Current Topics in Menopause

Premature Menopause

Author(s): Amanda Vincent and Elizabeth Farrell

Pp: 414-441 (28)

DOI: 10.2174/9781608054534113010017

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Premature Menopause (PM) is defined as menopause occurring prior to the age of 40 years. It may occur spontaneously or as a result of medical intervention including pelvic surgery, chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Spontaneous PM affects approximately 1% of women with a potentially higher incidence of induced PM with increasing rates of cancer survival. In the majority of women, the cause of spontaneous PM is unknown. PM results in both significant short term (menopausal symptoms, psychological distress, sexual dysfunction) and long term sequelae (infertility, an increased risk of osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, cognitive dysfunction, dementia and overall mortality). Diagnosis can be difficult and is often delayed. Unless contraindicated, hormone replacement therapy is indicated until at least age 51 years for symptom relief and prevention of long term complications. Management should also be directed at lifestyle measures for symptom control and minimizing long term risks, treating sexual dysfunction, infertility treatment where desired, psychological support and education. Multi-disciplinary care is required to manage the complex needs of these patients.


Keywords: Premature menopause, premature ovarian failure, premature ovarian insufficiency, hormone replacement therapy, infertility, surgical menopause, chemotherapy, osteoporosis, non-hormonal therapies, diagnosis, estrogen.

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 314536017 and j.to_ip >=314536017 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740676808 and j.to_date >= 1740676808 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 4804) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 314536017 and j.to_ip >=314536017 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740676808 and j.to_date >= 1740676808 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 4804) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 314536017 and j.to_ip >=314536017 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740676808 and j.to_date >= 1740676808 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 4804)
      1.02msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 1177 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740676808 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740676808 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.54msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 1177
      • 3: 1740676808
      • 4: 1740676808
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='e241fb1f1a8bc05d92d4ca69149070cb'
      310μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    11Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        VTIQvygsHZIZxRmO1l4mbpHtSuwBm2UphcyBYbYm
        uc_cart_id
        e241fb1f1a8bc05d92d4ca69149070cb
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "http://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/4804" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/4804
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
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        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
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        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "VTIQvygsHZIZxRmO1l4mbpHtSuwBm2UphcyBYbYm" "uc_cart_id" => "e241fb1f1a8bc05d92d4ca69149070cb" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "http://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/4804" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-27 17:20:08GET/chapter/48041121913