Abstract
Epigenetics controls the expression of genes and is responsible for cellular phenotypes. The fundamental basis of these mechanisms involves in part the post-translational modifications (PTMs) of DNA and proteins, in particular, the nuclear histones. DNA can be methylated or demethylated on cytosine. Histones are marked by several modifications including acetylation and/or methylation, and of particular importance are the covalent modifications of lysine. There exists a balance between addition and removal of these PTMs, leading to three groups of enzymes involved in these processes: the writers adding marks, the erasers removing them, and the readers able to detect these marks and participating in the recruitment of transcription factors. The stimulation or the repression in the expression of genes is thus the result of a subtle equilibrium between all the possibilities coming from the combinations of these PTMs. Indeed, these mechanisms can be deregulated and then participate in the appearance, development and maintenance of various human diseases, including cancers, neurological and metabolic disorders. Some of the key players in epigenetics are metalloenzymes, belonging mostly to the group of erasers: the zinc-dependent histone deacetylases (HDACs), the iron-dependent lysine demethylases of the Jumonji family (JMJ or KDM) and for DNA the iron-dependent ten-eleven-translocation enzymes (TET) responsible for the oxidation of methylcytosine prior to the demethylation of DNA. This review presents these metalloenzymes, their importance in human disease and their inhibitors.
Keywords: DNMT, epigenetic, HDAC, TET, metalloenzymes, PTM.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrd3674] [PMID: 22498752]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1145801] [PMID: 17947579]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.2000.3000] [PMID: 10873683]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/MCB.25.8.2873-2884.2005] [PMID: 15798178]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M203423200] [PMID: 11994312]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80521-8] [PMID: 9288740]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0092-8674(02)01085-1] [PMID: 12464182]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M100800200] [PMID: 11279135]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2005.04.021] [PMID: 15916966]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1105166] [PMID: 15653507]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/417455a] [PMID: 12024216]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/FBP.0b013e32833c20c0] [PMID: 20555253]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2008.08.016] [PMID: 18824292]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2008.02.030] [PMID: 18406327]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2006.05.040] [PMID: 16873063]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/MCB.02091-06] [PMID: 17470548]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M110.216853] [PMID: 21324898]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng1531] [PMID: 15765097]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/modpathol.2015.34] [PMID: 25836739]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1369/0022155413506582] [PMID: 24051359]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/13543784.17.2.169] [PMID: 18230051]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/WNR.0b013e32833e9288] [PMID: 20717061]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2008.160002] [PMID: 19864659]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fj.201600961RR] [PMID: 28003340]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2016.09.002] [PMID: 27614213]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddt402] [PMID: 23962722]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/acel.12642] [PMID: 28771976]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/928326] [PMID: 21151616]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5938740] [PMID: 27446205]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12933-015-0262-8] [PMID: 26245924]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.154567] [PMID: 20679181]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.07.111] [PMID: 23931972]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M112.379115] [PMID: 23024362]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.11.037] [PMID: 24321371]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.890491] [PMID: 20026773]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1566524011313040013] [PMID: 23061676]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrrheum.2011.162] [PMID: 22009328]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yexmp.2009.06.003] [PMID: 19577564]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/keq108] [PMID: 20421217]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2119/molmed.2011.00030] [PMID: 21308151]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13075-017-1357-2] [PMID: 28673326]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-209064] [PMID: 27457515]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm.1972] [PMID: 19543283]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/aid.2008.0191] [PMID: 19239360]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.74.15.6790-6799.2000] [PMID: 10888618]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3851/IMP2551] [PMID: 24318952]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0b013e32832ec1dc] [PMID: 19590405]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M110.180224] [PMID: 21531716]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature11286] [PMID: 22837004]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67098-5] [PMID: 16099290]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004071] [PMID: 24722454]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.05.047] [PMID: 27318122]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.02.030] [PMID: 20223566]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1210204] [PMID: 17322921]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40265-014-0275-8] [PMID: 25134672]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/14737140.2015.1047770] [PMID: 26051506]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867043365099]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/era.10.88] [PMID: 20645688]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2005.14.167] [PMID: 15897550]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-1802] [PMID: 17145826]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.12-10-1247] [PMID: 17962618]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(15)70056-2] [PMID: 25800891]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/excr.1998.4027] [PMID: 9633520]
[PMID: 11895901]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-0135] [PMID: 18172270]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2008.21.6150] [PMID: 19826128]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2011.37.4223] [PMID: 22271479]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/era.10.88] [PMID: 20645688]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6605726] [PMID: 20588278]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00280-010-1419-5] [PMID: 20706839]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2011.41.2395] [PMID: 22915658]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2014.59.2782] [PMID: 26101246]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bjh.13222] [PMID: 25404094]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-1786] [PMID: 18245542]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/JTO.0b013e318191520c] [PMID: 19096314]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-0511] [PMID: 16899611]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10637-011-9751-0] [PMID: 21964801]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00280-014-2612-8] [PMID: 25377157]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2011.38.1350] [PMID: 22547596]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(14)70440-1] [PMID: 25242045]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.03.059] [PMID: 23541946]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.8.4592] [PMID: 10200307]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2005.02.188] [PMID: 15851766]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3324/haematol.2016.142406] [PMID: 27151994]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nchembio.1223] [PMID: 23524983]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-15-0624] [PMID: 26482040]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-05-0442] [PMID: 16731764]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-09-0689] [PMID: 20197387]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-11-0044] [PMID: 21586629]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.leukres.2009.07.024] [PMID: 19682743]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bjd.14427] [PMID: 26836950]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10565-016-9347-8] [PMID: 27423454]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-0547] [PMID: 19861438]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(16)30375-8] [PMID: 27646843]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2011-10-387365] [PMID: 22262760]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2007-12-130823] [PMID: 18641367]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13045-016-0282-1] [PMID: 27363832]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph10020040] [PMID: 28398261]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9440(10)63568-7] [PMID: 14578209]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature21409] [PMID: 28273064]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.13738] [PMID: 27926524]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/BC.2000.015] [PMID: 10746741]
[PMID: 10667572]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1203176] [PMID: 10597302]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.12.6791] [PMID: 9618491]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(93)90500-P] [PMID: 8242752]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjp.0707608] [PMID: 18059320]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/MCB.26.7.2782-2790.2006] [PMID: 16537920]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0307708100] [PMID: 14734806]
[PMID: 10485470]
[PMID: 12479699]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/10507250152039046] [PMID: 11349829]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.cmr.0000129576.49313.26] [PMID: 15179185]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1593/neo.04655] [PMID: 16026644]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-03-2629] [PMID: 15059915]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1208585] [PMID: 15897906]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.16.6.1125] [PMID: 16273296]
[PMID: 18507029]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-09-0451] [PMID: 19887558]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-394387-3.00005-7] [PMID: 23088871]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-291X(02)02787-0] [PMID: 12480550]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02478931] [PMID: 12622137]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-2952(03)00411-8] [PMID: 12963476]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.02.105] [PMID: 15033455]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0609.2005.00546.x] [PMID: 16343270]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/86507] [PMID: 11283670]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-4598] [PMID: 16951198]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/or.2013.2523] [PMID: 23754070]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-10-0582] [PMID: 21041383]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-04-2088] [PMID: 16000590]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-3996] [PMID: 17545612]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1667/RR0811.1] [PMID: 17722998]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0707828104] [PMID: 18042714]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0011208] [PMID: 20585447]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dnarep.2011.07.003] [PMID: 21824827]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1008522107] [PMID: 20679231]
[PMID: 12839953]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/cbt.2.5.454] [PMID: 14614324]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.182372299] [PMID: 12189205]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.09.019] [PMID: 23010496]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.4037] [PMID: 25986923]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm.3336] [PMID: 24202396]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.22574] [PMID: 21660961]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/jpet.113.203471] [PMID: 23461975]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2013.10] [PMID: 23370212]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0024099] [PMID: 21909380]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10549-014-2979-6] [PMID: 24810497]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.11.079] [PMID: 25434997]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/epi.6.1.13297] [PMID: 20818169]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cbic.201000545] [PMID: 21243713]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.09.015] [PMID: 23063108]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrg1945] [PMID: 16983801]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04433] [PMID: 16362057]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrg2218] [PMID: 17909537]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molonc.2012.07.004] [PMID: 22902149]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrd4154] [PMID: 24232376]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1476-4598-11-52] [PMID: 22867098]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/BJ20140754] [PMID: 25145438]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI68642] [PMID: 24200691]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mc.22341] [PMID: 26207617]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13277-014-2630-5] [PMID: 25245333]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature06255] [PMID: 17994099]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2010-10-312736] [PMID: 21310926]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI64535] [PMID: 23321669]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2011.06.020] [PMID: 21777817]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gku1298] [PMID: 25488809]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2010.05.024] [PMID: 20609350]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-0407] [PMID: 20823141]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4149/neo_2011_02_153] [PMID: 21275466]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1245/s10434-011-1797-x] [PMID: 21607773]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mc.20758] [PMID: 21400613]
[PMID: 26101715]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/DAD.0b013e31820dfcbf] [PMID: 21785329]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/onc.2009.297] [PMID: 19784073]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.14670/HH-29.797] [PMID: 24371038]
[PMID: 10987278]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.29211] [PMID: 25220908]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00335-015-9592-9] [PMID: 26248577]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pros.21123] [PMID: 20127736]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-0702] [PMID: 18927281]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/path.1925] [PMID: 16400626]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-12-3165] [PMID: 23722541]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature08036] [PMID: 19430464]
[PMID: 10616211]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/modpathol.3800413] [PMID: 15803180]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2014.04.024] [PMID: 24937458]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0700735104] [PMID: 18048344]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.25349] [PMID: 20333681]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00333] [PMID: 26215926]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.05.022] [PMID: 25016185]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature08672] [PMID: 20054297]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gr.140988.112] [PMID: 23033341]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2009.08.037] [PMID: 19736018]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng.349] [PMID: 19330029]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/epi.24552] [PMID: 23644518]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2141.2009.07976.x] [PMID: 19912222]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng.907] [PMID: 21822268]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-13-1896] [PMID: 24491801]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000430345] [PMID: 26303949]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M114.567818] [PMID: 25049231]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/onc.2011.491] [PMID: 22020331]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lungcan.2009.10.010] [PMID: 19914733]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-06-0659] [PMID: 17308053]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi3009278] [PMID: 22994852]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbi.2010.08.006] [PMID: 20888218]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbi.2012.10.001] [PMID: 23142576]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrm1366] [PMID: 15122348]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c0cs00203h] [PMID: 21390379]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm00092a016] [PMID: 1321909]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4158/EP11070.RA] [PMID: 21742608]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1231677] [PMID: 23393090]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0005-2744(80)90040-6] [PMID: 6766066]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-1033.1977.tb11889.x] [PMID: 200425]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gad.191056.112] [PMID: 22677546]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm800936s] [PMID: 18942826]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nsmb1273] [PMID: 17589523]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/MCB.01927-06] [PMID: 17325041]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm1003655] [PMID: 20684604]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm400624b] [PMID: 23964788]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm300677j] [PMID: 22724510]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja201597b] [PMID: 21585201]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00083] [PMID: 26101571]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0015535] [PMID: 21124847]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3sc51122g] [PMID: 26682036]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.05.009] [PMID: 24859458]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/pr100269b] [PMID: 20583823]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C0OB00592D] [PMID: 21076780]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms3035] [PMID: 23792809]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01758] [PMID: 26710088]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cmdc.201100026] [PMID: 21412984]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M211058200] [PMID: 12517755]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0005-2744(77)90137-1] [PMID: 402945]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-291X(02)00244-9] [PMID: 12054621]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np040140c] [PMID: 15620252]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/B912993F] [PMID: 20094655]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2012.03.001] [PMID: 22575654]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature11262] [PMID: 2284901]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncb1546] [PMID: 17277772]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm4012802] [PMID: 24325601]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jhg.2013.63] [PMID: 23719188]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrm3589] [PMID: 23698584]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrg3080] [PMID: 22083101]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/embor.2011.233] [PMID: 22157888]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13238-014-0095-3] [PMID: 25152302]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13073-015-0134-6] [PMID: 25632305]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9967-2_3] [PMID: 22956496]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-416027-9.00002-4] [PMID: 23587238]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gad.276568.115] [PMID: 27036965]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2014.03.003] [PMID: 24735881]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2013.02.005] [PMID: 23499384]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7150/jca.12010] [PMID: 26284134]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53889-1_15] [PMID: 28523552]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.05.002] [PMID: 26072273]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2014.00397] [PMID: 25538551]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mad.2013.08.005] [PMID: 24012631]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.11.031] [PMID: 24387984]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddt214] [PMID: 23669348]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvv015] [PMID: 25616414]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exphem.2017.08.001] [PMID: 28826859]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2017.00486] [PMID: 28798687]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri3912] [PMID: 26358395]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroim.2015.11.018] [PMID: 26711572]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24738-0_2] [PMID: 26659262]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.15252/embj.201488290] [PMID: 24825349]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature15713] [PMID: 26524525]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2006.01.015] [PMID: 16513176]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi050227c] [PMID: 15924433]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0911565107] [PMID: 20147623]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b03386] [PMID: 26355596]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003246-198509000-00012] [PMID: 4028770]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature11925] [PMID: 23395962]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2014.12.023] [PMID: 25601757]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1947601913489020] [PMID: 24069510]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7150/thno.9150] [PMID: 27698935]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1868-7083-5-9] [PMID: 23809695]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/epi.14.18] [PMID: 25111481]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-12-1739] [PMID: 23054398]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-2859] [PMID: 19383817]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4274(03)00114-0] [PMID: 12749815]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2010.12.014] [PMID: 21251613]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature12052] [PMID: 23563267]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2017.07.032] [PMID: 28823558]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/CMR.S9661] [PMID: 21625397]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2015.01.002] [PMID: 25579058]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.seminoncol.2004.08.001] [PMID: 15717735]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00003088-200342050-00002] [PMID: 12739982]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2014.03.017] [PMID: 24680930]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2013.03.006] [PMID: 23537575]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bm400516b] [PMID: 23731363]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm9002439] [PMID: 19385600]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7150/thno.13725] [PMID: 27162550]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrc3130] [PMID: 21941284]