Frontiers in Cancer Immunology

Volume: 1

Interferon-Alfa as a Vaccine Adjuvant

Author(s): Megan C. Duggan and William E. Carson III

Pp: 146-171 (26)

DOI: 10.2174/9781681080482115010011

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Colorectal cancers are the third leading cause of cancer-associated deaths in the United States. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a glycoprotein which is overexpressed in all adenocarcinomas of the colon and rectum and is extensively used as a serologic marker of colon cancer. Its presence in the normal fetal colon, as well as in gut crypts and healing intestinal mucosa of adults makes it a challenging immunologic target, as cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) must overcome tolerance and be directed towards CEA-expressing cancer cells while sparing normal CEA-expressing cells. CAP1-6D, a unique 9-mer peptide of the CEA protein with a single amino acid mutation has been identified as a tumor specific antigen that can induce a stronger immune response than the wild type CEA peptide. Costimulatory signals, such as B7.1 are also critically important in the generation of an effective T cell response to any antigen. The cytokine GM-CSF is a useful vaccine adjuvant for its ability to increase antigen-presenting cells and enhance the antigen-specific anti-tumor response. Additionally, interferon-alpha as an adjuvant can enhance the expression of tumor antigens, such as CEA. This chapter describes the rationale for a clinical trial in which two virus-based CEA vaccines encoding the CAP1-6D peptide as well as costimulatory molecules (B7.1, ICAM-1, and LFA-3) were administered along with the vaccine adjuvants interferon-alpha and GM-CSF.


Keywords: Carcinoembryonic antigen, Clinical trial, Colorectal cancer, ELISPOT assay, Interferon-alfa, Recombinant vaccines, Tumor immunotherapy, Viral vector.

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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
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      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316686355 and j.to_ip >=316686355 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740472898 and j.to_date >= 1740472898 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 7494) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316686355 and j.to_ip >=316686355 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740472898 and j.to_date >= 1740472898 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 7494) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316686355 and j.to_ip >=316686355 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740472898 and j.to_date >= 1740472898 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 7494)
      960μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 1712 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740472898 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740472898 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.22msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 1712
      • 3: 1740472898
      • 4: 1740472898
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='8edee7d5a4104e530c6aa0072384dc55'
      260μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    8Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
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        uc_cart_id
        8edee7d5a4104e530c6aa0072384dc55
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "http://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/7494" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/7494
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
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        array:5 [ "_token" => "YMKYyjI2TwbEPXZLVDARgJvqDFf1kB6A61PbdLvi" "uc_cart_id" => "8edee7d5a4104e530c6aa0072384dc55" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "http://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/7494" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-25 08:41:38GET/chapter/74941121910