Functions of Antimicrobial Peptides in Vertebrates

Title:Functions of Antimicrobial Peptides in Vertebrates

Volume: 18 Issue: 11

Author(s): Eva Edilia Avila*

Affiliation:

• Departamento de Biologia, DCNE, Universidad de Guanajuato. Colonia Noria Alta, CP 36050, Guanajuato, Guanajuato,Mexico

Keywords: Antimicrobial peptides, antiviral activity, cancer, cathelicidin, defensin, immunomodulation, reproduction, vertebrates.

Abstract: Objective: The aim of this review is to examine the multiple activities of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in vertebrates.

Content: The largest AMP families are the cathelicidins and defensins, but several peptides derived from bigger proteins have also been reported. Cathelicidins are characterized by a conserved Nterminal pro-region and a variable region that encodes the C-terminal mature peptide. The β-defensins comprise a large family of AMPs that have diversified their functions, apparently without losing their antimicrobial activity. Cathelicidins and β-defensins are present in all vertebrates studied so far; α- defensins are present in mammals, while θ-defensins are only present in some non-human primates. The AMPs are regulated by posttranslational modifications that mainly include proteolysis, amidation, ADP-ribosylation, glycosylation and phosphorylation. In addition to their antimicrobial effects, AMPs show activity against viral particles and interfere in different steps of virus replication. Moreover, AMPs may both promote and inhibit cancer growth: several vertebrate AMPs kill cancer cells, and some tumors grow in an environment wherein the expression of β-defensins is reduced; however, human cathelicidin and some β-defensins are overexpressed in several types of cancer and are correlated with tumor growth. AMPs are part of the complex network of cells and molecules that forms the vertebrate innate defense system and they induce adaptive responses. In addition, they participate in sperm maturation and male reproduction.

Conclusion: AMPs are multifunctional peptides that participate in immune responses, wound healing, angiogenesis, toxin neutralization, iron metabolism, male reproduction, among other functions. However, AMPs may also contribute to excessive inflammation and tumorigenesis.

Cite this article as:

Avila Edilia Eva*, Functions of Antimicrobial Peptides in Vertebrates, Current Protein & Peptide Science 2017; 18 (11) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389203717666160813162629

DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389203717666160813162629	Print ISSN 1389-2037
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher	Online ISSN 1875-5550