Brassinosteroids: Practical Applications in Agriculture and Human Health

Brassinosteroids as Mediators of Plant Biotic Stress Responses

Author(s): Marcelo Lattarulo Campos and Lazaro Eustaquio Pereira Peres

Pp: 35-43 (9)

DOI: 10.2174/978160805298111201010035

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

From passive life forms to living organisms that can sense a myriad of external signals and alter their development, our perception of how plants interact with the environment has changed profoundly. We now know that plants can promptly respond to biotic stressors by quickly reallocating resources from growth to defensive traits. Which signals do plants use to finely tune their “growth versus defense balance”? Hormones seem to fulfill this role, since they are associated with almost every process in plant development, and also with stress responses. For this reason, plants are constantly modulating hormonal pathways in order to better allocate internal resources. Here, we discuss how brassinosteroids (BRs), steroidal plant hormones known to be potent growth regulators, work as strong mediators of plant biotic stress responses. Interaction between BRs and other stress hormones, like jasmonates and salicylic acid, important to build-up defensive barriers necessary to cope with insects and microbes are also discussed. Finally, we present evidence that these plant steroids are not only directly involved in defense responses against pest and pathogens, but they are also key regulators in the resource allocation decision.


Keywords: Insect herbivory, jasmonates, resource allocation, salicylic acid, systemic acquired resistance (SAR).

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
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      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59620938 and j.to_ip >=59620938 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740458186 and j.to_date >= 1740458186 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 554) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59620938 and j.to_ip >=59620938 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740458186 and j.to_date >= 1740458186 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 554) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59620938 and j.to_ip >=59620938 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740458186 and j.to_date >= 1740458186 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 554)
      610μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 830 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740458186 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740458186 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.12msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 830
      • 3: 1740458186
      • 4: 1740458186
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='8101568947572265d3d4f134c17f5914'
      250μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    5Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        6TaTT0kRGsZSE7mwEvPrxhYhzGTJIZQmWD8KoEs0
        uc_cart_id
        8101568947572265d3d4f134c17f5914
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "http://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/554" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/554
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
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        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
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        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "6TaTT0kRGsZSE7mwEvPrxhYhzGTJIZQmWD8KoEs0" "uc_cart_id" => "8101568947572265d3d4f134c17f5914" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "http://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/554" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-25 04:36:26GET/chapter/554112197