Premium and Specialized Intraocular Lenses

Introduction: The Evolution of Intraocular Lenses

Author(s): Brain Zaugg, Guy Kleinmann and David J. Apple

Pp: 3-20 (18)

DOI: 10.2174/9781608058327114010004

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

The development of foldable lenses, and perhaps more importantly, the small-incision capsular surgical techniques that accompany them, have been instrumental in achieving a vast reduction in cataract surgery complications. The excellent optical and visual rehabilitory benefits of small incision phacoemulsificationfoldable intraocular lens (IOL) surgery, including reduced astigmatism, quick recovery, and many other advantages, are well known. This modern procedure has achieved a state of vision restoration as well as vision rehabilitation. Modern cataract surgery is now a genuine form of refractive surgery.

The history of cataract surgery with IOLs is one of the extensive trial and errors, with many dead ends. By far, the most important and basic element required for success with IOLs is fixation. Indeed, the generations of IOLs are named according to the type of fixation used during each era.

The six generations that we identify signify the continuous movement forward, as surgeons attempted to improve IOL fixation. The move from Ridley's initial lens (Generation I) to the early anterior chamber lenses and iris-fixated lenses (Generations II and III) were basically attempts to overcome decentration issues (recall that Ridley’s IOL had no haptics). In addition, the move toward a second generation of anterior chamber lenses (Generation IV), usually implanted after intracapsular cataract extraction (ICCE), was in part caused by a desire to avoid the posterior capsule opacification (PCO) or secondary cataract that often occurred after early methods of extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE). The last generation includes “specialized” IOLs, which are the focus of this book.


Keywords: Intraocular Lenses, History, Evolution.

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
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      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 309766940 and j.to_ip >=309766940 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740497000 and j.to_date >= 1740497000 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 6328) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 309766940 and j.to_ip >=309766940 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740497000 and j.to_date >= 1740497000 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 6328) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 309766940 and j.to_ip >=309766940 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740497000 and j.to_date >= 1740497000 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 6328)
      630μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 1494 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740497000 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740497000 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.09msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 1494
      • 3: 1740497000
      • 4: 1740497000
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='cde18ae004e5722ee5a17decac7258ac'
      190μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    3Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        LSGud0rsexCPi9WyEKZ6XuH8J6zx6pSRO9CAkkaE
        uc_cart_id
        cde18ae004e5722ee5a17decac7258ac
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "http://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/6328" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/6328
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:8 [ "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "connection" => array:1 [ 0 => "keep-alive" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] ]
        request_cookies
        []
        
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Tue, 25 Feb 2025 15:23:20 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkZnc1dCSjI3MlM4K0EyaVRKOHJ2L0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiMEwrd1RvYUE4cGNiQ3Bib0NwTEhRWWNLVDZLcURmaThzOGs0K2pzMjE3R3kwMjhoR1Fpak9BNXhFaXdUTDRGZXlPQVlDck5EaldlNWRHQWdCcUFuTXcyQWtWaGQzMktjMlRGTjRydlFtK3hwaG5GV2tVSS9nVjBuM3NaeWJRNFYiLCJtYWMiOiJlNWFjODg2YjkxODgxYTNkMTUzODMxNDQ2YTg2OGFhODY3NWIwY2IzYjk2MGUyOTdhMTA0NGE0Y2VmMDIxYjFhIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Fri, 28 Feb 2025 03:23:20 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkZnc1dCSjI3MlM4K0EyaVRKOHJ2L0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiMEwrd1RvYUE4cGNiQ3Bib0NwTEhRWWNLVDZLcURmaThzOGs0K2pzMjE3R3kwMjhoR1Fpak9BNXhFaXdUTDRGZXlPQVlDc" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InZjSlRIaGZlYWMrb2Y5eTRDRWYxSnc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoid0Q5VjFXaG54T3pTT2czc3hZRjI0OTBpS29pb1VBQjJWVjlzWGszMEhYTi94YzBneklzbjN3U25pK2hWcjNmTGkvYWlEZDNDVEE2V3R6NzR6MGZqaHByS3ZNRnJGL0Q1RUJPYzZkaVVPQWZpTGhZRzd0S2x0L2ZQdjczOVpsdVEiLCJtYWMiOiIwZmQ3ZjJlOTA3MmE1NTI0MzliMDk5MWUzNzY0ZDRmZjViZjBlOTU3OGRiZjcxZDZkNWI1ODFjYjhiNjNkNDRjIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InZjSlRIaGZlYWMrb2Y5eTRDRWYxSnc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoid0Q5VjFXaG54T3pTT2czc3hZRjI0OTBpS29pb1VBQjJWVjlzWGszMEhYTi94YzBneklzbjN3U25" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkZnc1dCSjI3MlM4K0EyaVRKOHJ2L0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiMEwrd1RvYUE4cGNiQ3Bib0NwTEhRWWNLVDZLcURmaThzOGs0K2pzMjE3R3kwMjhoR1Fpak9BNXhFaXdUTDRGZXlPQVlDck5EaldlNWRHQWdCcUFuTXcyQWtWaGQzMktjMlRGTjRydlFtK3hwaG5GV2tVSS9nVjBuM3NaeWJRNFYiLCJtYWMiOiJlNWFjODg2YjkxODgxYTNkMTUzODMxNDQ2YTg2OGFhODY3NWIwY2IzYjk2MGUyOTdhMTA0NGE0Y2VmMDIxYjFhIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Fri, 28-Feb-2025 03:23:20 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkZnc1dCSjI3MlM4K0EyaVRKOHJ2L0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiMEwrd1RvYUE4cGNiQ3Bib0NwTEhRWWNLVDZLcURmaThzOGs0K2pzMjE3R3kwMjhoR1Fpak9BNXhFaXdUTDRGZXlPQVlDc" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InZjSlRIaGZlYWMrb2Y5eTRDRWYxSnc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoid0Q5VjFXaG54T3pTT2czc3hZRjI0OTBpS29pb1VBQjJWVjlzWGszMEhYTi94YzBneklzbjN3U25pK2hWcjNmTGkvYWlEZDNDVEE2V3R6NzR6MGZqaHByS3ZNRnJGL0Q1RUJPYzZkaVVPQWZpTGhZRzd0S2x0L2ZQdjczOVpsdVEiLCJtYWMiOiIwZmQ3ZjJlOTA3MmE1NTI0MzliMDk5MWUzNzY0ZDRmZjViZjBlOTU3OGRiZjcxZDZkNWI1ODFjYjhiNjNkNDRjIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InZjSlRIaGZlYWMrb2Y5eTRDRWYxSnc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoid0Q5VjFXaG54T3pTT2czc3hZRjI0OTBpS29pb1VBQjJWVjlzWGszMEhYTi94YzBneklzbjN3U25" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "LSGud0rsexCPi9WyEKZ6XuH8J6zx6pSRO9CAkkaE" "uc_cart_id" => "cde18ae004e5722ee5a17decac7258ac" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "http://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/6328" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-25 15:23:20GET/chapter/6328112195