Future Trends For Top Materials

Phthalocyanines are colored aromatic macrocycles, composed of four iminoisoindoline units, giving origin to a highly conjugated planar macrocycle, known for its remarkable stability. Their remarkable features have rendered them wide attention, which continues to live on nowadays. Herein is presented a conspectus on the field of phthalocyanines, where emphasis is set on their preparation methods, along with more detailed examples on several promising applications with 418 references provided. Some synthetic details on the preparation of state-of-the-art compounds are given as well.

Polymethines are planar, conjugated compounds made up from an odd number of methine groups (CH) linked together by alternating single and double bonds, also known as cyanines. These highly conjugated compounds can absorb light at wide range of wavelengths, ranging from ultraviolet to infra red, just depending on the number of alternating double bonds present in their structure. Herein is presented a conspectus on the field of cyanines, where emphasis is set on their preparation and functionalization methods, along with more detailed examples on several promising applications with 165 references provided. Some synthetic details on the preparation of state-of-the-art compounds are given as well.

Porphyrins are colored aromatic macrocycles, composed of four pyrrole units, linked by four methine bridges, giving origin to a highly conjugated macrocycle, known for its remarkable stability. Their remarkable features have given them a wide fame, and continue to pave the way for multiple purposes nowadays. Herein is presented a conspectus on the field of porphyrins, where emphasis is set on their preparation and functionalization methods, along with more detailed examples on several promising applications with 508 references provided. Some synthetic details on the preparation of state-of-the-art compounds are given as well.

BODIPY dyes are structures based on two pyrrolic units linked through a methine bridge, complexated with boron(III) fluoride. These dyes posses usually a strong fluorescence, absorbing light in the visible range, and are known for their remarkable photophysical properties, gaining recognition as one of the highly versatile fluorophores with increasing popularity. Herein is presented a conspectus on the field of BODIPY dyes, where emphasis is set on their preparation and functionalization methods, along with more detailed examples on several promising applications with 165 references provided. Some synthetic details on the preparation of state-of-the-art compounds are given as well.

Dendrimers are monodispersed macromolecules, also known as cascade molecules, arborols or starburst polymers. The term dendrimers derives from the Greek language (dendron = tree, meros = part) and exploits two qualities that are frequently observed in many naturally occurring systems: globular structure and polyvalence. Herein is presented a conspectus on the field of dendrimers, including preparation and functionalization methods, as well as detailed examples on several promising applications with 291 references provided. Some synthetic details on the preparation of state-of-the-art compounds are given as well.

Carbon is the basic element of organic materials. Depending on how the carbon atoms are bonded, carbon-based systems can be divided into groups with different physical and chemical properties. As both the widely diamond and graphite carbon allotropes are of natural sources, the main interest here discussed will be regarding the other main existing forms of carbon arising from laboratory practice, which are the fullerenes, carbon nanotubes and graphene. Herein is presented a conspectus on the field of the above mentioned synthetic carbon allotropes, where emphasis is set on their preparation and functionalization methods, along with more detailed examples on several promising applications with 770 references provided. Some synthetic details on the preparation of state-of-the-art compounds are given as well.

Organic frameworks are interconnected networks of channels, created in order to obtain stable rigid one-, two-, or three-dimensional pore structures, having well-ordered structures and uniform pore sizes. Hence, herein is presented a conspectus on the field of organic frameworks, namely covalent-organic frameworks (COF) and metal-organic frameworks (MOF), including their preparation, as well as detailed examples on several promising applications with 300 references provided. Some synthetic details on the preparation of some state-of-the-art compounds are given as well.

Nanoparticles are particles more than one dimension smaller than 1 micron. Theoretically, any metal is a candidate to produce metal nanoparticles. However, certain metals are more prone and advantageous for metal nanoparticle synthesis. Hence, herein is presented a conspectus on the field of metal nanoparticles, including the preparation and functionalization of the most representative types of metal nanoparticles, as well as detailed examples on several promising applications with 646 references provided. Some synthetic details on the preparation of some state-of-the-art compounds are given as well.

A property vs application analysis is herein carried out, using the materials focused in this book, recapitulating: phthalocyanines, polymethines, porphyrins, BODIPYs, dendrimers, carbon allotropes, organic frameworks and nanoparticles. Their own unique characteristics can be scrutinized, in order to, at least from a prospect point to view, anticipate the best property-application associations, with basis on their structure-property relationships for the most important applications.