Abstract
The innate immune system provides protection against invading neurotropic viruses. It acts as the first line of defense against invading viruses and plays an elementary role in their pathogenesis. The list of viruses capable of infecting human central nervous system (CNS) is quite long, most important of them are Japanese Encephalitis virus (JEV), rabies virus, West Nile virus (WNV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV), La Crosse virus, tick borne encephalitis virus (TEBE) and polio virus. Germ line pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as Toll like receptors (TLRs), nucleotide binding oligomerization domain (NOD) - like receptors (NLRs), retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) -like helicases or RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) and cytosolic DNA sensors recognize the pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and initiate an immune response against invading pathogen. Although PRRs were originally characterized in peripheral immune cells but accumulating evidence also suggest their crucial roles in CNS to combat against neurotropic viruses. In this review, we will highlight the recent developments in our understating of the mechanisms by which PRRs in resident brain cells provide protection against invading neurotropic viruses.
Keywords: Central nervous system, innate immunity, PAMPs, PRRs, RLRs, TLRs, virus.
Current Pharmaceutical Design
Title:The Yin and Yang of Antiviral Innate Immunity in Central Nervous System
Volume: 22 Issue: 6
Author(s): Ali Zohaib, Adeel Sarfraz, Qari Muhammad Kaleem, Jing Ye, Mudassar Niaz Mughal, Muhammad Tariq Navid, Faheem Ahmed Khan, Xiaodong Duan, Bibo Zhu, Shengfeng Wan and Shengbo Cao
Affiliation:
Keywords: Central nervous system, innate immunity, PAMPs, PRRs, RLRs, TLRs, virus.
Abstract: The innate immune system provides protection against invading neurotropic viruses. It acts as the first line of defense against invading viruses and plays an elementary role in their pathogenesis. The list of viruses capable of infecting human central nervous system (CNS) is quite long, most important of them are Japanese Encephalitis virus (JEV), rabies virus, West Nile virus (WNV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV), La Crosse virus, tick borne encephalitis virus (TEBE) and polio virus. Germ line pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as Toll like receptors (TLRs), nucleotide binding oligomerization domain (NOD) - like receptors (NLRs), retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) -like helicases or RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) and cytosolic DNA sensors recognize the pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and initiate an immune response against invading pathogen. Although PRRs were originally characterized in peripheral immune cells but accumulating evidence also suggest their crucial roles in CNS to combat against neurotropic viruses. In this review, we will highlight the recent developments in our understating of the mechanisms by which PRRs in resident brain cells provide protection against invading neurotropic viruses.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Zohaib Ali, Sarfraz Adeel, Kaleem Muhammad Qari, Ye Jing, Mughal Niaz Mudassar, Navid Tariq Muhammad, Khan Ahmed Faheem, Duan Xiaodong, Zhu Bibo, Wan Shengfeng and Cao Shengbo, The Yin and Yang of Antiviral Innate Immunity in Central Nervous System, Current Pharmaceutical Design 2016; 22 (6) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612822666151204001550
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612822666151204001550 |
Print ISSN 1381-6128 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4286 |
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Bipolar Affective Disorder, Epilepsy and Migraine – Does Possible Shared Pathogenesis Explain their Association?
Current Psychopharmacology Antiidiotype-Derived Killer Peptides As New Potential Tools to Combat HIV-1 and AIDS-Related Opportunistic Pathogens
Anti-Infective Agents in Medicinal Chemistry ABC Transporters in Neurological Disorders: An Important Gateway for Botanical Compounds Mediated Neuro-Therapeutics
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Aluminum Vaccine Adjuvants: Are they Safe?
Current Medicinal Chemistry Progressive Supranuclear Palsy: What Do We Know About it?
Current Medicinal Chemistry Penetration and Effectiveness of Antiretroviral Therapy in the Central Nervous System
Anti-Inflammatory & Anti-Allergy Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Leptinaemia and Antiendothelial Antibodies in Accelerated Atherosclerosis – Is There a Relationship?
Vascular Disease Prevention (Discontinued) Applications of Gene Therapy to the Treatment of Chronic Pain
Current Gene Therapy Recent Advances in the Imaging of Programmed Cell Death
Current Pharmaceutical Design PET Imaging of the Peripheral Benzodiazepine Receptor: Monitoring Disease Progression and Therapy Response in Neurodegenerative Disorders
Current Pharmaceutical Design Neuroprotective Actions of Flavones and Flavonols: Mechanisms and Relationship to Flavonoid Structural Features
Central Nervous System Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Meet Our Editorial Board Member
Reviews on Recent Clinical Trials The Efficacy of Viral Capsid Inhibitors in Human Enterovirus Infection and Associated Diseases
Current Medicinal Chemistry Heterocycles in the Treatment of Neglected Tropical Diseases
Current Medicinal Chemistry Genetic and Molecular Basis of QTL of Diabetes in Mouse: Genes and Polymorphisms
Current Genomics Targeting Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors in the Treatment of Epilepsy
Current Neuropharmacology Therapeutic Options for the Treatment of 2019-Novel Coronavirus in India: A Review
Coronaviruses Identification of HIV Inhibitors Guided by Free Energy Perturbation Calculations
Current Pharmaceutical Design Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells as a Model for Therapy Personalization of Pediatric Patients: Disease Modeling and Drug Adverse Effects Prevention
Current Medicinal Chemistry PFGE: Importance in Food Quality
Recent Patents on Food, Nutrition & Agriculture