[1]
Mills KT, Bundy JD, Kelly TN, et al. Global disparities of hypertension prevalence and control: A systematic analysis of population-based studies from 90 countries. Circulation 2016; 134: 441-50.
[2]
Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N, Peto R, Collins R. Prospective Studies CollaborationAge-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: A meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet 2002; 360: 1903-13.
[3]
GBD 2015 Risk Factors Collaborators. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990-2015: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet 2016; 388: 1659-724.
[4]
World Health Organization. A global brief on hypertension. Silent
killer, global public health crisis. WHO/DCO/WHD/2013.2.
[5]
Sinclair AM, Isles CG, Brown I, Cameron H, Murray GD, Robertson JW. Secondary hypertension in a blood pressure clinic. Arch Intern Med 1987; 147: 1289-93.
[6]
Omura M, Saito J, Yamaguchi K, Kakuta Y, Nishikawa T. Prospective study on the prevalence of secondary hypertension among hypertensive patients visiting a general outpatient clinic in Japan. Hypertens Res 2004; 27: 193-202.
[7]
Conn JW. Presidential address. I. Painting background. II. Primary aldosteronism, a new clinical syndrome. J Lab Clin Med 1955; 45: 3-17.
[8]
Funder JW, Carey RM, Mantero F, et al. The management of primary aldosteronism: Case detection, diagnosis, and treatment: An endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 101: 1889-916.
[9]
Monticone S, Burrello J, Tizzani D, et al. Prevalence and clinical manifestations of primary aldosteronism encountered in primary care practice. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017; 69: 1811-20.
[10]
Fogari R, Preti P, Zoppi A, Rinaldi A, Fogari E, Mugellini A. Prevalence of primary aldosteronism among unselected hypertensive patients: A prospective study based on the use of an aldosterone/ renin ratio above 25 as a screening test. Hypertens Res 2007; 30: 111-7.
[11]
Rossi GP, Bernini G, Caliumi C, et al. PAPY Study Investigators.A prospective study of the prevalence of primary aldosteronism in 1,125 hypertensive patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 48: 2293-300.
[12]
Young WF. Primary aldosteronism: Renaissance of a syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2007; 66: 607-18.
[13]
Persell SD. Prevalence of resistant hypertension in the United States, 2003-2008. Hypertension 2011; 57: 1076-80.
[14]
de la Sierra A, Segura J, Banegas JR, et al. Clinical features of 8295 patients with resistant hypertension classified on the basis of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Hypertension 2011; 57: 898-902.
[15]
Tziomalos K, Kirkineska L, Baltatzi M, et al. Prevalence of resistant hypertension in 1810 patients followed up in a specialized outpatient clinic and its association with the metabolic syndrome. Blood Press 2013; 22: 307-11.
[16]
Calhoun DA, Nishizaka MK, Zaman MA, Thakkar RB, Weissmann P. Hyperaldosteronism among black and white subjects with resistant hypertension. Hypertension 2002; 40: 892-6.
[17]
Douma S, Petidis K, Doumas M, et al. Prevalence of primary hyperaldosteronism in resistant hypertension: A retrospective observational study. Lancet 2008; 371: 1921-6.
[18]
Rossi GP, Bernini G, Caliumi C, et al. PAPY Study Investigators.A prospective study of the prevalence of primary aldosteronism in 1,125 hypertensive patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 48: 2293-300.
[19]
Mulatero P, Stowasser M, Loh KC, et al. Increased diagnosis of primary aldosteronism, including surgically correctable forms, in centers from five continents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89: 1045-50.
[20]
Gordon RD, Stowasser M, Tunny TJ, Klemm SA, Rutherford JC. High incidence of primary aldosteronism in 199 patients referred with hypertension. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1994; 21: 315-8.
[21]
Pimenta E, Gordon RD, Ahmed AH, et al. Cardiac dimensions are largely determined by dietary salt in patients with primary aldosteronism: results of a case-control study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96: 2813-20.
[22]
Muiesan ML, Salvetti M, Paini A, et al. Inappropriate left ventricular mass in patients with primary aldosteronism. Hypertension 2008; 52: 529-34.
[23]
Tsuchiya K, Yoshimoto T, Hirata Y. Endothelial dysfunction is related to aldosterone excess and raised blood pressure. Endocr J 2009; 56: 553-9.
[24]
Bernini G, Galetta F, Franzoni F, et al. Arterial stiffness, intima-media thickness and carotid artery fibrosis in patients with primary aldosteronism. J Hypertens 2008; 26: 2399-405.
[25]
Milliez P, Girerd X, Plouin PF, Blacher J, Safar ME, Mourad JJ. Evidence for an increased rate of cardiovascular events in patients with primary aldosteronism. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 45: 1243-8.
[26]
Reincke M, Fischer E, Gerum S, et al. German Conn’s Registry-Else Kröner-Fresenius-Hyperaldosteronism Registry. Observational study mortality in treated primary aldosteronism: the German Conn’s registry. Hypertension 2012; 60: 618-24.
[27]
Monticone S, D’Ascenzo F, Moretti C, et al. Cardiovascular events and target organ damage in primary aldosteronism compared with essential hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2018; 6: 41-50.
[28]
Catena C, Colussi G, Nadalini E, et al. Cardiovascular outcomes in patients with primary aldosteronism after treatment. Arch Intern Med 2008; 168: 80-5.
[29]
Hundemer GL, Curhan GC, Yozamp N, Wang M, Vaidya A. Cardiometabolic outcomes and mortality in medically treated primary aldosteronism: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2018; 6: 51-9.
[30]
Hannemann A, Wallaschofski H. Prevalence of primary aldosteronism in patient’s cohorts and in population-based studies--a review of the current literature. Horm Metab Res 2012; 44: 157-62.