012, 48(3), 506-507.
[48]
Kraus, R.; Spiteller, G. Ceramides from Urtica dioica roots. Eur. J. Org. Chem., 1991, 2, 125-128.
[49]
Otles, S.; Yalcin, B. Phenolic compounds analysis of root, stalk, and leaves of nettle. Scientif. World J., 2012, 2012, 564367.
[50]
Gray, A.M.; Flatt, P.R. Nature’s own pharmacy: the diabetes perspective. Proc. Nutr. Soc., 1997, 56(1B), 507-517.
[51]
Swanston-Flatt, S.K.; Day, C. P.R., F.; Bailey, C.J. Evaluation of the antihyperglycaemic properties of traditional plant treatment for diabetes.In Frontiers in Diabetes Research: Lessons from Animal Diabetes; Shafrir, E., Ed.; London, UK: Smith-Gordon and Company, 1991.
[52]
Malviya, N.; Jain, S.; Malviya, S. Antidiabetic potential of medicinal plants. Acta Pol. Pharm., 2010, 67(2), 113-118.
[53]
Das, M.; Sarma, B.P.; Rokeya, B.; Parial, R.; Nahar, N.; Mosihuzzaman, M.; Khan, A.; Ali, L. Antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic activity of Urtica dioica on type 2 diabetic model rats. J. Diabetol., 2011, 2, 1-6.
[54]
Mehri, A.; Shirin, H.R.; Bagher, L.; Abdollahi, M. A systematic review of efficacy and safety of Urtica dioica in the treatment of diabetes. Int. J. Pharmacol., 2011, 7, 161-170.
[55]
El Haouari, M.; Jardin, I.; Mekhfi, H.; Rosado, J.A.; Salido, G.M. Urtica dioica extract reduces platelet hyperaggregability in type 2 diabetes mellitus by inhibition of oxidant production, Ca2+ mobilization and protein tyrosine phosphorylation. J. Appl. Biomed., 2007, 5, 105-113.
[56]
Bnouham, M.; Merhfour, F.Z.; Ziyyat, A.; Aziz, M.; Legssyer, A.; Mekhfi, H. Antidiabetic effect of some medicinal plants of Oriental Morocco in neonatal non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus rats. Hum. Exp. Toxicol., 2010, 29(10), 865-871.
[57]
Petlevski, R.; Hadzija, M.; Slijepcevic, M.; Juretic, D. Effect of ‘antidiabetis’ herbal preparation on serum glucose and fructosamine in NOD mice. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2001, 75(2-3), 181-184.
[58]
Golalipour, M.J.; Khori, V. The protective activity of Urtica dioica leaves on blood glucose concentration and beta-cells in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 2007, 10(8), 1200-1204.
[59]
Golalipour, M.J.G.; Ghafari, S.; Kouri, V. KESTKAR, A.A. Proliferation of the β-Cells of pancreas in diabetic rats treated with Urtica dioica. Int. J. Morphol., 2010, 28, 399-404.
[60]
Swanston-Flatt, S.K.; Day, C.; Flatt, P.R.; Gould, B.J.; Bailey, C.J. Glycaemic effects of traditional European plant treatments for diabetes. Studies in normal and streptozotocin diabetic mice. Diabetes Res., 1989, 10(2), 69-73.
[61]
Qujeq, D.; Tatar, M.; Feizi, F.; Parsian, H.; Sohan Faraji, A.; Halalkhor, S. Effect of Urtica dioica leaf alcoholic and aqueous extracts on the number and the diameter of the islets in diabetic Rats. Int. J. Mol. Cell. Med., 2013, 2(1), 21-26.
[62]
Ahangarpour, A.; Mohammadian, M.; Dianat, M. Antidiabetic effect of hydroalcholic urticadioica leaf extract in male rats with fructose-induced insulin resistance. Iran. J. Med. Sci., 2012, 37(3), 181-186.
[63]
Nassiri-Asl, M.; Zamansoltani, F.; Abbasi, E.; Daneshi, M.M.; Zangivand, A.A. Effects of Urtica dioica extract on lipid profile in hypercholesterolemic rats. Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao, 2009, 7(5), 428-433.
[64]
Avci, G.; Kupeli, E.; Eryavuz, A.; Yesilada, E.; Kucukkurt, I. Antihypercholesterolaemic and antioxidant activity assessment of some plants used as remedy in Turkish folk medicine. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2006, 107(3), 418-423.
[65]
Golalipour, M.J.; Ghafari, S.; Afshar, M. Protective role of Urtica dioica L. (Urticaceae) extract on hepatocytes morphometric changes in STZ diabetic Wistar rats. Turk. J. Gastroenterol., 2010, 21(3), 262-269.
[66]
Farzami, B.; Ahmadvand, D.; Vardasbi, S.; Majin, F.J.; Khaghani, S. Induction of insulin secretion by a component of Urtica dioica leave extract in perifused Islets of Langerhans and its in vivo effects in normal and streptozotocin diabetic rats. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2003, 89(1), 47-53.
[67]
Qujeq, D.; Davary, S.; Moazzi, Z.; Mahjoub, S. Effect of Urtica dioica leaf extract on activities of nucleoside diphosphate kinase and acetyl coenzyme, a carboxylase, in normal and hyperglycemic rats. Afr. J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 2011, 5, 792-796.
[68]
Onal, S.; Timur, S.; Okutucu, B.; Zihnioglu, F. Inhibition of alpha-glucosidase by aqueous extracts of some potent antidiabetic medicinal herbs. Prep. Biochem. Biotechnol., 2005, 35(1), 29-36.
[69]
Rahimzadeh, M.; Jahanshahi, S.; Moein, S.; Moein, M.R. Evaluation of alpha- amylase inhibition by Urtica dioica and Juglans regia extracts. Iran. J. Basic Med. Sci., 2014, 17(6), 465-469.
[70]
Kadan, S.; Saad, B.; Sasson, Y.; Zaid, H. In Vitro Evaluations of Cytotoxicity of Eight Antidiabetic Medicinal Plants and Their Effect on GLUT4 Translocation. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med., 2013, 2013, 549345.
[71]
Mobaseri, M.; Aliasgarzadeh, A.; Bahrami, A.; Zargami, N.; Tabrizi, A. Efficacy of the Total Extract of Urtica dioica on the glucose utilization by the Human Muscle Cells. J. Clin. Diagn. Res., 2012, 6, 437-440.
[72]
Said, O.; Fulder, S.; Khalil, K.; Azaizeh, H.; Kassis, E.; Saad, B. Maintaining a physiological blood glucose level with ‘glucolevel’, a combination of four anti-diabetes plants used in the traditional arab herbal medicine. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med., 2008, 5(4), 421-428.
[73]
Patel, S.S.; Parashar, A.; Udayabanu, M. Urtica dioica leaves modulates muscarinic cholinergic system in the hippocampus of streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Metab. Brain Dis., 2015, 30(3), 803-811.
[74]
Neef, H.; Declereq, P.; Laekeman, G. Hypoglycemic activity of selected European plants. Phytother. Res., 1995, 9, 45-48.
[75]
Roman Ramos, R.; Alarcon-Aguilar, F.; Lara-Lemus, A.; Flores-Saenz, J.L. Hypoglycemic effect of plants used in Mexico as antidiabetics. Arch. Med. Res., 1992, 23(1), 59-64.
[76]
Peumans, W.J.; Delay, M.; Broekaert, W.F. An unusual lectin from stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) rhizomes. FEBS Lett., 1984, 177, 99-103.
[77]
Stanely, P.; Prince, M.; Menon, V.P. Hypoglycaemic and other related actions of Tinospora cordifolia roots in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2000, 70(1), 9-15.
[78]
Purrello, F.; Burnham, D.B.; Goldfine, I.D. Insulin receptor antiserum and plant lectins mimic the direct effects of insulin on nuclear envelope phosphorylation. Science, 1983, 221(4609), 462-464.
[79]
Domola, M.S.; Vu, V.; Robson-Doucette, C.A.; Sweeney, G.; Wheeler, M.B. Insulin mimetics in Urtica dioica: structural and computational analyses of Urtica dioica extracts. Phytother. Res., 2010, 24(Suppl. 2), S175-S182.
[80]
Vilahur, G.; Badimon, L. Antiplatelet properties of natural products. Vascul. Pharmacol., 2013, 59(3-4), 67-75.
[81]
Estruch, R.; Martinez-Gonzalez, M.A.; Corella, D.; Salas-Salvado, J.; Ruiz-Gutierrez, V.; Covas, M.I.; Fiol, M.; Gomez-Gracia, E.; Lopez-Sabater, M.C.; Vinyoles, E.; Aros, F.; Conde, M.; Lahoz, C.; Lapetra, J.; Saez, G.; Ros, E.; Investigators, P.S. Effects of a Mediterranean-style diet on cardiovascular risk factors: A randomized trial. Ann. Intern. Med., 2006, 145(1), 1-11.
[82]
Perez-Vizcaino, F.; Duarte, J. Flavonols and cardiovascular disease. Mol. Aspects Med., 2010, 31(6), 478-494.
[83]
Liu, S.; Manson, J.E.; Lee, I.M.; Cole, S.R.; Hennekens, C.H.; Willett, W.C.; Buring, J.E. Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of cardiovascular disease: The Women’s Health Study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 2000, 72(4), 922-928.
[84]
Garnier, G.; Bezanger-Beauquesne, L.; Debraux, G. Ressources médicinales de la flore française, tome II, Vigot Fréres ed: Paris. 1961.
[85]
Mekhfi, H.; El Haouari, M.; Legssyer, A.; Bnouham, M.; Aziz, M.; Atmani, F.; Remmal, A.; Ziyyat, A. Platelet anti-aggregant property of some Moroccan medicinal plants. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2004, 94(2-3), 317-322.
[86]
Tita, B.; Faccendini, P.; Bello, U.; Martinoli, L.; Bolle, P. Urtica dioica L.: pharmacological effect of ethanol extract. Pharmacol. Res., 1993, 27, 21-22.
[87]
Testai, L.; Chericoni, S.; Calderone, V.; Nencioni, G.; Nieri, P.; Morelli, I.; Martinotti, E. Cardiovascular effects of Urtica dioica L. (Urticaceae) roots extracts: In vitro and in vivo pharmacological studies. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2002, 81(1), 105-109.
[88]
Qayyum, R.; Qamar, H.M.; Khan, S.; Salma, U.; Khan, T.; Shah, A.J. Mechanisms underlying the antihypertensive properties of Urtica dioica. J. Transl. Med., 2016, 14, 254.
[89]
Legssyer, A.; Ziyyat, A.; Mekhfi, H.; Bnouham, M.; Tahri, A.; Serhrouchni, M.; Hoerter, J.; Fischmeister, R. Cardiovascular effects of Urtica dioica L. in isolated rat heart and aorta. Phytother. Res., 2002, 16(6), 503-507.
[90]
Roschek, B., Jr; Fink, R.C.; McMichael, M.; Alberte, R.S. Nettle extract (Urtica dioica) affects key receptors and enzymes associated with allergic rhinitis. Phytother. Res., 2009, 23(7), 920-926.
[91]
Daher, C.F.; Baroody, K.G.; Baroody, G.M. Effect of Urtica dioica extract intake upon blood lipid profile in the rats. Fitoterapia, 2006, 77(3), 183-188.
[92]
Alisi, C.S.; Emejulu, A.A.; Alisi, P.N.C.; Nwaogu, L.A.; Onyema, O.O. Decreased cardiovascular risk and resistance to hyperlipemia-induced hepatic damage in rats by aqueous extract of Urtica dioica. Afr. J. Biochem. Res., 2008, 2(4), 102-106.
[93]
Amiri Behzadi, A.; Kalalian-Moghaddam, H.; Ahmadi, A.H. Effects of Urtica dioica supplementation on blood lipids, hepatic enzymes and nitric oxide levels in type 2 diabetic patients: A double blind, randomized clinical trial. Avicenna J. Phytomed., 2016, 6(6), 686-695.
[94]
Shi, Y.; Vanhoutte, P.M. Macro- and microvascular endothelial dysfunction in diabetes. J. Diabetes, 2017, 9(5), 434-449.
[95]
Kianbakht, S.; Khalighi-Sigaroodi, F.; Dabaghian, F.H. Improved glycemic control in patients with advanced type 2 diabetes mellitus taking Urtica dioica leaf extract: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Clin. Lab., 2013, 59(9-10), 1071-1076.
[96]
Namazi, N.; Esfanjani, A.T.; Heshmati, J.; Bahrami, A. The effect of hydro alcoholic Nettle (Urtica dioica) extracts on insulin sensitivity and some inflammatory indicators in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized double-blind control trial. Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 2011, 14(15), 775-779.
[97]
Namazi, N.; Tarighat, A.; Bahrami, A. The effect of hydro alcoholic nettle (Urtica dioica) extract on oxidative stress in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized double-blind clinical trial. Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 2012, 15(2), 98-102.
[99]
Pourahmadi, M.; Jashni, H.K.; Bagheri, M.; Jahromi, A.S. The effect of hydro-alcoholic extract of Urtica dioica root on testes in adult rats. Life Sci. J., 2014, 11, 420-424.
Related Books
Science of Spices and Culinary Herbs - Latest Laboratory, Pre-clinical, and Clinical Studies
Frontiers in Natural Product Chemistry
Therapeutic Use of Plant Secondary Metabolites
Therapeutic Implications of Natural Bioactive Compounds
Frontiers in Bioactive Compounds
Frontiers in Natural Product Chemistry
Frontiers in Natural Product Chemistry
Science of Spices and Culinary Herbs - Latest Laboratory, Pre-clinical, and Clinical Studies
Frontiers in Natural Product Chemistry
Frontiers in Natural Product Chemistry
Article Metrics
65
10
1